Glandless Cottonseed Meal for Laying and Breeding Hens and Broiler Chicks

METABOLISM AND NUTRITION Glandless Cottonseed Meal for Laying and Breeding Hens and Broiler Chicks J. R. RYAN, F. H. KRATZER,1 C. R. GRAU, and P. VOHRA Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication April 29, 1985)

INTRODUCTION

Cottonseed meal (CSM) is used extensively in diets for chickens, turkeys, swine, and ruminants but not for laying hens, because of its potential deleterious effect on egg quality. Schaible et al. (1934) showed that the gossypol present in CSM fed to hens is responsible for the marked discoloration of yolks that occurs during the storage of eggs. Grau et al. (1954) and Woronick and Grau (1955) found that when gossypol is fed to laying hens, a yellow component, which is different from gossypol and is presumably a gossypol-cephalin complex, is present in the egg yolk. Heywang et al. (1955) reported that the percentage of discolored yolks and the degree of discoloration increased during storage of eggs as the level of free gossypol in the diet increased. Heywang et al. (1949) observed reduced hatchabihty when 20 or 30%, but not 10%, of hydraulic or solvent processed CSM was present in the diet. In further studies, egg production and feed consumption were reduced when the

1

To whom correspondence should be addressed.

free gossypol content of the diet was .02% or higher (Heywang and Bird, 1954). Narain et al. (1957) added cottonseed pigment glands to a laying hen diet and found that .02% free gossypol depressed feed consumption, and higher levels caused reduced body weight, egg production, and egg size. El-Abbady et al. (1975) reported that .018% and .027% free gossypol in the diet of hens depressed hatchabihty, but free gossypol up to .032% had no effect on egg production or egg weight. According to Lyman et al, (1953), gossypol is an important factor in influencing the nutritional value of cottonseed protein. However, lysine supplementation of diets containing CSM with low levels of free gossypol resulted in good growth of chickens. Anderson and Warnick (1966) determined that lysine is the most limiting amino acid in cottonseed protein for chickens. Because gossypol is contained in the pigment glands of the cottonseed, the development of a strain of cotton in which the seeds are without pigment glands and, therefore, low in gossypol should eliminate the problems associated with feeding CSM. When half or all of the soybean

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ABSTRACT The Acala C-9 variety of glandless cottonseed meal (GCSM) was tested for available gossypol in a 100-day feeding trial with laying hens. Corn-soybean diets incorporating GCSM at 10 and 20% were compared with diets formulated with Acala SJ-5, a commercially available cottonseed meal (CSM), at 10% and a control diet with no CSM. Each diet was fed to 25 hens. No detectable gossypol was found in the yolks of eggs from hens fed GCSM or the control diet, but gossypol was present when hens were fed the diet with CSM. Egg yolk discoloration in an ammonia atmosphere was noted in all of the eggs tested from the CSM-fed hens but only at a very low incidence in eggs from other groups. There were no differences between any of the four treatments in percent egg production, average egg weight, or hatchabihty. Broiler chicks were fed for 19 days diets with GCSM as the sole source of protein to determine the limiting amino acids. The diets contained 23% protein, 3200 kcal metabolizable energy/kg, and National Research Council levels of vitamins and minerals. Diets were supplemented with lysine, methionine, leucine, and isoleucine from 0 to .5% and were kept isonitrogenous with glutamic acid. Only lysine was limiting in GCSM for chick growth. Chick weights did not differ significantly from those fed an adequate reference diet if .3% lysine was added. (Key words: glandless cottonseed meal, protein source, egg production, hatchabihty, yolk discoloration, gossypol) 1986 Poultry Science 65:949-955

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overcame these drawbacks and was selected for commercial use. It was grown in large enough quantities to test its suitability in poultry diets. The effects of the GCSM were compared with those of a regular CSM in a laying diet on egg production, hatchability, and on egg yolk discoloration. Glandless cottonseed meal was also tested for its suitability as a protein source for chickens with and without supplementation with various amino acids.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Glandless cottonseed of an experimental Acala C-9 strain was processed commercially by the prepress solvent method to produce the GCSM used in these studies. The composition of GCSM along with that of a commercially processed CSM that was used in a control diet is shown in Table 1. The metabolizable energy (ME) of the GCSM as determined by a rapid method with adult male chickens (Vohraeia/., 1982) was 1700 kcal/kg. This value, along with those in Table 1, were used in the computerized formulation of diets.

TABLE 1. Composition1 of glandless and glanded cottonseed meals

Constituent

Glandless cottonseed meal

Glanded cottonseed meal 2 (/o)

Crude protein Moisture Fat Crude fiber Ash Lysine, total Lysine, available Arginine Threonine Glycine Serine Cystine Methionine Valine Isoleucine Leucine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Gossypol, free Gossypol, total

-

•

46.8

50.7

6.0 .9 6.5 2.2

9.5 2.4 4.4 8.1 2.1

14.0 1.65

1.52

5.7 1.8 2.4 2.1 .47 .66 1.8 1.2 1.9 .7 2.4

5.3 1.6 2.0 2.2 .84 .71 2.2 1.6 2.9 1.4 2.7

<.01 .034

.047 1.28

'Analyses by Woodson-Tenent Labs, Inc., Memphis, TN, according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1984) methods. Amino acids determined after acid hydrolysis. 2

Analyses, except gossypol, by ABC Labs, Inc., Columbia, MO.

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meal in a laying diet was replaced by glandless cottonseed meal (GCSM), some yolk discoloration in eggs was observed (Heywang and Vavich, 1965a,b), but only a few egg yolks were discolored after 6 months of storage. Almost all of the eggs showed discoloration when regular cottonseed meal was used. Egg production and hatchability were about the same with both meals. Anderson and Warnick (1966) found more available lysine in GCSM than in regular meal; however, methionine and lysine were equally limiting. Waldroup et al. (1968) reported that lysine supplementation to the ration was only needed when 75% or more of the soybean meal in a broiler diet was replaced by GCSM. Apparent lysine availability was 62.1% for GCSM and 49.7% for regular cottonseed meal (Reid et al, 1984). Although glandless cottonseed strains have been available for several years, they have not been used significantly for commercial cotton production because of poor yield and fiber quality characteristics. A strain developed by H. B. Cooper at the University of California Cotton Experiment Station at Shafter, CA,

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GLANDLESS COTTONSEED FOR LAYERS AND BROILERS

Eggs were saved for incubation during the last 30 days of the trial for the fertility and hatchability study. The hens were inseminated on the 1st and 3rd days of the week prior to saving eggs and once a week thereafter. Pooled semen from males fed a conventional ration without CSM was used for insemination. Eggs were collected and weighed daily and production was recorded for individual hens. Broiler Chick Studies. For the broiler growth studies, the basal diet was formulated to provide 23% protein and 3200 kcal ME/kg using GCSM as the sole source of protein (Table 3). From the amino acid profile, GCSM protein is deficient in isoleucine, leucine, lysine, and methionine (Table 4). In the feeding trial, the basal diet containing GCSM was supplemented with these amino acids. In addition, lysine and methionine were supplemented at levels of . 1 , .3, and .5% to determine the degree of deficiency of these amino acids. Diets were kept isonitrogenous by the addition of glutamic acid. A commercial chick starting diet based largely upon corn and soybean meal was used as an adequate reference diet. Day-old male broiler chicks were randomly

TABLE 2. Percentage composition of diets for laying hens1

Ingredients Corn Soybean meal (47% protein by analysis) Limestone Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Dicalcium phosphate, dihydrate Premix 2 NaCl DL-Methionine Wheat bran Soybean oil GCSM CSM Total Calculated analyses Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg Protein, % Ca, % Available P, % 1 2

Control

10% GCSM

20% GCSM

10% CSM

64.66 22.42 7.58 2.00 1.52 1.00

62.90 13.43 7.79 2.00 1.24 1.00

60.39 4.40 8.00 2.00 1.00

62.44 14.34 7.76 2.00 1.25 1.00

.25 .01 .56

.25 .04

.25 .06

.25 .03

1.35

2.92

.93

10.00

20.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

2800 17.0

3.2 .41

2800 17.0

3.2 .36

.98

2800 17.0

3.2 .32

10.00 100.00

2800 17.0

3.2 .36

GCSM = Glandless cottonseed meal, CSM = cottonseed meal.

Supplied the following levels per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 9000 IU; vitamin D, 1500 ICU; vitamin E, 11 IU; vitamin K, 1.5 mg; choline, 520 mg; riboflavin, 6.5 mg; pantothenic acid, 8.5 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , .012 mg; niacin, 24 mg; folacin, 1 mg; biotin, .3 mg; Mn, 73 mg; Zn, 60 mg; Cu, 5 mg.

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The diets for the laying hen trial were formulated to contain 17% protein and 2800 kcal ME/kg (Table 2). The control diet was based on corn and soybean meal and the test diets contained 10 or 20% GCSM or 10% CSM. All diets were formulated to meet the National Research Council (NRC, 1977) recommended levels for nutrients. Laying Hen Studies. Hy-Line® White Leghorn hens, approximately 30 weeks of age and in their first laying cycle, were randomly selected into groups of 25 hens each, weighed, and fed the experimental diets. The hens were kept in individual cages in an open-sided house and were provided feed and water ad libitum. A lighting schedule of 16L:8D was maintained for the 100-day duration of the experiment. Eggs were selected at random during the last 50 days of the experiment for gossypol determination. The yolks were extracted with acetone, followed by hexane-acetone (3:1) according to the method of Grau et al. (1954). For the study to determine the tendency for yolks to discolor, 110 eggs per treatment were broken out within a day after lay during the last 30 days of the trial.

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RYAN ET AL. TABLE 3. Composition of chick diet using glandless cottonseed meal as the sole protein source

(%)

Ingredients Glandless cottonseed meal (GCSM) Corn starch Soybean oil Dicalcium phosphate, dihydrate Limestone NaCl Premix1 Total

3200 23.00 .96 .48

1 Supplied the following levels per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 5850 IU; vitamin D, 1200 ICU; vitamin E, 10.6 IU; vitamin K, 4 mg; thiamin, 8.9 mg; riboflavin, 10 mg; pyridoxine, 8.2 mg; vitamin B 12 , .01 mg; choline, 1300 mg; niacin, 100 mg; pantothenic acid, 30 mg; biotin, .3 mg; folic acid, 2 mg; Mn, 81.2 mg; Mg, 606 mg; Zn, 56.2 mg; Fe, 80 mg; Cu, 4.1 mg; Mo, 2.3 mg; Co, 4.7 mg; Se, .1 mg; I, 1.5 mg.

distributed in duplicate groups of 10 each for each treatment, weighed, wing banded, and fed the diets ad libitum. The chicks were housed in electrically heated battery brooders with raised

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The lower egg production in the control group without CSM in comparison with the other groups (Table 5) was due to a decline in egg production during the 3rd and 4th weeks of the experiment. A rather dramatic decrease in egg production for this group was corrected by the addition of .1% DL-methionine to the diet. By the end of the experiment, egg production per hen per day was equal to the other groups, but the number of eggs for the total period was significantly lower. The methionine content of the control diet was .31% (by calculation), which was greater than the requirement for laying hens (.27%) given by the 1977 NRC table but lower than the .32% given in the 1984 revision. Average egg weight, percent hatchability of fertile eggs, and average chick weight were not significantly (P<.05) different in any of the treatments. Fifty-six eggs from each treatment were broken out into petri dishes and placed in a desiccator with an atmosphere of ammonia according to the method of Heywang et al. (1961). Two eggs from the control diet and six from the group fed 20% GCSM showed slight

TABLE 4. Amino acid composition of chick diets with glandless cottonseed meal (GCSM) compared with amino acid requirement GCSM Diet

Amino acid

Dietary requirement %NRC'

Arginine Glycine + serine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine, total Lysine, available Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine

1.44 1.50 .35 .80 1.35 1.20 1.20 .50 .72 .80 .23 .82

'NRC = National Research Council.

Present

%of NRC requirement

2.81 2.21 1.02 .58 .93 1.08 .81 .33 1.19 .80 .36 .87

195 147 291 73 69 90 68 66 165 100 157 106

%

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Calculated analysis Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg Protein, % Ca, % Available P, %

49.20 36.68 11.05 1.50 1.25 .25 .07 100.00

wire floors. The experiment was continued for 14 days. The significance of the growth data was determined by analysis of variance and by the method of Duncan (1955).

GLANDLESS COTTONSEED FOR LAYERS AND BROILERS

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TABLE 5. Effect of feeding diets containing glandless (GCSM) and glanded cottonseed meal (CSM) to bens on egg production, egg weight, hatchability, and chick weight

Dietary treatment

Number of eggs for 100 days

Avg egg weight

Hatchability of fertile eggs

Avg chick weight

Control 10% GCSM 20% GCSM 10% CSM

70.6 80.8 80.3 80.2

(g) 65.8 65.2 65.2 63.6

(%) 94.9 95.0 93.7 96.0

(g) 43.2 40.4 42.3 41.4

GCSM, whereas 5 and 10% caused n o effect o n egg p r o d u c t i o n . Vohra et al. ( 1 9 7 5 ) o b t a i n e d satisfactory p r o d u c t i o n with 10 and 15% CSM in laying rations, although t h e r e was s o m e y o l k discoloration. In t h e current s t u d y , t h e free gossypol was sufficiently high so t h a t egg y o l k discoloration was n o t e d when egg yolks from hens fed 10% CSM were placed in an a m m o n i a a t m o s p h e r e . Yolks from hens fed 10% of GCSM showed n o discoloration and even feeding 20% caused only a low incidence of discoloration. T h e lack of an effect of t h e GCSM o n yolk discoloration was also s h o w n by absence of t h e spectrum characteristic of t h e gossypol-cephalin c o m p l e x in eggs from hens fed as m u c h as 20% of this meal.

1.6 • i:5 • 1.41.31:21.1 • 1.0-

TABLE 6. Yolk discoloration after subjecting eggs to an atmosphere of ammonia

Dietary treatment 1

Total number of eggs treated

Number of yolk discolored

Control 10% GCSM 20% GCSM 10% CSM

56 56 56 56

2 0 6 56

1

GCSM = Glandless cottonseed meal, CSM = cottonseed meal.

340

FIG.

360

380

400

420

440

460

480

WAVELENGTH - mjj 1. A b s o r p t i o n spectra of h e x a n e - a c e t o n e

(3:1) extracts of egg yolks of hens fed control diet or diets containing glandless (GCSM) or glanded cottonseed meal (CSM).

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yolk discoloration (Table 6), possibly from causes unrelated t o CSM. In contrast, all eggs from t h e g r o u p fed 10% CSM showed distinct yolk discoloration in t h e a m m o n i a a t m o s p h e r e . T h e absorption spectra of t h e y o l k s from t h e c o n t r o l and GCSM-fed hens showed n o indicat i o n of t h e gossypol-cephalin c o m p l e x (Fig. 1) whereas t h e egg y o l k s from t h e hens fed 10% of t h e GCSM showed t h e characteristic spectrum of t h e complex. T h e lack of an effect of either 10 or 20% GCSM o r 10% CSM u p o n egg p r o d u c t i o n or hatchability agrees with t h e reports of Heywang et al. ( 1 9 4 9 ) , Heywang and Bird ( 1 9 5 4 ) , and Narain et al. ( 1 9 5 7 ) in which 10% of conventional CSM o r free gossypol levels below .02% caused n o effect o n egg p r o d u c t i o n or hatchability. El-Abbady et al. ( 1 9 7 5 ) r e p o r t e d red u c e d hatchability with . 0 1 8 % free gossypol. T h e free gossypol levels from t h e GCSM a n d CSM diets were less than .002 and . 0 0 4 7 % , respectively. Reid et al. ( 1 9 8 4 ) observed a slight decrease in egg p r o d u c t i o n with feeding 15% of

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954

TABLE 7. Effect of amino acid supplementation on growth and feed efficiency of chicks fed a diet containing glandless cottonseed meal as the sole source of protein % A d d e d L-amino acids Lysine

Methionine

Isoleucine

Leucine

0 0

0 0

0 0

Glutamic acid

(gain/feed)

Average body weight gain

Feed efficiency

(g) 0 0 0

.3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3

0 .1 .3 .5 .5 .5

.5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5

0 .3

0

Stock mash

206ab 190abc 205 a b 210* 206ab 220a 202 a b

.62 .64 .58 .65 .69 .72 .70 .71 .74 .72 .70 .72

204ab

.75

Means with the same superscript do not differ significantly (P<.05).

The growth of chicks fed GCSM as the only source of protein was not influenced by the addition of glutamic acid (Table 7). There was no response to the addition of methionine, isoleucine, and leucine in the absence of lysine. The addition of lysine with the other three amino acids caused a significant growth improvement with the best response occurring at .5%. Omission of leucine or isoleucine caused no reduction in growth, but the omission of methionine resulted in a slight numerical reduction in growth that was not statistically significant. Growth of all of the groups supplemented with .3% or more lysine, regardless of other amino acid supplementation, was not statistically different from that of chicks fed a practical starting diet. Feed efficiency was also improved by the addition of lysine and was not influenced by the omission of other amino acids. These results agree with the reports of Lyman et al. (1953) and Anderson and Warnick (1966) that lysine is the most limiting amino acid in cottonseed protein. The fact that leucine and isoleucine were not limiting and that these amino acids are usually well supplied by practical dietary ingredients indicate that they are not of concern when using GCSM in practical diets. Methionine probably should

be considered in formulating diets with this feedstuff. The results of this study show that the gossypol level in cottonseed meal produced from the Acala C-9 strain of glandless cotton seed is sufficiently low to cause no problems in egg production, hatchability, or egg yolk discoloration in laying hens. Lysine is the most limiting amino acid when it is used as the sole source of protein in a diet for broiler chicks. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Cotton Incorporated, Raleigh, NC, for providing financial support for this project. The experimental cottonseed meal was supplied by California Planting Cottonseed Distributors, Bakersfield, CA; J. G. Boswell Company, Corcoran, CA; and Ranchers Cotton Oil Company, Fresno, CA. Crude soybean oil was kindly supplied by Central Soya, Decatur, IN.

REFERENCES Anderson, J. O., and R. E. Warnick, 1966. Sequence in which essential amino acids become limiting for growth of chicks fed rations containing cottonseed meal. Poultry Sci. 4 5 : 8 4 - 8 9 . Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1984.

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.5 .5 .5 .5

.1 .3 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5

155
0 1.8 .5 .4 .2 0 .5 .4 .2 0 .3 .5

GLANDLESS COTTONSEED FOR LAYERS AND BROILERS

Evaluation of protein quality in cottonseed meals by chick growth and by a chemical index method. J. Nutr. 49:679-690. Narain, R., C. M. Lyman, and J. R. Couch, 1957. High levels of free gossypol in hen diets: effects on body weight, feed consumption and egg production. Poultry Sci. 36:1351-1354. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 7th ed. Natl Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. National Research Council, 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 8th ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Reid, B. L., S. Galaviz-Moreno, and P. M. Maiorino, 1984. A comparison of glandless and regular cottonseed meals for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 63: 1803-1809. Schaible, P. J., L. A. Moore, and J. A. Moore, 1934. Gossypol, a cause of discolorations in egg yolks. Science 79:372. Vohra, P., Y. Hafez, L. Earl, and F. H. Kratzer, 1975. The effect of ammonia treatment of cottonseed meal on its gossypol-induced discoloration of egg yolks. Poultry Sci. 54:441-447. Vohra, P., D. B. Chami, and E. O. Oyawoye, 1982. Determination of metabolizable energy by a fast method. Poultry Sci. 61:766-769. Waldroup, P. W., E. G. Keyser, V. E. Tollett, and T. E. Bowen, 1968. The evaluation of a low-gossypol glandless cottonseed meal in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 47:1179-1186. Woronick, C. L., and C. R. Grau, 1955. Cottonseed meal in poultry feed: gossypol-cephalin compound from fresh eggs of hens fed cottonseed meal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 3:706-707.

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Official Methods of Analysis. Assoc, Offic. Anal. Chem., Washington, DC. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and F tests. Biometrics 11:1—42. El-Abbady, M. R., M. L. El-Kotoury, and M.S.M. Samy, 1975. Effect of feeding of high levels of cottonseed meal on the egg quality. Egypt J. Anim. Prod. 15(2):155-162. Grau, C. R., E. Allen, M. Nagumo, C. L. Woronick, and P. A. Zweigart, 1954. Cottonseed meal in poultry feed: a distinctive yolk component in the fresh eggs of hens fed gossypol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2:982-986. Heywang, B. W., C. A. Denton, and H. R. Bird, 1949. The effect of the dietary level of cottonseed meal on hatchability. Poultry Sci. 28:610-617. Heywang, B. W., and H. R. Bird, 1954. Egg production, diet consumption, and live weight in relation to the free gossypol content of the diet. Poultry Sci. 33:851-854. Heywang, B. W., H. R. Bird, and A. M. Altschul, 1955. Relationship between discolorations in eggs and dietary free gossypol supplied by different cottonseed products. Poultry Sci. 34:81—90. Heywang, B. W., and M. G. Vavich, 1965a. Discolorations in eggs from layers fed cottonseed meals made from glandless and glanded seed. Poultry Sci. 4 4 : 8 4 - 8 9 . Heywang, B. W., and M. G. Vavich, 1965b. Comparison of performance of layers fed soybean, glandless or glanded cottonseed meals. Poultry Sci. 44: 1240-1244. Heywang, B. W., M. G. Vavich, and A. R. Kemmerer, 1961. The ammonia test for predicting if stored eggs from layers fed cottonseed meal will have discolored yolks. Poultry Sci. 40:1130-1131. Lyman, C. M., W. Y. Chang, and J. R. Couch, 1953.

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