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Histopathological Findings in Dogs with Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis
148:1, 2013
ESVP/ECVP Proceedings 2012
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH HAEMORRHAGIC GASTROENTERITIS M. Leipig *, K. Busch y, S. Unterer y and W. Hermanns* *Institute of Veterinary Pathology and yClinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany Introduction: Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) in dogs is a disease syndrome of unknown cause characterized by acute onset of bloody diarrhoea, vomiting and haemoconcentration. In previous studies, histopathological investigations have been restricted to postmortem examinations. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution, character and degree of histopathological lesions in biopsy samples collected prospectively from dogs with HGE. Materials and Methods: After excluding common causes of haemorrhagic diarrhoea, samples of stomach, duodenum, ileum and colon were taken endoscopically from 10 acutely-diseased dogs and investigated microscopically (HE- and Giemsa-stained sections) and immunohistochemically (parvovirus and Clostridium spp. antigens). Results: Chronic gastritis was found in 9/10 cases. Necrotizing inflammation was present in 9/10 cases in the small intestine and in 8/9 cases in the large intestine. The severity of the lesions increased in the caudal part of the intestinal tract. In 9/10 cases clostridial antigen-positive bacteria were found on the surface of the necrotic mucosa in at least one location. Conclusions: The main finding in dogs with HGE was acute necrotizing enterocolitis with detection of Clostridium spp. Chronic gastritis does not occur in the context of the acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea.
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PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTOR ANALYSIS OF FELINE HAEMOPLASMA INFECTION IN NEW ZEALAND DOMESTIC CATS K.E. Dittmer *, K.S. Jenkins *, E. Kwan *, J.C. Marshall * and S. Taskery *Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand and ySchool of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate feline haemoplasma prevalence and possible risk factors for infection in New Zealand cats. Materials and Methods: Species-specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were performed on DNA extracted from 200 feline blood samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for routine haematology over a 12 month period. All 200 blood samples were also tested for retroviral infection using the IDEXX SNAPTM Feline Triple test. Results: Of the 200 samples, 62 cats (31%) were positive for haemoplasma DNA, 49 (24.5%) for ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ (CMhm), 15 (7.5%) for Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and 9 (4.5%) for ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’ (CMt). Twelve of the positive cats had dual infections; 11 CMhm/Mhf and one CMhm/CMt. All samples were adequately positive for the internal control (feline 28S rDNA) by qPCR. Of the 200 samples, 20 cats (10%) were FIV positive, 11 cats (5.5%) were FeLV positive. Multivariate logistic regression, indicated that positive FIV status (odds ratio [OR] 10.16), male gender (OR 5.04) and non-pedigree breed (OR 3.03) were significantly (P !0.05) associated with haemoplasma infection. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that New Zealand feline haemoplasma prevalence is similar to previous overseas studies, with CMhm being the most common infection.
Avian Infectious Diseases PATHOGENESIS AND TRANSMISSIBILITY OF HIGHLYAND LOW-PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN COMMON QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURNIX) K. Bertran *, R. Dolz *, N. Busquets *, V. Gamino y, J. Vergaraofle y and Alert *, A.J. Chaves *, A. Ramis *,z, F.X. Abad *, U. H€ N. Maj o*,z *Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, yUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra and zInstituto de Investigacion en Recursos Cinegeticos, Ciudad Real, Spain Introduction: In the present study, an experimental infection with different avian influenza viruses (AIVs) was carried out in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) to elucidate its epidemiological role in the ecology of this viral infection. Materials and Methods: Quails were infected intranasally with two highly-pathogenic AIVs (HPAIV) (subtypes H7N1 and H5N1), and one low-pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) (subtype H7N2). Clinical signs were recorded daily and samples were obtained to quantify viral load by real-time RT-PCR. Birds of each infected group were killed at different days post infection (dpi) and tissue samples were obtained for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Results: Severe neurological signs and mortality were observed in both HPAIV groups. Presence of viral antigen and microscopical lesions in tissues, especially brain and pancreas, was observed in HPAIV-infected birds. In contrast, neither clinical signs nor histopathological findings were observed in LPAIV-infected quails. Significant and long-term viral shedding was confirmed by RT-PCR in all infected groups. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that common quails may play a major role in the epidemiology of AI, not only because of their high susceptibility, but also because of the associated viral shedding.
TISSUE TROPISM AND PATHOLOGY OF NATURAL INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN BLACK-HEADED GULLS (CHROICOCEPHALUS RIDIBUNDUS) U. H€ ofle *,y, M. van de Bildt y, L. Leijten y, J.H. Verhagen y, R.A.M. Fouchier y, A. Osterhaus y and T. Kuikeny *Instituto de Investigacion en Recursos Cinegeticos IREC (CSIC-UCLMJCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain and yDepartment of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Introduction: Black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) are a suitable model to unravel the epidemiology of low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infection in wild water birds because they are a common colony-breeding species in which LPAIV infection is limited mainly to the H13 and H16 subtypes. However, the sites of virus replication and associated lesions are poorly understood. Materials and Methods: We performed virological and pathological analyses on tissues of black-headed gulls infected naturally with LPAIV. Results: We found that 24 of 111 black-headed gulls collected from breeding colonies were infected with LPAIV (10 with H16N3, one with H13N8, 13 with undetermined subtype), based on virus and viral genome detection in pharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Of these 24 gulls, 15 expressed virus antigen in their tissues. Virus antigen expression was limited to epithelial cells of the intestine and the cloacal bursa. No histological lesions were detected in association with virus antigen expression. Conclusions: LPAIV in black-headed gulls is mainly a superficial intestinal tract infection without detectable lesions. These findings imply that LPAIV in black-headed gulls has adapted to faecaleoral transmission with minimal pathogenicity to its host.
ESVP/ECVP Proceedings 2012
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH HAEMORRHAGIC GASTROENTERITIS M. Leipig *, K. Busch y, S. Unterer y and W. Hermanns* *Institute of Veterinary Pathology and yClinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany Introduction: Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) in dogs is a disease syndrome of unknown cause characterized by acute onset of bloody diarrhoea, vomiting and haemoconcentration. In previous studies, histopathological investigations have been restricted to postmortem examinations. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution, character and degree of histopathological lesions in biopsy samples collected prospectively from dogs with HGE. Materials and Methods: After excluding common causes of haemorrhagic diarrhoea, samples of stomach, duodenum, ileum and colon were taken endoscopically from 10 acutely-diseased dogs and investigated microscopically (HE- and Giemsa-stained sections) and immunohistochemically (parvovirus and Clostridium spp. antigens). Results: Chronic gastritis was found in 9/10 cases. Necrotizing inflammation was present in 9/10 cases in the small intestine and in 8/9 cases in the large intestine. The severity of the lesions increased in the caudal part of the intestinal tract. In 9/10 cases clostridial antigen-positive bacteria were found on the surface of the necrotic mucosa in at least one location. Conclusions: The main finding in dogs with HGE was acute necrotizing enterocolitis with detection of Clostridium spp. Chronic gastritis does not occur in the context of the acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea.
53
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTOR ANALYSIS OF FELINE HAEMOPLASMA INFECTION IN NEW ZEALAND DOMESTIC CATS K.E. Dittmer *, K.S. Jenkins *, E. Kwan *, J.C. Marshall * and S. Taskery *Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand and ySchool of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate feline haemoplasma prevalence and possible risk factors for infection in New Zealand cats. Materials and Methods: Species-specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were performed on DNA extracted from 200 feline blood samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for routine haematology over a 12 month period. All 200 blood samples were also tested for retroviral infection using the IDEXX SNAPTM Feline Triple test. Results: Of the 200 samples, 62 cats (31%) were positive for haemoplasma DNA, 49 (24.5%) for ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ (CMhm), 15 (7.5%) for Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and 9 (4.5%) for ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’ (CMt). Twelve of the positive cats had dual infections; 11 CMhm/Mhf and one CMhm/CMt. All samples were adequately positive for the internal control (feline 28S rDNA) by qPCR. Of the 200 samples, 20 cats (10%) were FIV positive, 11 cats (5.5%) were FeLV positive. Multivariate logistic regression, indicated that positive FIV status (odds ratio [OR] 10.16), male gender (OR 5.04) and non-pedigree breed (OR 3.03) were significantly (P !0.05) associated with haemoplasma infection. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that New Zealand feline haemoplasma prevalence is similar to previous overseas studies, with CMhm being the most common infection.
Avian Infectious Diseases PATHOGENESIS AND TRANSMISSIBILITY OF HIGHLYAND LOW-PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN COMMON QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURNIX) K. Bertran *, R. Dolz *, N. Busquets *, V. Gamino y, J. Vergaraofle y and Alert *, A.J. Chaves *, A. Ramis *,z, F.X. Abad *, U. H€ N. Maj o*,z *Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, yUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra and zInstituto de Investigacion en Recursos Cinegeticos, Ciudad Real, Spain Introduction: In the present study, an experimental infection with different avian influenza viruses (AIVs) was carried out in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) to elucidate its epidemiological role in the ecology of this viral infection. Materials and Methods: Quails were infected intranasally with two highly-pathogenic AIVs (HPAIV) (subtypes H7N1 and H5N1), and one low-pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) (subtype H7N2). Clinical signs were recorded daily and samples were obtained to quantify viral load by real-time RT-PCR. Birds of each infected group were killed at different days post infection (dpi) and tissue samples were obtained for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Results: Severe neurological signs and mortality were observed in both HPAIV groups. Presence of viral antigen and microscopical lesions in tissues, especially brain and pancreas, was observed in HPAIV-infected birds. In contrast, neither clinical signs nor histopathological findings were observed in LPAIV-infected quails. Significant and long-term viral shedding was confirmed by RT-PCR in all infected groups. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that common quails may play a major role in the epidemiology of AI, not only because of their high susceptibility, but also because of the associated viral shedding.
TISSUE TROPISM AND PATHOLOGY OF NATURAL INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN BLACK-HEADED GULLS (CHROICOCEPHALUS RIDIBUNDUS) U. H€ ofle *,y, M. van de Bildt y, L. Leijten y, J.H. Verhagen y, R.A.M. Fouchier y, A. Osterhaus y and T. Kuikeny *Instituto de Investigacion en Recursos Cinegeticos IREC (CSIC-UCLMJCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain and yDepartment of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Introduction: Black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) are a suitable model to unravel the epidemiology of low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infection in wild water birds because they are a common colony-breeding species in which LPAIV infection is limited mainly to the H13 and H16 subtypes. However, the sites of virus replication and associated lesions are poorly understood. Materials and Methods: We performed virological and pathological analyses on tissues of black-headed gulls infected naturally with LPAIV. Results: We found that 24 of 111 black-headed gulls collected from breeding colonies were infected with LPAIV (10 with H16N3, one with H13N8, 13 with undetermined subtype), based on virus and viral genome detection in pharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Of these 24 gulls, 15 expressed virus antigen in their tissues. Virus antigen expression was limited to epithelial cells of the intestine and the cloacal bursa. No histological lesions were detected in association with virus antigen expression. Conclusions: LPAIV in black-headed gulls is mainly a superficial intestinal tract infection without detectable lesions. These findings imply that LPAIV in black-headed gulls has adapted to faecaleoral transmission with minimal pathogenicity to its host.