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Hazard of lahars to the tongariro power development, New Zealand
139A
826127 PREVENTION OF BLOWOUTS IN SHIFJ~D-DRIVEN TUNNELS Wheby, F T Tunnlg Technol Nawsl, NBS, Sept 1981, Pl-12 This article begins with a general discussion of shield tunnelling with comlressed air, and then focuses on blowouts in turauels constructed under bodies of water. Methods for 1sreventing blowouts by air seepage and upheaval are discussed. A simple analysis of blowouts by upheaval is presented, indicating that their occurrence depends prlmArily on the ratio of overburden thickness to the diameter of the tunnel. Measures that have been taken in the past in tunnels to limit leakage of air and prevent upheaval in the crown are reviewed. Auth. 31 refs° 826128 INFLUET~E OF GEOLOGIC LOGS AND DESCRIPTIONS ON TUNNEL DESIGN AND COSTS Rose, D C; Maboli, P; Mayes, R Tunnlg Technol Newsl, NBS, Sept 1981, P12-16 Geologic logs of drill holes are the basis for rock classification, to which design engineers then apply fc~nmulae developed by Terzaghi, Deere, Wickham, Barton, or others, as a means of obtaining a 'rock load' on the tunnel. Other factors influencing tunnel cost are the timber lagging and overbreak concrete required in irmreasingly bad ground. The somewhat slower rate of advance achieved in deteric~ating conditions also affects the cost. These factors have been evaluated parametrically. For all the fc~mulas studied, rock loads become severe- ie, expensive - only when the rock core is classified as 'very blocky and seamy f .
826129 SUMMARY OF THE E~INEERING GEOLOGY OF THE HAROLD D. ROBERTS TUNNEL, COLORADO Wahlstrom, E E Prof Pap US Geol Surv, I~831-E, 1981, 15P The geology at the surface is correlated with the tunnel geology, particularly the numbers and kinds of fractures found. It is shown that fractures, accc~panied locally by alteration and groundwater, are the primary factors determining support needs for the tunnel. 826130 SOME ASPECTS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF TUNNELS THAT CROSS ACTIVE FAULTS Brown, I; Brekke, T L Proc 3rd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geo~echanies, Wellington, 12-16 May 1980, V2, P189-19~. Publ Wellington: New Zealand Institution of Engineers, 1980 Phenomena that can affect tunnels that cross active faults are discussed: squeezing ground, ground vibration, fault displacmment and fault creep~ Examples of tunnel damage due to fault displacement are given, and a case study of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) B ~ k e l e y Hills tunnels is used to show the effect of fault creep. Some design solutions to these phenomena are suggested. 826131 E~K~INEERING GEOLOGICAL INVEsTIGATIONs IN SO~Y ROCK TERRAIN, PORO-O-TARAO TUNNEL, NEW ZEALAND Barrie, G W; Riddolls, B W Proc Brd Australia-New Zealand Cor~erence on Geomechanics, Wellington, 12-16 May 1980, V2, P195-200. Publ Wellington: Na~ Zealand Institution of Enginsers, 1980
Engineering geology investigations for the construction of a new 1.3km, 6m diameter tunnel in soft sedimentary rocks and colluvi~n at Poro-o-tarao, for the North Island Main Trunk Railway, were carried out. The tunnel was to replace an adjacent brick-lined tunnel which was becoming unreliable due to deterioration of the lining. The effects of construction on the material' s geomechanical prol~rties, and difficulties with subsurface investigations are described. 826132 PLANNING AND DATA PROCESSING IN COLLIERY OPERATIONS (IN ENGLISH AND FRENCH) DeJean, J P; Raffoux, J F Industrie Minerale, V6~, N1, Jan 1962,
P16-33
Discusses the use of computers in geotechnical models: to explain sl~Eularities in the behavlour of the strata, to study the effect of mining on the strata, and for stability analysis. The data collected and analysed in order to plan and monitor ar~r strata control needed is then dl scus sed.
Power plants 826133 KERCKHOFF 2 UNDERGROUND HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT PROJECT. A S~ATE-OF-THE-ART APPLICATION OF A TUNNEL BORING MACHINE Kennedy, E R Tunnlg Technol Newsl, NBS, June 1982, P1-7 Presents a case study of the excavation of a power tunnel in hard granite as part of the Kerckhoff 2 power plant project California, USA. The factor favouring the tunnel boring machine (TBN) approach was its ability to excavate a smooth, hydraulically efficient tunnel. A TBM was designed especially for this project, and the design specifications and subsequent tunnel production record are presented. 826134 HAZARD OF LAHARS TO THE TONGARIRO POWER DEVELOPMENT, NEW ZEALAND Paterson, B R Proc 3rd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanlcs, Wellington, 12-16 May 1960, V2, P7-14. Publ Wellington: New Zealand Institution of Engineers, 1980 The Tongariro hydro-electric scheme intercepts several rivers which drain 2 active volcanoes and diverts them to other rivers. One of these volcanoes, Ruapehu is subject to eruption during which lahars (volcanic mudflows) are generated. A lahar protection system was set up to prevent spread of volcanic contamination into fishing lakes and to prevent silting up of the power station waterways. The protection scheme proved inadequate for an eruption in 1975 and has since been upgraded. 826135 IN SITU ROCK STRESS M E A ~ AT RANGIPO Pender, M J; Duncan Fama, M E Proc 3rd Australia-Naw Zealand Conference on Ge~nechanics, Wellington, 12-16 May 1960 , V2, P201-204. Publ Wellington: New Zealamd Institution of Engineers, 1980 The results of in situ rock stress measurements at the site of the Rangipo underground powerhouse are presented. The Rangipo project is part of the Tongariro Power Development in the central North Island of New Zealand. The rock at the site is
826127 PREVENTION OF BLOWOUTS IN SHIFJ~D-DRIVEN TUNNELS Wheby, F T Tunnlg Technol Nawsl, NBS, Sept 1981, Pl-12 This article begins with a general discussion of shield tunnelling with comlressed air, and then focuses on blowouts in turauels constructed under bodies of water. Methods for 1sreventing blowouts by air seepage and upheaval are discussed. A simple analysis of blowouts by upheaval is presented, indicating that their occurrence depends prlmArily on the ratio of overburden thickness to the diameter of the tunnel. Measures that have been taken in the past in tunnels to limit leakage of air and prevent upheaval in the crown are reviewed. Auth. 31 refs° 826128 INFLUET~E OF GEOLOGIC LOGS AND DESCRIPTIONS ON TUNNEL DESIGN AND COSTS Rose, D C; Maboli, P; Mayes, R Tunnlg Technol Newsl, NBS, Sept 1981, P12-16 Geologic logs of drill holes are the basis for rock classification, to which design engineers then apply fc~nmulae developed by Terzaghi, Deere, Wickham, Barton, or others, as a means of obtaining a 'rock load' on the tunnel. Other factors influencing tunnel cost are the timber lagging and overbreak concrete required in irmreasingly bad ground. The somewhat slower rate of advance achieved in deteric~ating conditions also affects the cost. These factors have been evaluated parametrically. For all the fc~mulas studied, rock loads become severe- ie, expensive - only when the rock core is classified as 'very blocky and seamy f .
826129 SUMMARY OF THE E~INEERING GEOLOGY OF THE HAROLD D. ROBERTS TUNNEL, COLORADO Wahlstrom, E E Prof Pap US Geol Surv, I~831-E, 1981, 15P The geology at the surface is correlated with the tunnel geology, particularly the numbers and kinds of fractures found. It is shown that fractures, accc~panied locally by alteration and groundwater, are the primary factors determining support needs for the tunnel. 826130 SOME ASPECTS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF TUNNELS THAT CROSS ACTIVE FAULTS Brown, I; Brekke, T L Proc 3rd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geo~echanies, Wellington, 12-16 May 1980, V2, P189-19~. Publ Wellington: New Zealand Institution of Engineers, 1980 Phenomena that can affect tunnels that cross active faults are discussed: squeezing ground, ground vibration, fault displacmment and fault creep~ Examples of tunnel damage due to fault displacement are given, and a case study of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) B ~ k e l e y Hills tunnels is used to show the effect of fault creep. Some design solutions to these phenomena are suggested. 826131 E~K~INEERING GEOLOGICAL INVEsTIGATIONs IN SO~Y ROCK TERRAIN, PORO-O-TARAO TUNNEL, NEW ZEALAND Barrie, G W; Riddolls, B W Proc Brd Australia-New Zealand Cor~erence on Geomechanics, Wellington, 12-16 May 1980, V2, P195-200. Publ Wellington: Na~ Zealand Institution of Enginsers, 1980
Engineering geology investigations for the construction of a new 1.3km, 6m diameter tunnel in soft sedimentary rocks and colluvi~n at Poro-o-tarao, for the North Island Main Trunk Railway, were carried out. The tunnel was to replace an adjacent brick-lined tunnel which was becoming unreliable due to deterioration of the lining. The effects of construction on the material' s geomechanical prol~rties, and difficulties with subsurface investigations are described. 826132 PLANNING AND DATA PROCESSING IN COLLIERY OPERATIONS (IN ENGLISH AND FRENCH) DeJean, J P; Raffoux, J F Industrie Minerale, V6~, N1, Jan 1962,
P16-33
Discusses the use of computers in geotechnical models: to explain sl~Eularities in the behavlour of the strata, to study the effect of mining on the strata, and for stability analysis. The data collected and analysed in order to plan and monitor ar~r strata control needed is then dl scus sed.
Power plants 826133 KERCKHOFF 2 UNDERGROUND HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT PROJECT. A S~ATE-OF-THE-ART APPLICATION OF A TUNNEL BORING MACHINE Kennedy, E R Tunnlg Technol Newsl, NBS, June 1982, P1-7 Presents a case study of the excavation of a power tunnel in hard granite as part of the Kerckhoff 2 power plant project California, USA. The factor favouring the tunnel boring machine (TBN) approach was its ability to excavate a smooth, hydraulically efficient tunnel. A TBM was designed especially for this project, and the design specifications and subsequent tunnel production record are presented. 826134 HAZARD OF LAHARS TO THE TONGARIRO POWER DEVELOPMENT, NEW ZEALAND Paterson, B R Proc 3rd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanlcs, Wellington, 12-16 May 1960, V2, P7-14. Publ Wellington: New Zealand Institution of Engineers, 1980 The Tongariro hydro-electric scheme intercepts several rivers which drain 2 active volcanoes and diverts them to other rivers. One of these volcanoes, Ruapehu is subject to eruption during which lahars (volcanic mudflows) are generated. A lahar protection system was set up to prevent spread of volcanic contamination into fishing lakes and to prevent silting up of the power station waterways. The protection scheme proved inadequate for an eruption in 1975 and has since been upgraded. 826135 IN SITU ROCK STRESS M E A ~ AT RANGIPO Pender, M J; Duncan Fama, M E Proc 3rd Australia-Naw Zealand Conference on Ge~nechanics, Wellington, 12-16 May 1960 , V2, P201-204. Publ Wellington: New Zealamd Institution of Engineers, 1980 The results of in situ rock stress measurements at the site of the Rangipo underground powerhouse are presented. The Rangipo project is part of the Tongariro Power Development in the central North Island of New Zealand. The rock at the site is