Author's Accepted Manuscript
Hydrodynamic study of a Two-Section TwoZone Fluidized Bed Reactor with an immersed tube bank via PIV/DIA I. Julián, F. Gallucci, M. van Sint Annaland, J. Herguido, M. Menéndez
www.elsevier.com/locate/ces
PII: DOI: Reference:
S0009-2509(15)00331-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.05.009 CES12342
To appear in:
Chemical Engineering Science
Received date: 23 January 2015 Revised date: 6 May 2015 Accepted date: 10 May 2015 Cite this article as: I. Julián, F. Gallucci, M. van Sint Annaland, J. Herguido, M. Menéndez, Hydrodynamic study of a Two-Section Two-Zone Fluidized Bed Reactor with an immersed tube bank via PIV/DIA, Chemical Engineering Science, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.05.009 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
!"# $
! " # $%%&" # '
( ) * ( (
( ! ! + ),-,. /$ $0'" ! + 1 2 3( 45 6 #,
$
+ ( 7 ! 3'*+8 3 +8 3" 9 # . +3 +"9.8 (( 7 7 8 # 7
3 ! ! ) ( : ( ):* ( *, 7 ( (* 3 ! ! (): 8 ( 3! / 7 , / 7 7; ! ! ! 7
! ( 7 ! 8 8 # +3+"9., + / ( / ! 7 7
< ! , . 3 ( 7
( 7( 777 # , ! 3 7 7 8 7 ( ! 777 # 7%=8 8 7 # +3+"9. 8 >(?,% 8 ( ( ,
%&
+ +8 3" 9 # . +"9. 8 ( 3 8 @ , '%%$,+ 8 # 7 4 (( 7 7 ( 7 / # ,@ ; +"9.8 ; 7 8 5 ,+ 7 8 / 7 # , + 7 ( ! 7 8 ( ! 77 ; ! , ; 7 8 8 7 # / # , , / ( ( ! 8 ! , + ( 7
; , '%A , '%7 8 ( )B #3 , '%' ( ( # ( , '%%, + ! ( +"9. ! ! 7 ( ( 3 3 ; 7 7 ( 3 ( ,
/ 7 8
8 7 # 8 , # ( 8 7 8 ( ( , ! +"9. 8 # 8 , ,+8 3 +"9.+3+"9. ! 7
C D , '%AC D , '%EA C D , '%', + ( ! 8 8 ! 3 3 ! 8 < ,+ ( 7 8
8 7 # ,C D , ( # 7 7 ! # 7
/ ( C D , '%A C D , '%' 7 ( 9 *( 9* ( C D , '%E7, 8 ! ! Į ( ! # 4 Į &%º 8 # , ! ( 7 / (( 7 7
, @ 8 ! 87 8 # +3+"9. 8 ( , # 8 ( 3 8 8 7 C D , '%, 9 ( ( 3 ( ( / # ! # 7 8
/ ! 7 ( , + ! 8 ; +3+"9.Į = &%º 8 7 7 8 # 8777 7 ; ( ! 3 8 7
/ # 7 , 8 '
7 7; ( / ( / ,,@ , '%%%A F&, @ 8 ! 7 7 ( 8 ( (; ( 7 , + 8 ; ! 8 ( ! 7 ! (( 7 ( 7 ! +3+"9. 38 7C D , C D , '%', + ( / ( / 777 7
(7 3 ! ! ) ( : ( ): * ( * 3'* , < ! / ( 7 ! '*7 * # 7 ! 7 7 (( 7 7; ( 7 ! A8 ! ( ( 8 8 * 7 7 ! ,
'&()* * + / ( ) /G 3'* +8 3 +8 3" 9 # . 3 3 ( 8 ( 3 8 (8 ( 8 , ( / ( 9 , + ( 8 ; 0$ / & / %,& ( / (/, 8 / , + (/ (( 8 7 # 8 , + 8 # E(8 '( ,+ 7 8
7 # Į &%º 8 # 8 7 # , + 7
8 C D , '%'AC D , '%AC D
, '%E7 7 7 ! # 7 +3+"9.,+ (( +3 7 ? ((, + / ( 7 8E(( 7 ! 7 ,+ 7 ( 8 ( # E%3%%H( 7 ( 7 ,9 # 8 # 7 8 3 '-E 7 3 . ! C D , '%, + # 7 8 '%%3'% H( 8 7; ȡ7 ,E>( / 7 İ; %,$&,+ ( (( # ! ( ? %, (> 8 ( 7 ( 7 ! ! , ( 8 8 ( 8 . ;G'%1I>( , 8 ( ( ( # 7 8
8 , 7;
8 7 8 ( 7 8
, , ( 777 8 # 7 , 9 # 8 ( 8 I: G ( )
( # *: &,%, (( 8 ( ,+ < 85 J$%@# ! ( 7 ( ! (
( ǻ %,(7 8
8 ! ( 8 ): ,9
' ! ( F%%% 7 3( ( 8 , ( (8 F%% ( &%%( >J$ ,9
/ (
8 ( , + / ( 8 ! 7
! ('J%% ( 0 # ,) ! ( 8 ( 8 7 ( (7 ( 7 ! ( ( / 777 C D , '%'AC D
, '%E7, + ( 7
5 F% / ( 7 8
' / # ( (( C , '%'AK !
'%%% ): ( , +8 ((7 ( ! 7
( ( 8,+ 7
5 8
( ! ! / 8 ( 7 , ( 8 ( ( 7 ( (, ( ( 7 * 3 ( ! ( ( # ( ! 7
; / ( ,
( +3+"9. ( 7
4 # ( ! / (( 7 # 8 7 ( 7 # ( , ,7 7 # 7 ?E(( 8 7 # ,+
! ! >( ! 7
(' ( (, . 8 / 7 # 3# ? L%3,$M ( / 7 7;! 7
! ,+ (7 ( 8 87 +3+"9.! ( / ( 7 8
&, + 7 7 8 7 N 3 9 ', 0 / ( ! 7
( ! 7 , 1 ! / ( 8 8 7 $ &37 8 , + 7 7 ( ( 777 7 ! ( (
8 ,
+& ,! ) ( : ( ): 8 / ( < ( ( ( '* # 7 ,):>*7
/ ( ( 3 ! 8 3 ( 7 ( 8 ( < ! I! ( ,'%%&AK !
FFJ,9 ! 7 / ( < ( # 7 4 + ( O3 + ( ( ) ( ) +; !-(( E
'%%&, ):8 ! ! # 8 ! C , '%'AI! ( , '%%&AI ; , '%%EA!. 5 , '%AK !
FFJ / < 3 (,+ 3 ! 7 ( +3 +"9. ( (( 7 8 ( ( 7 ,+ ( ! < < ( ! , + ( 3'* 7
! , + 8 ( / ( ! ( 8 ! ( 7 ( ǻ 3 8 ! ( ! , 9 , 8
/( 8 ( ! 7 '/'/ (8 ): , + ( ; ! ( 3! ( ! 7 ( 7 8
( ! !
7 , + ): 3 ( 8 (( 8 ; *: I: ,( 3 (8 ( '/' / 8 $%= ! 8 8 0/0 / $%= ! ! ( ,
7 (
8 ( ( 7 ( ( ( 7 8
! ( /
, + ( 3 ( 8 ( 8 3 (, ): ! 7 ! ( 9 ,7,@ 8 ! ! ! 7 / ): 8 ( 7 8
,+ ( ! # < ( / , + ( 7 7 7 7 / ( * ( 3 , + * ( 8 ; 8 7 7 E, + / ! ( ( ( ( 3 # 7 , + ): * 7 (
7 ! ( / +3+"9., + ( / ( ! 7 7 8
'** < , $
-&# , ,$ . * ( * < 8 / ( ( '* ( , # 7 * ( ! 7 7 777 7( / ,*8 777 # 7 78 38 ; 777 8 , FFJ, ( 38 ; ( , '%%E < I ; , I ; , '%%E * # 7 , + ! * ( 777 # 7 ( 7 8
777 7 / ( 7 ! , + ( ! ! ( 7): ! ! ! < 8 7 777 , + ! * 7 # 777 , ,
( ! 8 ( (( # @ D #3 C (B # , '%AI! ( , '%%&, / < ( ( ( ( 7 / ( 3 ! 7 ( 5 C , '%', ! ! * ( ! ,+ ( ! ( 8* (8 ( ! 8 7 , + ( ! ! ( ! * ( !. 5 C 38 ; C , '%'A!. 5 , '% ! !
7 8
( '* 7 * ! ( 7 ( ( * ) *) ( , K P Q 7 *) ( P Q * ( ( 8 ( 8 ( P'* Q, . * 8
( (/ (( * ; , , ( (( # , +8 ( .8 ; 7 # ǻ#>,
!
( (*) 7 7 8 / ( ( / ( ! < ( , 8 ; 8 ! ( / 7 ( ( ( / ( ! ( ( , + '* *! ( <, 7 8 ( ,+ ( / ( # ( 9 E,
( ! ( 7 7 , + 8 0
7 P7; Q ( 9 E,7 8 ( ( ( # ( ( 7 9 E,,+ P7; Q ( 8 ( ! 7 ( , , ! / / 777 8 ( 8 ( , &%= (/ (( ( 8 ! 7 , ( 8 ( ! 8 ( ( 9 E,,1 / ( 8 ( # ! 7 (/ (( ( 9 E, , + 8 ( 7 8
/ ( ! ( # 7 (*) ( 7 C 38 ; C , '%',+ ( ( # ( 8 *! ( 7 ! 7 C C , '%' <, 9 E,, 9 ( . ! 7
8 ; ( ( # 7 (,+ ! ( 7 7 C , + 8 ( 3( 7 8 7 3 3 # ǻ>,+ ǻ>( İ'*3 İ* ! , + ! 7 8 ;
/ ( 7 8
8 7 ( ( (*) ( ,+ 8 7 7 8,- İ'*3 İ* 8 ! ( 7 (9 E,8 ( ,
( (5 ( ( ( ! ( ( 8 7 7 ( @ D #3 C (B # , '%AI! ( , '%%& ( 777 8; , ( 777 ( , + * ( ! ( ( ! ( ( ( 3! / * 8 ): < / (/ 8 7 , / ( ( ( 8 ( (*)8 ( , ( < 8 8 ! ! (
'*3*! 9 E,, @ 8 ! / ( ( ( 8 / 9 E,, + ( (
7 ( , 7 7 ! ( 9 E, 7 8
( ( ! 7 8
%,& 8 ,* ( '*3 3* ( 3 ! (7 ( 83 ( , (7 7 ( 7 3 ! (/ (( / ! / 8 ( %,&3 ( (( ( 8 ( (! ((/ (( , 8 ; 7
, K ( ! 8 ( , , ( 3
J
3 9 E,,. ! 3 3 ( # 3 , + ( ( . '*3* <, 8 7( ( # 7 ( ! # / ( , + (! . / ( (
7 ( ! , + ( ! 7 3
; ( 7
( ( # 8 7 ( ! , , ( ? ( R(>( , + 7 ( ( 8 ; 8 (
( 7 ( ( * * (, /( 9 $, 8
! 7 ( ( ( ! . (< %3 >( ?,%, 7 7 ! ( ! ?L%R%,M.?L%,&R,%M( 7 ( 7 ( 7 , K S! T ! 3. 8 ( 7 (9 $, 7
(8 8 ! ( ( # 84 ? L%,%'3%,%M . ? L%,FE3%,F0M 9 $,7, ( ! . ( ( ? ,% 4 L .M% ? L%,%' %,FE&M L .M ?L%,%' %,FE'M L .M$ ?L%,%' %,F$M L .M& ?L%,%'E %,FJM,+ !
( 8 7 7 C 38 ; C , '%' 7 *) ( , K (( ! 7 ( ( %,$= 8 ( ! , (/ ! 8 7 7 / / , ,( ! ! (/ 7 8! 8U$;>(' 8 , ; ( / ! . 8 , + ! 8 7 ( ( 7 7/ (/7 ,9 7 ( ( . ! 8 8 ( ( # 7 (
( ( / ! , + S(3 ( T ( ( . 8 ( * / (/ ,1 ! ( 8 7 ,- 8 (
7 ( , ( ):>* 3 ( ( ! 7
! 7 7 7; ( 8 ( , 7 # 0 / 0 8 8 ,& / ,& (( 7 F% / >( 8 ( 8 777 ,I 3 (): 8 ( ( # ( 3 (8 8 8 # ! ( ! ! , + ! ! ( ! 7 7 (( ! 7 , &
/& + ( / ( +3+"9. ( ( ):3* ( < ! / ( / ( / 7 8
7 # 777 ( !
7 7; 777 ( , /&% * ! / ! ! ( ! ( 7 ( 777 ,
777 8; ! 777 (7 ( ( ):! (,9 0 777 8 ! 88 ,(( 777 8 ! , + ( 8 777 8; , + ): 8 8 ( 777 8; 777 # # ( < , ! ! ( ( 8 9 0, 7 7 ! 7 8 ( 777 8 ! # , +
( 8 777 ( ( # 7 ,.77 7 9 0 8 8 88 ! 777 ,) 7 (3 777 8 8777 8; ,I 8 ( 9 0 ( ( S ; T 7 ,7
7 ! / ( # 8 ( ! / 7 7 , 3
8 7 ( 7 ,9 ( ( ! 8 7 777 7 3
S ; T,+ 8 8 8 7 777 7 * ( 8 ( 777 # 7 $,$,( ! ; ( 8 7 8 ;, /&' *
! ( / 7 8
8 7 # +3+"9. 8 ,9 J ( 3! 7 / / ! 7 , + 7 ! 8 7 , ) 8 8 7 88 8,! / ( 8 # 8 7 ( 7 ! 5 ,C7 ! 5 8 8 8 3 ( ( ,+ 8 ! ! / 7 ( ,+ ( (( 7 8 7 , + +3 F
7 8 8 ! 7 7 , + 7 ( 8 ; 7 7 ! 7 / #?$(,- (( 7 8 7 ## ( # ( / 7 ! 8 7 ,- 8 (( 8 7 7 9 J, ! 7 3 ! / ! 7 '> 5 ,- ! / ( < 8, + 7 7; 9 J 7 9 ',+
( 7 ! 8 8 7 8
( 88 8 ,+ 8 ( 7 ; 777 / ,+ ( / ( / , /&+ )* , , ! / ! ( ( ( ( 3 # 7 ,9 & 8 ! 7 / / ! 7 8 7 7; , + , , +3+"9. 8 ( 8 8 $ &7 3 ,+ ( ! >(?,%7
! / ( , ( 7 8
7 /
/ 8 7 8 / / 7 ( ( ,+ A ( 8 7 ! 8 88 ! , + / ( 9 & ! ( / ( / 7 , ! / ( / ! (/ 89 F, 88 9 F,7 ! 7
# , 9 F, F,7 ! ! 8 7 ! 8 7 ( / !
/ ( 9 &,+ ! ! (/ 7
! ! ! ! ( / 7 , ( ! ( # ( , ,(/?% ! 8 ! ! ! (/ , 7 7 ! 7 9 F,F,7 ! / 8" 88# < ! ( / ( 8 8 , / ( 8 7 7;$%&'$ 7
7 ! ! ! (/ 87 8 , ,( /8 7 8 (/ 88 ( ! ( , %
! ! 7 ,I ! 8 ! 88/ ( =8 7 7 8 ,@ 8 ! ( ! ( 7 7 ! 7 ! ! (/ / ( 8 $& () ! , "*#(/ 8 (7 ) 8 3 8 / ( / 8 $ , . 7 7 ! ( ) ( ( 8 #?0,$( (/ 7 ( ( 8#?&,$%,$ ( ! , ( 7 ( 8 8 7 7;, 9 % / ! / 8 88 $ () ,+ $ 8 7 ! ! ! ( / ( ! 7 ( 7 ! 8 8 , / ; 7 ! #?'(7 ! (( ,+
! , , 7 8 8 87 (3 7 , 9 ( ! (/ 7
7 , + / (/ 8 ( , @ 8 ! / 7 8 7 7; , 9 / ( / 8 7 # (( 5 %= 8 ) 8 ?,%,+ (! ( / ( / +3+"9. ( , 9 ! / ( ( ( 78 7 (7 8 ; ,- (( / ! ! ! (/ / ( ! (7 < ! ! (/ ; ,9 $ 9 % 8 8 8 88 8 7 # %,F8 83 3 88 8 7 8
%,0 %,&, 7
83 3 88 8 8 ! (( 7 8 >( 8 7 # , ! 83 3 88 / < ! ( , ! ! / (/ 9 % ( 7 < ! ! ! , ,(/ # ( 3 S 3 ( / T 9 8 88 7 7 ,) 98 ! ! ! (/
7 3 ! , + (( 7 8
! ! 3 (/ < ! ( 7 ( ( ! 7 ! ! ( 7 ( ( 7 '*3* 7 < , 9 , 8 ! ! ! 9 / ( 9 %9 ,7 ( ! 9 / ( ( ! ! 7 ,7 7 !
8 ( ! ! ! ( / , . 7(7 8 7 ( ,+ ! ( 7 ( ( ( # ( 7 (, /&- ) , ** & ! 8 ;D #3* , '% ( 8 # 7 7 ( ():>* / ( ! / ( /7
( ,+ ( 7
8 8 FJ ( ( < 7
7 ,+ ( ( 7 / 8 < ' 7 +,- ! # 7 8
7 +. ( (( 8 777 ( / ( ! ( ( ! 8 88 , !"# !"# ' !$%& !$%&
!
. ( (( 8 ( ! ( ( ! # 7 ! ,@ ! 7 7
/ ( / ! ( (( # 8 7 < 777 # ( ,+ ( ! 8 88 7
( ; / ( 8 7; 7 ȡ- ! İ/0 ( * 3 ,+ ! ( +7 , +. +,- 7 8 7 # 7 7 ! , + ( 8 (7 ( 8 ( (( # ! ,+ ( ( (7 ( ! +3+"9. , /&/** ( ( 7 777 8 8 ( 8; , 8 ; 8 8; 777 ( ( 8 # # 8 ) F0$,+ ! 777 # ! ! 7 ( ! / ( ): / / ,* 3 8 '
777 ( 8 73 , 9 777 # 7 .* 7 ! $ +3+"9. 8 7 ( 7 ( ( ( ! 7 , 1 / 7 7 777 # 8 +3+"9.7 # 8 7 # ,9 ! ! 777 88 7 , /&/&% 9 ' 777 # ! 7 +3 +"9. # 8 7 7 , / ( * 7 7 ' ( 777 # ( +3+"9. 7C D , ! / ( 8 ;C D , '%',+ 8 8 ( ( 8 7 ! ( # , + ! 8 # / ? & ( 8 ;4 # '/ ? ' (, 7 ( 777 8 7
8# 7 8 777 # 8 8 7 8 5 ; ,+ < ! 777 ( 8 8 7
7 7 , + +3+"9.
( 777 8 777 # ; 7 ( , ! C D , '%E 8 7 ( ! / 777 # +3+"9. 7 3K ( < ;
(
777 # , + C@ ( 8 7 / ( ( ( ( 7 1 23, @ 8 ! ( C@( ( 7
( * 8 7 S2T+3+"9. ( 7 (/ (777 # 7 F= ! ! , 1 ! ( ( < ! 8 777 ; ( , /&/&'(
, # 9 , 8 ' () 777 # 8 8 # # V( ! , 7! 7
8 777 ; ( ) ! , + ! ! 7# (
( / ( , 7 777 # 7 8 7 7 ( 7 ! 7
( ! ( , / ( 8 ! ; 777 ( , , 777 7 ; 8 $ ,+ .* 7 ' 3 8 7 777 7 ; ,+ ! 777 ( ! ,J( 8
8 7 7 8
7 8 7 8
8, + 777 7 7 8 # ,+ 8 ' 8 , ( 8 88 8 777 8 87 8
7 777 ; 7 ; , + ( ! 777 # , + 8 7 8 ! ; ,(777 ( ( 8 7 7 8 # , + 8 7 8 777 ( ' ,.77 7 7 7 , + 7 ) 777 # / , 8 777 ; 7 8
7 , + / 8 8 777 7 ;, 777 7 ; 8 ! 777 ( 8 / ( 8 , 1 ! 777 # 7 8 & $ ! ( ,+ ( ! 777 7 ; , (7 8 777 # , ! 8 ( '= ( 7 $,E, 777 8 7 ! (( 7 8 ( 8 7 (7 ! 777 # 5 7 ,7
/ ( 7 ! ST , , 777 8 7 7 > *7 >' # 8 ,+ ! 777 # ( 777 ( 777 ( ( (( 7 , - ; ( ( # 777 7<*7 >' 7
( , < 7 7; 7 ;ST ! ( ( ! 777 # 8, /&/&+(
, # 9 ,7 8 ! ! ! 777 ( 8 8 7 # +3+"9. 8 , 7 7 ! 8 ! 'V( < (777 # , # 7 7; 777 # ( , 7
/ ( 7 ! (777 8 8 7 ; , (;7 # ( ; 777 # 7 ! , , 7 8 , + 7 777 ( ( 8 7 # ( ( # 8777 ( ( 7 , (?',% ,% 8 (; 777 7 8 ( 7 8 8 7 , + 7 8
777 # ! ! >( / ! ( (( # R ( # 7 7
E
/ ! (7 8 3; 8 ! ! 8W ( ) '%, /&0 * / ! 777 # 7 777 ! 7 7 ( * ( / ( ):>* / ,9 E 8 ! 77 ! 7 8 / / 8 $ ?,%,7 7 ! ! 777 # ! ( 47 777 ( ( # 8!
( 8 ( *! @ F00, 8 ; 8 ( 8 ( 7 777 ( 8; , ( ( ! ( 777 8; 8 ) F0$ 777 # ! / ( / 8 88 8 ( 7#7# ,
; 8; ( ( ! (/ 7
8 777 ,+ 8 *777 ( / ( / (( 7 ,K ! ( ;
5 , @ 8 ! 8 ! 7 ! ( 777 ! , + ( 7 3 (/ ( 777 ! ( * ( ;777 7 8
7 < ( ( ! 7
7 5 3 ( 8 777 ( 8 ,
0&1 ):>* < 8 ( 3'* +8 3 +8 3" 9 # . 8 # ,+ ! 7 C , C , '%' ( 7 ! ( ( 8 ( ! 8 ; ( ( , 8* ( ( 7
! 3 3 ( ! 7
( # ( 77 ( /7 , + 7 7; ( 7
( # , $ 8 7 ! 777 # %=8 8 # ! ( +3+"9. # 8 ,+ ( , 1 ! / ( / 7 8 7 7; ,+ 8
$
7 3 8 8 7 , * 8 ! < / 8 88 ! ,+ 8 ( ! 8; ( / 7 ,+ / 8 / 8 ( *777 # ! , +
( 7 8
/ ( 777 ( ):>* 88 ( ( , + ( 8 ; 8 +3+"9. ( ! ! ( 7 / ( 777 ( ,
$ , 9 ( 1- ) 5 +X'%%3$$0& 1'%3EE$%3 ; 8 ,9 ( 7
! 7 9 9 7 Y Y ,
2 4. .* * ): +3+"9. +"9.
.77 # 7 3 * ( + < ) ( : ( + < +8 3 +8 3" 9 # . +8 3" 9 # .
54.- Į İ; İ '* İ * İ *(/ ȡ7
+ 8 # º ); 7 ! ( 3 ! ( 3 ! ( 3 / (( ! ( , ,; 7 ! ( 3 .; >(
4.- 6 7- - , 8 8
9 ( İ '*– İ * 3 9 ( İ '*– İ * 3 . ( ( < ! 777 ( ( * ( (( 7 ( ) # 7 H( ) ( H( 0
- ǻ4 ǻ + 8 9 +,- +. #,, ( ( - ., 2 2
* ( 7 ( . ( + ( 7 8
7 < # ( ( 7 ( ! < ;>(' ! 7 ( ( 3 7 (( ! ):>* ,, 3 (/ ;>(' (/ ;>(' (/ 8 ;>(' (/ 88 ;>(' ! 7 7 ! 8
7 ( ((7 8 777 ( ( ( ) / ( 8 ( # ( 3 7 ( 7 (! * ( .77 ! (> ! (>(' (( # ! (> ! ! >(3 ) / ( ( ! ! 88 (>( ! ! 8 (>( : 7 / ( . 8 (( 7 ( . 8 ( ! L0RFM ( (
J
References 8 ,FFJ),W,8 ,,@ W,,I ( C, ; 9, I , ), *; ! Z , 1 3 ! ! ( ( 8 ( (4 ! .,:,FFJ ,E%J3E$E, *! @ F00C,9,*! *,@ (
'F00 ,J3J&, C , '%' C,9, C ,-, - ,, ! . 5 1,, *
, ! C,,,W ) 8 + '%'%' ,F3'%', ( ,'%%E, ( ,.
C,,,W
) 8 + E''%%E ,'3EJ, @ ,'%%$C,@ , B # C,([
+ %%'%%$ ,&3&F, @ D #3C (B # ,'%9,@ D #3C (B # ,D #3* ,Y( #3[ , 37 ! " # $ % & ' (#$') * (
00'% ,J$3JJ', @ ,'%%%,@ ", ),8 $ + ,-," ) 8 + '%%% ,F'3FF, C D , '%' , C D 9, , ! C, @ , B # #$'.$% / 0 ! 1 2 (
C '%J3'%&'%' ,''3', C D ,'%,C D C,@ , B # # / 0 ! 1 2 , 3 4 1 +" \
( $''% ,$&J3$F0, C D ,'%E,C D C,@ , B # % / 0 ! 1 2 (/0!12) ) 8 + '$0'%E ,E03$J, &
C D ,'%E7,C D C,@ , B # ! / 0 ! 1 2 (/0!12) (
C 'E&'%E ,$'30', W ( ) '%,W ( +,) % * ) 8 + '%$'% ,3E, I! ( , '%%& C,, I! ( , , ! C,,, W $ # $ ' $% C (
&0'%%& ,$'3$$, I ; ,'%%EC,I ; ," 1,*
C,,,W ' - 4 + C (
&' ,%30, ,'%C,, ,C D 9,[ W,I C,@ , B # 0 ! 1 2 (0!12) 3 \
( $''% ,J'3J, ,'%7C,, ,C D C,@ , B # #% (0!12) #/."%-5 (7 '% ,0F3&0, )B #3 ,'%'I,)B #3 C, C,@ , B # / 0 ! 12 \
( $'%' ,&&E%3&&E&, ( ,'%%,), ( C, C,@ , B # \
( EF'%% ,FF03%%%, 8 FJ),1, 8 3 (
'&FJ ,FJF3F&%, 8 ) F0$),1, 8 .,) %6 + (
(
E F0$ ,+$J, D #3* , '% , D #3* , D3# , 3: *,
F
3 - * ) 8 + '$'% ,00F30J0, F&-, / \
( ) * * ! ( '%F& ,$3 $&, !. 5 ,'%,,!. 5 ,.] 1,*
,@ , ; C,,,W % ) 8 + '%0'% ,F3E&, !-(( '%%&C,,!-(( ,9, " % C (
0'%%& ,, K !
FFJC,K !
! # $' ( + &FFJ ,JF3F', K !
'%%%C,K !
# $ ' / ( 9 'F'%%% ,3',
'%
! ! 7,/ ( 3 7 ( ( (( ! -,+7 7; ( (( ! , 8 ( 03 :8 '/' / 7+ ):! ! ( ! 5, * ( ( &3 )>( ?,%4 8 ( 7 ( 7; .; 7 ( ( 7 ( &/&/ 1 ( # ( %3 '*3* * ( ! 8, ( . ( ( # ( 7 (,7 - ( 8 8 . ( 7 (# ( ,/ ( 4$ ?,% 8 Į?&%º ! 9, ): ! :, ! / / ( ! / / ! 7 7 8 ' >(?,% ! ;,! / / >(?,%
7 ! # ?0,$ &,$%,$( ! <,) ! ! 7 7 ! (/ ! 7 % $& >(?,%, ! 7=, ) ! ! ! / ! 7 % $ & % $ & >(?,%, ! 77,) ! ! 3 ! /9 ! 7 % $& % $ & >(?,%,7! 9 / ( ( ! 7 % $ & >(?,%, ! 7-, ( 7 8
/ ( ( 777 # 7 2 2*.,?,% 8 Į?&%º, ! 7, ! 777 # ! 7 E >( ? ,% ! 7 8 $, 7F$= $ , ! 75, ( 7 8
777 # 777 ! ( / ! 7 $+3+"9. ?,%# R#?%(,
'
7, ! ( 34
2&
3 4
3 4
53 4
53 4
3 4
',% ',$ ,% ,% ,%
% % % $ &
%,F %,0 %,$ %,$ %,$
'%,E '', '',F '',F '',F
$&,E '',% J',$ F$,E FF,'
F,F '$,F &J,0 ', ',J
, J, 0,% 0,J 0,&
@ • • • • •
):>* 8 ( 3'*+3+"9.8 *7
( # ( 77 (7 + ! 7 7; ( ( 7
( @
( 7 8
/ ( 777 ( .77 # 7%=8 (
''
Average up/down Mass flux (kg/m2s)
Graphical Abstract (for review)
0int
5int
8int
Figure 01
a)
b) Immersed gas inlet
High-speed camera (ImagerPro LaVision®)
4
650
Black sheet PIV software (DaVis 8.0.3)
8
Mass flow controllers Bottom gas inlet
Orifice gas distributor
80
Compressed air (4 bar)
20 80º 120
LED lamps
Gas outlet
40 Porous plate (40-100 µm)
3
Figure 02
3i
zsc = 120 z3r = 105 z2r = 85 z1r = 65
4i
5i
4
7
7
6is
6ih
8i
zsc = 120 z3r = 105 z2r = 85 z1r = 65 z0r = 45
7 7 40
Figure 03
0
b)
0.3m/s
200
16
400
14
600
12
30
20
10 800
10
1000 8
0
6
-10
1200 1400
4
1600
-20 1800 2000 0 200 400 600 Bed dimensions (pixels)
2 0 2 -2 Bed dimensions (cm)
0
-30
Vy (cm/s)
a)
Figure 04
a)
b)
Imax,corr
c)
250
d)
0.8
150 0.6
100 0.4
Number of counts, n (pixels)
1
200
Icut-off
Outliers Imin
50 0.2
Normalized grayscale intensity, I/Imax,corr (-) 0
RGB raw image
Background 1
f)
e)
0
Corrected image
0.6
1.0
g)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Relative 3D solids fraction (1- 3D)/(1- mf)
0.9
0.8
Histogram of corrected and filtered images
de Jong et al. 2013 2012 (dz/dp=30)
0.8
0.5
This work (ur = 3.0, 8i) 0.6
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
A=0.024 B=0.917
0.3
0.2
0.0 0.1
0.1
0
0.2
0.4
2D solids fraction (1-
0.6 2D)
0.8
1
or norm. intensity
0
Filtered (8x8) and normalized image
0
2D - 3D porosity correlation
3D solids fraction
Figure 05
80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
Bed mass estimation error (%)
100 %
2.0 % 1.6% 1.2% 0.8%
A = [0.02-0.03] B = [0.94-0.96]
0.4% 0.0%
Bed mass estimation error (%)
b)
a)
Figure 06
1.0
180
Transient motionless region
140
120
Solids flowing up within the bubble wake
100
Bubble cloud – Emulsion phase
0.0
Solids motion path determined by tube bank arrangement
Gas spots in the vicinity of internals
80
-1.0 60 -40
-20
0
20
Radial position, r (mm)
40
Solids velocity, vz (m/s)
Vertical position, z (mm)
160
Particle raining Particle inside raininga bubble inside a bubble