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Forces on retaining walls
14A
movements occur to depths beyond the normally adopted founding depths for movement controlling foundations in semi.arid areas, contrary to the o o m p h assumption of a shal/ower limit to such movements. An analysis is presented of the performance of deep foundations under these conditions, and it is concluded that pile conformation is critical to controlling differential movement. Guidelines and design curves are presented for the selection of optimum pile comformations, with examples of their appllc ation.
144. KING,R Hydro elastic nDdels and offshore design. 5F,IT. CIV.ENGNG.OCT.1975, P4B-47. The use of hydroelastic modelling tecb_aiques to study the elastic behaviour of cylindrical membranes of offshore struct~¢es under conditions of flow-induced oscillation is described.
Earth retaining structures
140.
PE~I~, E Uplift forces on foundations in frost heaving soils. 13F, 2 T, 14R. CAN.GIgOTECH.J .VII,N3 ,AUG .197~,P323-338. Field studies of uplift forces by frost heaving are described for coluuzls of various types and sizes and for a block concrete wall. The changing ground surface heave pattern around the block wall was used to predict the maximum heaving forceTwhich compared favourably with the measured value. Unit adfreeze strengths and maximum uplift forces ware found for steel, concrete and wood coltmms. 141. DODDS,RB GANAPATHY, GV Study of bridge foundation performance under dynamic loading. 16F,IB. C~N.G~DTECH.J.VII,N3, AUG. 1974, P409-419. Seismographic equipment was used to study the response of a railway bridge under d3nqamic train loading and thereby to determine the performance of the foundations of the bridge. The same methods were used to determine the effectiveness of remedial work done on the bridge piers and on the subsoil beneath the plers. The bridge was constructed in 1898. The east abutment is founded on bedrock~ but the west abutment and two piers in the river bed are founded on deep alluvial deposits. The technique proved very successful for determining bridge pier foundation conditions. 142. FRED~RKING, R Downdrag /oads developed by a floating ice cover: field experiments. 1OF, IT,6R. C~N .GNOTECH .J.VII,N3, AUG. 197h, P339-347 • The first phase of an investigation of the vertical forces developed on a structure by a floating ice cover frozen to it is described. It is the objective of this work to develop the thsoretical, experimental, and field aspects of vertically acting loads required for the more efficient design of structures subject to such /oads. A load frame was constructed that would apply oonstant acting loads to wooden piles frozen into an ice cover composed mainly of snow ice load, ice temperatures and movement of the pile in relation to the ice were measured.
I~5. SPE~C ER, E Forces on retaining walls. 2F,ZT,3R. CIV. ENGNG .oCT .197~,P36-38. The use of the "wedge me1~hod" for calculating the large numbers of factors influencing the force of an earth mass on a retaining wall, is illustrated both graphically and a n a l y t i c a l l y .
Base courses and pavements of roads, railways and airfields 146. ZOLOT~R, IA PUZ A ~ V ~NA SIDEN~,VM ~blsture and thermal regime of road foundation and surfaclng.-In Russian with English table of contents .Textbook. 130R. MOSCOW, TRANSPORT, 1971, ~I3P •
Construction methods See also abstract: 69° 147. SCHLOSSER, F LONG, NT Recent results in French research on reinforced earth. 12F,22R. J. CONS'I~.DIV. ASCE, VlO0, NO. C03, SEP2.1974, P233- 237 • The fundamental mechanism of reinforced earth is based on friction between earth and reinforcements. The influence of th~ fine fraction of the fill on the friction between earth and reinforcements has been studied in laboratory tests on samples of s~ad and powered clay mixtures. Calculation methods of traction forces in the reinforcements are presented. Theoretical and experimental values for reinforced earthwalls with and without surcharge are compared. A method based on the elastoplasticity thsory is for~lated for reinforced earth foundation rafts.
Experimental and numerical techniques Slopes See abstract: 134.
Deep w a t e r marine structures 143. SWISS,M Deep.water pipelaying - a growing demand.-Some problems involved in laying pipelines at ever greater depths for undersea oil or natural gas supplies are examined. 5F. CIV.ENGNG.OCT.1974, P5B- 57.
148. HOLTZ, RD BOMAN, P A new technique for a reduction of excess pore pressures during pile drivlng.-Technlcal note. 5F, 5R. CAN.GEOTECH.J.VII,N3, AUG. 1974, P423-430. A new technique is described whereby excess pore pressures induced during pile driving in soft varved silts and clays were economical3~v reduced to a safe level. A new paper.plastic drain was attached to the wood piles during driving and tests showed that the drain was un. damaged in normal driving conditions. The excess pore pressure generated during pile driving was measured
movements occur to depths beyond the normally adopted founding depths for movement controlling foundations in semi.arid areas, contrary to the o o m p h assumption of a shal/ower limit to such movements. An analysis is presented of the performance of deep foundations under these conditions, and it is concluded that pile conformation is critical to controlling differential movement. Guidelines and design curves are presented for the selection of optimum pile comformations, with examples of their appllc ation.
144. KING,R Hydro elastic nDdels and offshore design. 5F,IT. CIV.ENGNG.OCT.1975, P4B-47. The use of hydroelastic modelling tecb_aiques to study the elastic behaviour of cylindrical membranes of offshore struct~¢es under conditions of flow-induced oscillation is described.
Earth retaining structures
140.
PE~I~, E Uplift forces on foundations in frost heaving soils. 13F, 2 T, 14R. CAN.GIgOTECH.J .VII,N3 ,AUG .197~,P323-338. Field studies of uplift forces by frost heaving are described for coluuzls of various types and sizes and for a block concrete wall. The changing ground surface heave pattern around the block wall was used to predict the maximum heaving forceTwhich compared favourably with the measured value. Unit adfreeze strengths and maximum uplift forces ware found for steel, concrete and wood coltmms. 141. DODDS,RB GANAPATHY, GV Study of bridge foundation performance under dynamic loading. 16F,IB. C~N.G~DTECH.J.VII,N3, AUG. 1974, P409-419. Seismographic equipment was used to study the response of a railway bridge under d3nqamic train loading and thereby to determine the performance of the foundations of the bridge. The same methods were used to determine the effectiveness of remedial work done on the bridge piers and on the subsoil beneath the plers. The bridge was constructed in 1898. The east abutment is founded on bedrock~ but the west abutment and two piers in the river bed are founded on deep alluvial deposits. The technique proved very successful for determining bridge pier foundation conditions. 142. FRED~RKING, R Downdrag /oads developed by a floating ice cover: field experiments. 1OF, IT,6R. C~N .GNOTECH .J.VII,N3, AUG. 197h, P339-347 • The first phase of an investigation of the vertical forces developed on a structure by a floating ice cover frozen to it is described. It is the objective of this work to develop the thsoretical, experimental, and field aspects of vertically acting loads required for the more efficient design of structures subject to such /oads. A load frame was constructed that would apply oonstant acting loads to wooden piles frozen into an ice cover composed mainly of snow ice load, ice temperatures and movement of the pile in relation to the ice were measured.
I~5. SPE~C ER, E Forces on retaining walls. 2F,ZT,3R. CIV. ENGNG .oCT .197~,P36-38. The use of the "wedge me1~hod" for calculating the large numbers of factors influencing the force of an earth mass on a retaining wall, is illustrated both graphically and a n a l y t i c a l l y .
Base courses and pavements of roads, railways and airfields 146. ZOLOT~R, IA PUZ A ~ V ~NA SIDEN~,VM ~blsture and thermal regime of road foundation and surfaclng.-In Russian with English table of contents .Textbook. 130R. MOSCOW, TRANSPORT, 1971, ~I3P •
Construction methods See also abstract: 69° 147. SCHLOSSER, F LONG, NT Recent results in French research on reinforced earth. 12F,22R. J. CONS'I~.DIV. ASCE, VlO0, NO. C03, SEP2.1974, P233- 237 • The fundamental mechanism of reinforced earth is based on friction between earth and reinforcements. The influence of th~ fine fraction of the fill on the friction between earth and reinforcements has been studied in laboratory tests on samples of s~ad and powered clay mixtures. Calculation methods of traction forces in the reinforcements are presented. Theoretical and experimental values for reinforced earthwalls with and without surcharge are compared. A method based on the elastoplasticity thsory is for~lated for reinforced earth foundation rafts.
Experimental and numerical techniques Slopes See abstract: 134.
Deep w a t e r marine structures 143. SWISS,M Deep.water pipelaying - a growing demand.-Some problems involved in laying pipelines at ever greater depths for undersea oil or natural gas supplies are examined. 5F. CIV.ENGNG.OCT.1974, P5B- 57.
148. HOLTZ, RD BOMAN, P A new technique for a reduction of excess pore pressures during pile drivlng.-Technlcal note. 5F, 5R. CAN.GEOTECH.J.VII,N3, AUG. 1974, P423-430. A new technique is described whereby excess pore pressures induced during pile driving in soft varved silts and clays were economical3~v reduced to a safe level. A new paper.plastic drain was attached to the wood piles during driving and tests showed that the drain was un. damaged in normal driving conditions. The excess pore pressure generated during pile driving was measured