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Heat exchangers
Xlll---Aceessories: Batteries, Tracking and Control Systems and Fuel C e l l s Booth, 1". M., "I,~nglish D e v e l o p m e n t s , " M i n i s t r y of S up p l y , Signals R e s e a r c h & D e v e l o p m e n t E s t a b l i s h m e n t , B r o m l e y , K e n t , G r e a t Britain, 3 p. Illus. The problems which have received attention in the U.K. during the past ten years and the types of batteries developed in answer to these problems have in general followed similar lines to those followed in the U.S.A., although the available effort has been proportionately less. Among the types of batteries discussed is the LeClanche using chemically activated manganese dioxides. Progress on the production of water activated magnesium cuprous or silver chloride cells has been facilitated by cuprous chloride electrodes of even quality. The zinc/lead peroxide system when used with unorthodox electrolytes is shown to have possibilities as .t high-rate primary battery. ttaire, A. L., H a y s a n d A i R e s e a r e h Mfg. Co., " H e a t E x c h a n g e r s , " E n e r g y C o n v e r s i o n S y s t e m s l{ef. H a n d b o o k , Vol. V I I , W A D I ) T e e h . Rep. 60 699, I';le('.tro-()ptical Systems, Inc., P a s a d e n a , Calif., Rep. 390 Final, Sept. 1960, Illus. VII A VII-B VII C VII-l) VII-E
Introduction, A. Ha}re--I-5 p. Problems Common to Several Tyl)es, A. ltaire--1-44 p. Boilers, L. Hays--l-29 p. Condensers, A. Ha}re--1 61 p. Non-Phase-Change He'~t Exchanger, AiResearch Mfg. Co. 1-26 p. VII-F Radiators, A. Ha}re--l-90 p. Volume VII presents elnpiricai and analytical equations describing the performance of several types of heat exchangers useful in space power systems, including non-phase-change heat exchangers, condensers, boilers, sub-cooling mechanisms, and others. The present state-of-the-art concerning materials compatil)ility, fabrication techniques, knowledge of environmental deterioration, and other factors is presented. Anticipated weights and practical difficulties encountered in systems operation "~re discussed. S(!hulman, i r w i n M., " T h e r m a l Design a n d R e c h a r g i n g of Satellite B a t t e r i e s , " Space Act(mantles, 9-11 p. Illus. A I I S Conference, Sept., 1961. This feature de:ds with two of the biggest problen-ls in designing an electric storage b'~ttery for a satellite: the heat generated in the ballery and the way in which the battery is reeharged. Primarily in gral)hic form, it covers these problems for the case of the ,~q(tely used nickel-cadmium battery, showlng bow the battery design nmst be integrated with that of the overall electric power system. Wall, R., l). E r w a y , R. Spies, J. D. B u r n s a n d D. M e l)owell, " O t h e r D e v i c e s , " E n e r g y C o n v e r s i o n Systems Ref. H a n d b o o k , Vol. V I I I , W A D I ) Teeh . Rep. 60-6q9, E l e c t r o - O p t i c a l Systems, Inc., P asadena, Calif., Rep. 390 Final, Sept. 1960, Illus. VIII-A VIII-B VIII-C VIII-l) VIII-E
Orientation Mechanisms, R. Wall--l-31 p. Static Conversion and Regulation, 11. Erway--l-32 p. Pumps, R. Spies--l-l(} p. MHD Generators, J. 11. Burns--l-40 p. BeaIned Electromagnetic Power as an Energy Source, I). Mcl)owell--l-6 p. Volume VIII descrihes the performance characteristics of several auxiliary components useful in space power systems
120
including orientation mechanisms, ptm~l)S, and slat ie conver sion and regulation devices. In addition, the MHI) generator is analyzed as a thermal energy converter, and the possibilities of using beamed electromagnetic power '~re discussed. Weight, efficiency, power requirelnents, and other design characteristics of the auxiliary equipment are presented in empirical and analytical forn~. It is shown that beamed electromagnetic power does not appear useful until major breakthroughs in antenna design and theory are achieved. The theoretical relations describing the MHI) generator and the possibilities of its eventual use in thermal systems are described.
XIV--Geophysical and Meteorological: Weather, Climate, S undials, Telescopes, Magnetism, and Gravity Akasofu, S. I. a n d S. C h a p i n ' m , " N e w T h e o r y of the A u r o r a P o l a r i s , " ARS .lourr~al, ,lane 1961, 9 p. Illus. A new theory is given to explain why the aurora generally appears in the form of one or more long thin ribhons or bands of light, in the east-west direction, mainly in high latitudes; :rod why, after its initial quiet diffuse phase, it breaks up into rayed b'ands, fohled and pleated, si nult aneous with the .~ppear ance of strong electric currents along the auroral zone. l)uring the magnetic storm, when earth is enveloped in a stream of protons and electrons from the sun, part of the gas is trapi)ed in earth's vicinity. New electric currents and their magnetic fields develop around earth during such a period, and they modify earth's fieht in such a way as to produce neutral lines. We associate each auroral band with the presence of a particular X type of neutral line of the magnetic fieht in or ne'tr e.~rth's m'~gnetic equatorial plane. For auroral bands in a customary latitude such as 6(i deg the neutral line is about six earth radii from earth's center. The transition from the first 1o the second auroral phase is ascribed to the growth of "m eastward elect ric field and current along the neutral lines. A n g s t r o m , A., " T e c h n i q u e s of D e t e r m i n i n g the T u r b i d i t y of the A t m o s p h e r e , " R e p r i n t f r o m Telhts, 13(2): Sept. 1961, l0 p. Illus. After a short survey (I) of the 1)rinciples underlying the deterlnination of the turbidity coefficient B, earlier introduced by the author as a measure of the atmosl)heric turt)idity, .t condensed summary (II) is given of earlier and also of nn)re recent determin.ttioil of B. The curt'ilion of the turbidity wilh the time of the year, the airmass and with latitude is disc'ussed. Finally a simple method of determining the wave length det)endence of the extinction by '~tmospheric aerosol's is outlined. The method is founded upon measurements of integral radiation vahms with aid of pyrheliometers and glass filters, I l l . Accuracy and probable error are considered. IV. C h a p m a n , S y d n e y , "Sun S t o r m s an d the E a r t h : T h e A u r o r a Polaris an d the Spa('e a r o u n d the E a r t h , " America~ Scie~disl, 4 9 ( 3 ) : 3 6 p. Sept. 1961. Illus. A discussion of the auror't l)ol'~ris under the following headings : The Aurora in High Latitudes AurorM Catalogs and Auroral Visibility Auroras in the Southern Hemisphere Auroras and the Earth's Magnetic Fieht The Height from Which the Aurora Shines The Nature of the Auroral Light Birkeland's Auroral Theory The Earth's Magnetic Shield; the I)CF Magnetic Disturbance Capture or Trapping of Some Solar Gas Prisoners of the Geomagnetic Field The Auroral Particles; Diffuse Auroras The Second Auroral Phase
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Introduction, A. Ha}re--I-5 p. Problems Common to Several Tyl)es, A. ltaire--1-44 p. Boilers, L. Hays--l-29 p. Condensers, A. Ha}re--1 61 p. Non-Phase-Change He'~t Exchanger, AiResearch Mfg. Co. 1-26 p. VII-F Radiators, A. Ha}re--l-90 p. Volume VII presents elnpiricai and analytical equations describing the performance of several types of heat exchangers useful in space power systems, including non-phase-change heat exchangers, condensers, boilers, sub-cooling mechanisms, and others. The present state-of-the-art concerning materials compatil)ility, fabrication techniques, knowledge of environmental deterioration, and other factors is presented. Anticipated weights and practical difficulties encountered in systems operation "~re discussed. S(!hulman, i r w i n M., " T h e r m a l Design a n d R e c h a r g i n g of Satellite B a t t e r i e s , " Space Act(mantles, 9-11 p. Illus. A I I S Conference, Sept., 1961. This feature de:ds with two of the biggest problen-ls in designing an electric storage b'~ttery for a satellite: the heat generated in the ballery and the way in which the battery is reeharged. Primarily in gral)hic form, it covers these problems for the case of the ,~q(tely used nickel-cadmium battery, showlng bow the battery design nmst be integrated with that of the overall electric power system. Wall, R., l). E r w a y , R. Spies, J. D. B u r n s a n d D. M e l)owell, " O t h e r D e v i c e s , " E n e r g y C o n v e r s i o n Systems Ref. H a n d b o o k , Vol. V I I I , W A D I ) Teeh . Rep. 60-6q9, E l e c t r o - O p t i c a l Systems, Inc., P asadena, Calif., Rep. 390 Final, Sept. 1960, Illus. VIII-A VIII-B VIII-C VIII-l) VIII-E
Orientation Mechanisms, R. Wall--l-31 p. Static Conversion and Regulation, 11. Erway--l-32 p. Pumps, R. Spies--l-l(} p. MHD Generators, J. 11. Burns--l-40 p. BeaIned Electromagnetic Power as an Energy Source, I). Mcl)owell--l-6 p. Volume VIII descrihes the performance characteristics of several auxiliary components useful in space power systems
120
including orientation mechanisms, ptm~l)S, and slat ie conver sion and regulation devices. In addition, the MHI) generator is analyzed as a thermal energy converter, and the possibilities of using beamed electromagnetic power '~re discussed. Weight, efficiency, power requirelnents, and other design characteristics of the auxiliary equipment are presented in empirical and analytical forn~. It is shown that beamed electromagnetic power does not appear useful until major breakthroughs in antenna design and theory are achieved. The theoretical relations describing the MHI) generator and the possibilities of its eventual use in thermal systems are described.
XIV--Geophysical and Meteorological: Weather, Climate, S undials, Telescopes, Magnetism, and Gravity Akasofu, S. I. a n d S. C h a p i n ' m , " N e w T h e o r y of the A u r o r a P o l a r i s , " ARS .lourr~al, ,lane 1961, 9 p. Illus. A new theory is given to explain why the aurora generally appears in the form of one or more long thin ribhons or bands of light, in the east-west direction, mainly in high latitudes; :rod why, after its initial quiet diffuse phase, it breaks up into rayed b'ands, fohled and pleated, si nult aneous with the .~ppear ance of strong electric currents along the auroral zone. l)uring the magnetic storm, when earth is enveloped in a stream of protons and electrons from the sun, part of the gas is trapi)ed in earth's vicinity. New electric currents and their magnetic fields develop around earth during such a period, and they modify earth's fieht in such a way as to produce neutral lines. We associate each auroral band with the presence of a particular X type of neutral line of the magnetic fieht in or ne'tr e.~rth's m'~gnetic equatorial plane. For auroral bands in a customary latitude such as 6(i deg the neutral line is about six earth radii from earth's center. The transition from the first 1o the second auroral phase is ascribed to the growth of "m eastward elect ric field and current along the neutral lines. A n g s t r o m , A., " T e c h n i q u e s of D e t e r m i n i n g the T u r b i d i t y of the A t m o s p h e r e , " R e p r i n t f r o m Telhts, 13(2): Sept. 1961, l0 p. Illus. After a short survey (I) of the 1)rinciples underlying the deterlnination of the turbidity coefficient B, earlier introduced by the author as a measure of the atmosl)heric turt)idity, .t condensed summary (II) is given of earlier and also of nn)re recent determin.ttioil of B. The curt'ilion of the turbidity wilh the time of the year, the airmass and with latitude is disc'ussed. Finally a simple method of determining the wave length det)endence of the extinction by '~tmospheric aerosol's is outlined. The method is founded upon measurements of integral radiation vahms with aid of pyrheliometers and glass filters, I l l . Accuracy and probable error are considered. IV. C h a p m a n , S y d n e y , "Sun S t o r m s an d the E a r t h : T h e A u r o r a Polaris an d the Spa('e a r o u n d the E a r t h , " America~ Scie~disl, 4 9 ( 3 ) : 3 6 p. Sept. 1961. Illus. A discussion of the auror't l)ol'~ris under the following headings : The Aurora in High Latitudes AurorM Catalogs and Auroral Visibility Auroras in the Southern Hemisphere Auroras and the Earth's Magnetic Fieht The Height from Which the Aurora Shines The Nature of the Auroral Light Birkeland's Auroral Theory The Earth's Magnetic Shield; the I)CF Magnetic Disturbance Capture or Trapping of Some Solar Gas Prisoners of the Geomagnetic Field The Auroral Particles; Diffuse Auroras The Second Auroral Phase
Solar Energy