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The ergonomic integated flight deck
ABSTRACTS Furthermore, the fixation duration of the eye movements was decreased as window size (ie, visual field size) increased, while the fixation duration decreased as vehicle speed decreased. Rated speed was significantly increased as window size increased in curve negotiation. RT increased as eccentricity increased in curve negotiation. The results suggest that the eye fixation, RT and rated speed would have a major influence in negotiation of curves.
23.3.38 (123653) Southall, D and Burnand, M An investigation of the visual effects of electrically heated windscreens in Jaguar cars. In: Visions in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 117123, 0 refs. The study investigated drivers' subjective responses to driving cars fitted with wired screens, and undertook laboratory tests of visibility under night-time driving conditions to examine any effects due to reflection by the wires of light from oncoming headlamps, and any effects due to light transmission and obscuration under daytime reduced visibility (fog and snow). Only six out of 20 drivers noticed the wires during a 2-hour drive and only one complained of reduced visibility. The wires did not lead to visual discomfort nor any measurable effect on visibility during night-time or simulated snow/fog driving conditions.
23.3.39 (124395) Zhang, L, Drury, C G and Woolley, SM Constrained standing: evaluating ~he foot/foor interface. Ergonomics, 1991, 34.2, 175-192, 20 refs. A methodological study was conducted to provide a multivariate evaluation of the foot/floor interface in constrained standing. Measures of body movement (from force platform and video recording), leg muscle EMGs, reported exertion/discomfort and task performance were taken during a twohour task. Factor analysis showed four major factors named Body Movement, Muscle Contraction, Perceived Fatigue and Task Errors. Most measures showed strong effects of time on task (Period Effect), indicating cumulative fatigue. Hard soled shoes were marginally worse than soft soled shoes on a number of measures. Mat thickness had little effect. To test the methodology, a commercial mat was evaluated in a separate experiment. Strong period effects were again obtained, but again
Vol 23 N o 3 June 1992
the mat had little effect on any measures. Implications for a measurement methodology are discussed. 23.3.40 (123657) Hella, F, Tisserand, M and Schouller, JF Study of the visual exigencies in several driving situations using a fork-lift truck. In: Vision in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 409414, 7 refs. Fork-lift trucks are frequently involved in industrial injuries that happen during driving. Insufficient visibility is one of the leading causes of these accidents. A previous study (Hella et al, 1988) showed that +75 mm is the maximal amplitude of lateral head movements recorded to avoid the mast. However, very little is known about the areas of the forward field of view that are most frequently fixated by the eyes. This paper presents the preliminary results of two analyses of eye fixations during several driving situations of a fork-lift truck. 23.3.41 (124401) Simmons, M S and Parsons, C A Comparison of two letter sorting workstations using postural analysis and subjective measures. In Contemporary Ergonomics 1991, E J Lovesey (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1991, pp 26-31, 10 refs. Two prototype letter-sorting workstations were compared using both objective and subjective measures under laboratory conditions. Eight subjects sorted test mail for 2 h at each workstation both sitting and standing. Comfort assessments and preferences were obtained using self-administered questionnaires. Posture was recorded using video and electo-goniometer measurements. Analysis of variance showed that overall there was no significant statistical difference in the levels of discomfort experienced but there was a significant interaction between the workstation and the position of discomfort. 23.3.42 (124402) Stone, G The ergonomic integated flight deck. In: Human Error Avoidance Techniques: Proc 2nd Conf. Soc Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, Publication No P-229, 1989, pp 73-85, 5 refs. A coordinated flight deck design concept is presented, which takes into
account human capabilities and limitations such as fit and function, seating, internal and external vision, reach and safety. In addition to incorporating operational requirements, the concept covers amenities such as coffee cup holders, footrests, provisions for food service, storage of personal items such as suitcases and clothing, and maps, flight manuals and charts. The design is brought together with computer-aided drafting procedures as well as sophisticated human modelling techniques, enabling a step-by-step assessment of the resulting configuration. 23.3.43 (124408) Braun, T L and Parsons, K C Human thermal responses in crowds. In Contemporary Ergonomics 1991, E J Lovesey (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1991, pp 190-195, 9 refs. There are many situations where humans are in crowded environments, eg, in a lift. Previous research has concentrated mainly on the psychological effects; this experiment investigated the effects on human thermal response. Climatic chamber experiments were carried out on four human subjects, under three levels of crowding. These were standing freely, loosely packed and tightly packed. Thermal physiological responses were measured in terms of mean skin temperatures, internal body temperatures and sweat loss. Subjective and behavioural measures were also taken. The results showed a significant effect of crowd density. A computer-based model of human thermoregulation was modified to allow for crowding. A comparison with experimental data found that further modifications would be required to predict allowable exposure times before collapse due to heat stress.
23.3.44 (123658) Kumar, S and Cheng, C Biomechanical analysis of raking and comparison of two rakes. Int J lndust Ergonomics, 1991, 7.1, 31-39, 12 refs. Fifteen young adult subjects (4 males - mean age 24.6 years, mean body weight 68.7 kg, mean height 1735 mm; 11 females - mean age 20.8 years, mean body weight 56.4 kg, mean height 1658 mm) raked dirt with smooth pulling and pushing actions using a conventional and a modified rake. The raking was done in a 750 mm x 750 mm x 300 mm plywood box containing an even spread of 200 mm deep dirt. The raking action consisted of pulling and pushing through a stroke distance of 600 mm, carrying dirt with the rakes in both directions. The activity was recorded on
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23.3.38 (123653) Southall, D and Burnand, M An investigation of the visual effects of electrically heated windscreens in Jaguar cars. In: Visions in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 117123, 0 refs. The study investigated drivers' subjective responses to driving cars fitted with wired screens, and undertook laboratory tests of visibility under night-time driving conditions to examine any effects due to reflection by the wires of light from oncoming headlamps, and any effects due to light transmission and obscuration under daytime reduced visibility (fog and snow). Only six out of 20 drivers noticed the wires during a 2-hour drive and only one complained of reduced visibility. The wires did not lead to visual discomfort nor any measurable effect on visibility during night-time or simulated snow/fog driving conditions.
23.3.39 (124395) Zhang, L, Drury, C G and Woolley, SM Constrained standing: evaluating ~he foot/foor interface. Ergonomics, 1991, 34.2, 175-192, 20 refs. A methodological study was conducted to provide a multivariate evaluation of the foot/floor interface in constrained standing. Measures of body movement (from force platform and video recording), leg muscle EMGs, reported exertion/discomfort and task performance were taken during a twohour task. Factor analysis showed four major factors named Body Movement, Muscle Contraction, Perceived Fatigue and Task Errors. Most measures showed strong effects of time on task (Period Effect), indicating cumulative fatigue. Hard soled shoes were marginally worse than soft soled shoes on a number of measures. Mat thickness had little effect. To test the methodology, a commercial mat was evaluated in a separate experiment. Strong period effects were again obtained, but again
Vol 23 N o 3 June 1992
the mat had little effect on any measures. Implications for a measurement methodology are discussed. 23.3.40 (123657) Hella, F, Tisserand, M and Schouller, JF Study of the visual exigencies in several driving situations using a fork-lift truck. In: Vision in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 409414, 7 refs. Fork-lift trucks are frequently involved in industrial injuries that happen during driving. Insufficient visibility is one of the leading causes of these accidents. A previous study (Hella et al, 1988) showed that +75 mm is the maximal amplitude of lateral head movements recorded to avoid the mast. However, very little is known about the areas of the forward field of view that are most frequently fixated by the eyes. This paper presents the preliminary results of two analyses of eye fixations during several driving situations of a fork-lift truck. 23.3.41 (124401) Simmons, M S and Parsons, C A Comparison of two letter sorting workstations using postural analysis and subjective measures. In Contemporary Ergonomics 1991, E J Lovesey (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1991, pp 26-31, 10 refs. Two prototype letter-sorting workstations were compared using both objective and subjective measures under laboratory conditions. Eight subjects sorted test mail for 2 h at each workstation both sitting and standing. Comfort assessments and preferences were obtained using self-administered questionnaires. Posture was recorded using video and electo-goniometer measurements. Analysis of variance showed that overall there was no significant statistical difference in the levels of discomfort experienced but there was a significant interaction between the workstation and the position of discomfort. 23.3.42 (124402) Stone, G The ergonomic integated flight deck. In: Human Error Avoidance Techniques: Proc 2nd Conf. Soc Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, Publication No P-229, 1989, pp 73-85, 5 refs. A coordinated flight deck design concept is presented, which takes into
account human capabilities and limitations such as fit and function, seating, internal and external vision, reach and safety. In addition to incorporating operational requirements, the concept covers amenities such as coffee cup holders, footrests, provisions for food service, storage of personal items such as suitcases and clothing, and maps, flight manuals and charts. The design is brought together with computer-aided drafting procedures as well as sophisticated human modelling techniques, enabling a step-by-step assessment of the resulting configuration. 23.3.43 (124408) Braun, T L and Parsons, K C Human thermal responses in crowds. In Contemporary Ergonomics 1991, E J Lovesey (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1991, pp 190-195, 9 refs. There are many situations where humans are in crowded environments, eg, in a lift. Previous research has concentrated mainly on the psychological effects; this experiment investigated the effects on human thermal response. Climatic chamber experiments were carried out on four human subjects, under three levels of crowding. These were standing freely, loosely packed and tightly packed. Thermal physiological responses were measured in terms of mean skin temperatures, internal body temperatures and sweat loss. Subjective and behavioural measures were also taken. The results showed a significant effect of crowd density. A computer-based model of human thermoregulation was modified to allow for crowding. A comparison with experimental data found that further modifications would be required to predict allowable exposure times before collapse due to heat stress.
23.3.44 (123658) Kumar, S and Cheng, C Biomechanical analysis of raking and comparison of two rakes. Int J lndust Ergonomics, 1991, 7.1, 31-39, 12 refs. Fifteen young adult subjects (4 males - mean age 24.6 years, mean body weight 68.7 kg, mean height 1735 mm; 11 females - mean age 20.8 years, mean body weight 56.4 kg, mean height 1658 mm) raked dirt with smooth pulling and pushing actions using a conventional and a modified rake. The raking was done in a 750 mm x 750 mm x 300 mm plywood box containing an even spread of 200 mm deep dirt. The raking action consisted of pulling and pushing through a stroke distance of 600 mm, carrying dirt with the rakes in both directions. The activity was recorded on
215