- Email: [email protected]
From Danielsville to Doctor's Day: Crawford W. Long, MD, the First Surgical and First Obstetric Etherist
From Danielsville to Doctor’s Day: Crawford W. Long, MD, the First Surgical and First Obstetric Etherist John J. Kowalczyk MD, George S. Bause MD, MPH PII: DOI: Reference:
S2352-4529(16)30079-2 doi: 10.1016/j.janh.2016.06.005 JANH 105
To appear in:
Journal of Anesthesia History
Received date: Accepted date:
28 June 2016 28 June 2016
Please cite this article as: , From Danielsville to Doctor’s Day: Crawford W. Long, MD, the First Surgical and First Obstetric Etherist, Journal of Anesthesia History (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.janh.2016.06.005
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT TITLE: From Danielsville to Doctor's Day: Crawford W. Long, MD, the First Surgical and First Obstetric Etherist
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SHORT TITLE: Pioneer Etherist Crawford Long AUTHOR NAMES AND AFFILIATIONS:
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John J. Kowalczyk, MD,a
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a. Resident, Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Email: [email protected] Dr. Kowalczyk’s current position: Obstetric Anesthesiology Fellow, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., H3580, Stanford, CA 94305-5640. This author reports no financial disclosures. George S. Bause, MD, MPH,b,c,d
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b. Clinical Associate Professor, Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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c. Clinical Associate Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, 2124 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA d. Honorary Curator, American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology, 1061 American Lane, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4973, USA Email: [email protected] This author reports no financial disclosures. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Dr. George S. Bause CONTACT INFORMATION: Email: [email protected] Phone: 1-440-725-0785 Fax: 1-888-734-6342 Postal address: Dr. George Bause
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 5247 Wilson Mills Rd, No. 282 Cleveland, OH 44143-3016, USA.
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AUTHOR DECLARATION Re: Originality & Conflicts of Interest
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I wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced is outcome.
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I confirm that the manuscript is the original work of John J. Kowalczyk, MD, and myself and that there is no other person who satisfies the criteria for authorship but is not listed.
MA
I confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing I confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property.
ED
I understand that I as the Corresponding Author am the sole contact for the Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct communications with the office).
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________________________________ Corresponding Author Signature
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6/28/2016 ________________________________ Date
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT From Danielsville to Doctor's Day:
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Crawford W. Long, MD, the First Surgical and First Obstetric Etherist
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Crawford W. Long was born on November 1, 1815 in the small town of Danielsville, Georgia. He graduated from Danielsville Academy and then received his Master of Arts degree
SC
from what would become the University of Georgia before returning home to serve as the
NU
Principal of Danielsville Academy. After a year at that position, he left his hometown on horseback to begin his medical training at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky.
MA
After three years there he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where he first witnessed the use of nitrous oxide and ether. Both agents were used recreationally at the
ED
time, but his observations of friends with bruises that they could not remember would change the
PT
course of medicine.
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In 1840, he completed his surgical training in New York City and returned to Georgia to
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open his surgical practice in the town of Jefferson. On March 30, 1842, Crawford Long was the first to use inhaled anesthesia when he used ether to remove a tumor from the neck of James Venable. Dr. Long subsequently used ether to remove a second tumor from the neck of James Venable before integrating ether anesthetics into his regular surgical practice. Despite the regular use of ether, his work was not published until 1849, allowing the surgical use of ether by William Morton on October 16, 1846 to be the first public demonstration and leading to much consternation by Crawford Long in the search for recognition.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Dr. Crawford Long was also the world’s first obstetric etherist. Although this honor is often claimed for Scotland’s James Young Simpson for his use of ether on January 19, 1847,
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Long preceded Simpson in obstetrical etherization by more than a year. Crawford Long etherized
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his wife for the vaginal delivery of their second daughter on December 12, 1845.1,2 Long’s dedication to his patients was so great that he died “on the job”—succumbing to a stroke shortly
SC
after performing the delivery of a colleague’s child. Crawford Long’s legacy of inhalational
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anesthesia for obstetrics dominated practice until recent decades, when concerns were raised
MA
about maternal aspiration of gastric contents and about fetal cardiorespiratory depression.
Understood and finally appreciated over time, Dr. Long received most of his recognition
ED
posthumously. Sculpted by J. Massey Rhind, a statue of Long was donated by the State of
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Georgia to the U.S. Congress’ National Statuary Hall in Washington D.C. In fact, Dr. Long is one of only six medical doctors to have been memorialized within the hall. A Georgia marble
CE
replica statue was placed on the lawn in front of the Madison County Courthouse (Figure 1) in
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his hometown of Danielsville.3 In 1942, for the 100th anniversary of Long’s first ether anesthetic, the U.S. Postal Service memorialized him on a stamp. And now, every March 30 is celebrated as “Doctor’s Day” to salute the accomplishments of Crawford W. Long, the world’s first surgical etherist and first obstetric etherist.
Figure Caption Figure 1. This copy of J. Massey Rhind’s Statuary Hall statue of Dr. Crawford W. Long stands proudly in front of the Madison County Courthouse, in Danielsville, Georgia, his birthplace.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT References: 1. Poppers PJ. The history and development of obstetric anesthesia. In: Rupreht Joseph, van
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Lieburg MJ, Lee JA, Erdmann W, eds. Anaesthesia: Essays on Its History. Berlin, Germany:
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Springer-Verlag; 1985:133-140.
2. Hammonds W, Campbell LH: Crawford W. Long and the first obstetric anesthetic. In 16th
SC
Annual Spring Meeting Program, Anesthesia History Association, April 8 - 10, 2010.
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3. Boland FK. Crawford Long and the discovery of anesthesia. The Georgia Review. Spring
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CE
PT
ED
MA
1952;6(1):89-99.
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ED
MA
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SC
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
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Figure 1
S2352-4529(16)30079-2 doi: 10.1016/j.janh.2016.06.005 JANH 105
To appear in:
Journal of Anesthesia History
Received date: Accepted date:
28 June 2016 28 June 2016
Please cite this article as: , From Danielsville to Doctor’s Day: Crawford W. Long, MD, the First Surgical and First Obstetric Etherist, Journal of Anesthesia History (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.janh.2016.06.005
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT TITLE: From Danielsville to Doctor's Day: Crawford W. Long, MD, the First Surgical and First Obstetric Etherist
RI P
T
SHORT TITLE: Pioneer Etherist Crawford Long AUTHOR NAMES AND AFFILIATIONS:
SC
John J. Kowalczyk, MD,a
NU
a. Resident, Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
ED
MA
Email: [email protected] Dr. Kowalczyk’s current position: Obstetric Anesthesiology Fellow, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., H3580, Stanford, CA 94305-5640. This author reports no financial disclosures. George S. Bause, MD, MPH,b,c,d
CE
PT
b. Clinical Associate Professor, Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
AC
c. Clinical Associate Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, 2124 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA d. Honorary Curator, American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology, 1061 American Lane, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4973, USA Email: [email protected] This author reports no financial disclosures. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Dr. George S. Bause CONTACT INFORMATION: Email: [email protected] Phone: 1-440-725-0785 Fax: 1-888-734-6342 Postal address: Dr. George Bause
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 5247 Wilson Mills Rd, No. 282 Cleveland, OH 44143-3016, USA.
T
AUTHOR DECLARATION Re: Originality & Conflicts of Interest
RI P
I wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced is outcome.
NU
SC
I confirm that the manuscript is the original work of John J. Kowalczyk, MD, and myself and that there is no other person who satisfies the criteria for authorship but is not listed.
MA
I confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing I confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property.
ED
I understand that I as the Corresponding Author am the sole contact for the Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct communications with the office).
CE
PT
________________________________ Corresponding Author Signature
AC
6/28/2016 ________________________________ Date
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT From Danielsville to Doctor's Day:
T
Crawford W. Long, MD, the First Surgical and First Obstetric Etherist
RI P
Crawford W. Long was born on November 1, 1815 in the small town of Danielsville, Georgia. He graduated from Danielsville Academy and then received his Master of Arts degree
SC
from what would become the University of Georgia before returning home to serve as the
NU
Principal of Danielsville Academy. After a year at that position, he left his hometown on horseback to begin his medical training at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky.
MA
After three years there he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where he first witnessed the use of nitrous oxide and ether. Both agents were used recreationally at the
ED
time, but his observations of friends with bruises that they could not remember would change the
PT
course of medicine.
CE
In 1840, he completed his surgical training in New York City and returned to Georgia to
AC
open his surgical practice in the town of Jefferson. On March 30, 1842, Crawford Long was the first to use inhaled anesthesia when he used ether to remove a tumor from the neck of James Venable. Dr. Long subsequently used ether to remove a second tumor from the neck of James Venable before integrating ether anesthetics into his regular surgical practice. Despite the regular use of ether, his work was not published until 1849, allowing the surgical use of ether by William Morton on October 16, 1846 to be the first public demonstration and leading to much consternation by Crawford Long in the search for recognition.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Dr. Crawford Long was also the world’s first obstetric etherist. Although this honor is often claimed for Scotland’s James Young Simpson for his use of ether on January 19, 1847,
T
Long preceded Simpson in obstetrical etherization by more than a year. Crawford Long etherized
RI P
his wife for the vaginal delivery of their second daughter on December 12, 1845.1,2 Long’s dedication to his patients was so great that he died “on the job”—succumbing to a stroke shortly
SC
after performing the delivery of a colleague’s child. Crawford Long’s legacy of inhalational
NU
anesthesia for obstetrics dominated practice until recent decades, when concerns were raised
MA
about maternal aspiration of gastric contents and about fetal cardiorespiratory depression.
Understood and finally appreciated over time, Dr. Long received most of his recognition
ED
posthumously. Sculpted by J. Massey Rhind, a statue of Long was donated by the State of
PT
Georgia to the U.S. Congress’ National Statuary Hall in Washington D.C. In fact, Dr. Long is one of only six medical doctors to have been memorialized within the hall. A Georgia marble
CE
replica statue was placed on the lawn in front of the Madison County Courthouse (Figure 1) in
AC
his hometown of Danielsville.3 In 1942, for the 100th anniversary of Long’s first ether anesthetic, the U.S. Postal Service memorialized him on a stamp. And now, every March 30 is celebrated as “Doctor’s Day” to salute the accomplishments of Crawford W. Long, the world’s first surgical etherist and first obstetric etherist.
Figure Caption Figure 1. This copy of J. Massey Rhind’s Statuary Hall statue of Dr. Crawford W. Long stands proudly in front of the Madison County Courthouse, in Danielsville, Georgia, his birthplace.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT References: 1. Poppers PJ. The history and development of obstetric anesthesia. In: Rupreht Joseph, van
T
Lieburg MJ, Lee JA, Erdmann W, eds. Anaesthesia: Essays on Its History. Berlin, Germany:
RI P
Springer-Verlag; 1985:133-140.
2. Hammonds W, Campbell LH: Crawford W. Long and the first obstetric anesthetic. In 16th
SC
Annual Spring Meeting Program, Anesthesia History Association, April 8 - 10, 2010.
NU
3. Boland FK. Crawford Long and the discovery of anesthesia. The Georgia Review. Spring
AC
CE
PT
ED
MA
1952;6(1):89-99.
PT
ED
MA
NU
SC
RI P
T
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
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CE
Figure 1