- Email: [email protected]
Human resources in Latvian pharmaceutical sector
S38
e u r o p e a n j o u r n a l o f p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s c i e n c e s 3 2 S ( 2 0 0 7 ) S22–S50
coupling to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using ultraviolet detection (UV). The influence of pH, type of buffer, ionic strength and additional components in the aqueous buffers are studied. A conventional rotating disk equipment was used as a reference system to the new miniaturized apparatus in the initial correlation study. Up to 14 different drug substances have been used during the evaluation. They are selected from all of the classes in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System and are an assortment of bases, acids, ampholytes and neutral compounds. Result and conclusion: As expected, the apparent dissolution rate at the same rotation speed of the disks differed between the two apparatuses. The new miniaturized disk is eccentrically mounted with an additional flow of dissolution medium over the disk surface compared to the centrically positioned disk in the conventional equipment. However, both apparatuses gave the same patterns in the correlation studies, i.e. a deviation from the more linear correlation line was found in some of the buffers for bases used as hydrochloride salts. These studies of the prototype indicate that the miniaturized rotating disk is a promising design for the qualitative estimation of the dissolution rates of substances.
do not work in pharmaceutical sector or do not work for these purposes in Latvia. In this reason the issue of human resources in Latvian pharmaceutical sector is very actual. The most important possibilities for improvement of current situation could be defined as rising of the professional prestige, preparing of the new specialists and supporting of their involvement in profession. As motivating factor is recognised the acceptance by the Latvian government the guidelines for the Development of the Human Resources in Health Care System, which anticipate the analysis of the supply and demand of health care specialists (including pharmacists and pharmacist’s assistants), modelling of the post-graduated education facilities, as well as solving the issues connected to the salaries and social guarantees for health care specialists. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.081 P-38 UV and fluorescence characteristics of chalcone, 4-methoxyand 4-dimethylaminochalcones and its cyclic analogues: Effect of structure and solvent b ´ a , K. Fodor a , T. Koszegi ˝ P. Perjesi
doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.080 P-37 Human resources in Latvian pharmaceutical sector ¯ D. Araja Ministry of Health, Latvia E-mail address: [email protected]. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of the human resources in Latvian pharmaceutical sector. Method: The statistical data and information provided by the State Agency of Medicines, R¯ıga Stradin¸sˇ University, Latvian Pharmacists’ Society and the colleagues from Estonia and Lithuania have been analysed to achieve the objective of the investigation. Results: The statistical data on Latvian pharmaceutical enterprises show that 83% of Latvian pharmacists and 91% of Latvian pharmacist’s assistants work in community pharmacies (5% of pharmacists and 4% of pharmacist’s assistants work in hospital pharmacies). In this reason as well as taking into account increasing role of pharmaceutical care in fulfilling the medication surveillance of patients, author lays stress on this field of the pharmaceutical activities. Pharmacist is responsible person for providing pharmaceutical care in pharmacy, therefore in author’s opinion such indicator as number of pharmacists per pharmacy is very important factor for analysis of the qualitative pharmaceutical care availability for inhabitants. The results of analysis show that Latvian indicator is 1.3 pharmacists per community pharmacy and Latvia ranks into third place from down among European Union’s member states. In comparison with Estonian and Lithuanian data essential indicator is also fact that only in Latvian pharmacies the number of pharmacist’s assistants exceeds the number of pharmacists. The analysis of the data of pharmaceutical graduates during the past 40 years shows that around 25% of the graduates
a
Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of P´ecs, Hungary Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of P´ecs, Hungary ´ E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Perjesi). b
Objective: Chalcones are intermediary compounds of the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids. Their chemistry and biological activities have been of great interest for a long time. Among the chalcones of natural origin and their synthetic cyclic analogues (E-2-arylmethylene-1-indanones, E-2-arylmethylene-1-tetralones and E-2-arylmethylene-1benzosuberones) several compounds displayed antineoplastic activity. The cytotoxicity of these compounds varies as a function of the ring size and the nature and position of the aromatic substituents, which have a pronounced effect on the stereochemistry and electronic structure of these molecules. Methods: Previous investigations showed that non-covalent interaction with macromolecules has an important role in the biological activity of the compounds. In order to gain a better understanding of spectroscopic characteristics of the compounds under different molecular environment, we have performed UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic investigations of unsubstituted, 4 -methoxyand 4 -dimethylamino-substituted cyclic chalcone analogues in solvents with different polarity. Results: The absorption spectra of the twelve compounds were recorded in four solvents (cyclohexane, methanol, acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide). It was found that increasing solvent polarity caused a batochromic shift in the absorption maxima. The red shift was the most pronounced in the case of the dimethylamino compounds. It could be observed that the red shift was greater in methanol than in acetonitrile, the dielectric constant of which is rather similar to that of methanol. The solvent induced shifts in the absorption bands were consistent with a transition having internal charge transfer character. Fluorescence emission spectra of the com-
e u r o p e a n j o u r n a l o f p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s c i e n c e s 3 2 S ( 2 0 0 7 ) S22–S50
coupling to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using ultraviolet detection (UV). The influence of pH, type of buffer, ionic strength and additional components in the aqueous buffers are studied. A conventional rotating disk equipment was used as a reference system to the new miniaturized apparatus in the initial correlation study. Up to 14 different drug substances have been used during the evaluation. They are selected from all of the classes in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System and are an assortment of bases, acids, ampholytes and neutral compounds. Result and conclusion: As expected, the apparent dissolution rate at the same rotation speed of the disks differed between the two apparatuses. The new miniaturized disk is eccentrically mounted with an additional flow of dissolution medium over the disk surface compared to the centrically positioned disk in the conventional equipment. However, both apparatuses gave the same patterns in the correlation studies, i.e. a deviation from the more linear correlation line was found in some of the buffers for bases used as hydrochloride salts. These studies of the prototype indicate that the miniaturized rotating disk is a promising design for the qualitative estimation of the dissolution rates of substances.
do not work in pharmaceutical sector or do not work for these purposes in Latvia. In this reason the issue of human resources in Latvian pharmaceutical sector is very actual. The most important possibilities for improvement of current situation could be defined as rising of the professional prestige, preparing of the new specialists and supporting of their involvement in profession. As motivating factor is recognised the acceptance by the Latvian government the guidelines for the Development of the Human Resources in Health Care System, which anticipate the analysis of the supply and demand of health care specialists (including pharmacists and pharmacist’s assistants), modelling of the post-graduated education facilities, as well as solving the issues connected to the salaries and social guarantees for health care specialists. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.081 P-38 UV and fluorescence characteristics of chalcone, 4-methoxyand 4-dimethylaminochalcones and its cyclic analogues: Effect of structure and solvent b ´ a , K. Fodor a , T. Koszegi ˝ P. Perjesi
doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.080 P-37 Human resources in Latvian pharmaceutical sector ¯ D. Araja Ministry of Health, Latvia E-mail address: [email protected]. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of the human resources in Latvian pharmaceutical sector. Method: The statistical data and information provided by the State Agency of Medicines, R¯ıga Stradin¸sˇ University, Latvian Pharmacists’ Society and the colleagues from Estonia and Lithuania have been analysed to achieve the objective of the investigation. Results: The statistical data on Latvian pharmaceutical enterprises show that 83% of Latvian pharmacists and 91% of Latvian pharmacist’s assistants work in community pharmacies (5% of pharmacists and 4% of pharmacist’s assistants work in hospital pharmacies). In this reason as well as taking into account increasing role of pharmaceutical care in fulfilling the medication surveillance of patients, author lays stress on this field of the pharmaceutical activities. Pharmacist is responsible person for providing pharmaceutical care in pharmacy, therefore in author’s opinion such indicator as number of pharmacists per pharmacy is very important factor for analysis of the qualitative pharmaceutical care availability for inhabitants. The results of analysis show that Latvian indicator is 1.3 pharmacists per community pharmacy and Latvia ranks into third place from down among European Union’s member states. In comparison with Estonian and Lithuanian data essential indicator is also fact that only in Latvian pharmacies the number of pharmacist’s assistants exceeds the number of pharmacists. The analysis of the data of pharmaceutical graduates during the past 40 years shows that around 25% of the graduates
a
Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of P´ecs, Hungary Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of P´ecs, Hungary ´ E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Perjesi). b
Objective: Chalcones are intermediary compounds of the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids. Their chemistry and biological activities have been of great interest for a long time. Among the chalcones of natural origin and their synthetic cyclic analogues (E-2-arylmethylene-1-indanones, E-2-arylmethylene-1-tetralones and E-2-arylmethylene-1benzosuberones) several compounds displayed antineoplastic activity. The cytotoxicity of these compounds varies as a function of the ring size and the nature and position of the aromatic substituents, which have a pronounced effect on the stereochemistry and electronic structure of these molecules. Methods: Previous investigations showed that non-covalent interaction with macromolecules has an important role in the biological activity of the compounds. In order to gain a better understanding of spectroscopic characteristics of the compounds under different molecular environment, we have performed UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic investigations of unsubstituted, 4 -methoxyand 4 -dimethylamino-substituted cyclic chalcone analogues in solvents with different polarity. Results: The absorption spectra of the twelve compounds were recorded in four solvents (cyclohexane, methanol, acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide). It was found that increasing solvent polarity caused a batochromic shift in the absorption maxima. The red shift was the most pronounced in the case of the dimethylamino compounds. It could be observed that the red shift was greater in methanol than in acetonitrile, the dielectric constant of which is rather similar to that of methanol. The solvent induced shifts in the absorption bands were consistent with a transition having internal charge transfer character. Fluorescence emission spectra of the com-