12 Refractories~ceramics (properties, production, applications) changes on heat exchanger network (HEN) configurations, their profitability and how an existing HEN could restrict future possibilities of heat recovery, HENs were designed to maximize the net present value (NPV) of investment and savings during a desired depreciation period for the conditions before the economic changes (State 1), after the economic changes (State 2), and for a retrofit of the 'State 1' HEN under 'State 2' conditions. The study required six different strategies to be considered, and the economic results, expressed as NPV of investment and savings, are presented and discussed.
03100774 Video monitoring of pulverized coal injection in the blast furnace Birk, W. et al. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2002, 38, (2), 571-576. A novel approach to monitoring and control of the coal powder injection in a blast furnace is presented and discussed. Image analysis of video recordings is used as a means to estimate the instantaneous coal flow. Initial experiments at blast furnace number 3 of SSAB Tunnplat AB, Lulea, Sweden, are reported and first-hand results on modelling and control of a single injection line are given.
03/00775 Water heater with heat exchanger of latent heat recovery type Koshimiz, D. and Amaha, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 181,383 (CI. F24H1/14), 26 Jun 2002, Appl. 2000/383,328, 18 Dec 2000. 5. (In Japanese) A water heater with latent heat recovery comprises a heat exchange system using gas burning. The burners forcibly supplying air for combustion are arranged so as to face downward. A heat recovery region of the heat exchanger is arranged in the burning zone. A latent heat recovery region is provided in which water pipes constituting the heat recovery system are extended downward. Fin plates constituting a heat-absorbing fin block of the latent heat recovery region are also extended downward, thereby forming the heat-absorbing fin block of latent heat recovery region. The falling direction of condensated water generated in the latent heat recovery region is matched with the propagation direction of burning waste gases.
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REFRACTORIES/ CERAMICS Properties, production, applications
03/00776 Application issues for large-area electrochromic windows in commercial buildings Lee, E. S. and DiBartolomeo, D. L. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2002, 71, (4), 465-491. Projections of performance from small-area devices to large-area windows and enterprise marketing have created high expectations for electrochromic glazings. As a result, this paper seeks to precipitate an objective dialogue between material scientists and building-application scientists to determine whether actual large-area electrochromic devices will result in significant performance benefits and what material improvements are needed, if any, to make electrochromics more practical for commercial building applications. Few in situ tests have been conducted with large-area electrochromic windows applied in buildings. This study presents monitored results from a full-scale field test of large-area electrochromic windows to illustrate how this technology will perform in commercial buildings. The visible transmittance (T~) of the installed electrochromic ranged from 0.11 to 0.38, The data are limited to the winter period for a south-east-facing window. The effect of actual device performance on lighting energy use, direct sun control, discomfort glare, and interior illumination is discussed. No mechanical system loads were monitored. These data demonstrate the use of electrochromics in a moderate climate and focus on the most restrictive visual task: computer use in offices. Through this small demonstration, it was determined that electrochromic windows can indeed provide unmitigated transparent views and a level of dynamic illumination control never before seen in architectural glazing materials. Daily lighting energy use was 6-24% less compared to the l l%-glazing, with improved interior brightness levels. Daily lighting energy use was 3% less to 13% more compared to the 38%-glazing, with improved window brightness control. The electrochromic window may not be able to fulfil both energy-efficiency and visual comfort objectives when low winter direct sun is present, particularly for computer tasks using cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays. However,
window and architectural design as well as electrochromic control options are suggested as methods to broaden the applicability of electrochromics for commercial buildings. Without further modification, its applicability is expected to be limited during cold winter periods due to its slow switching speed.
03/00777 Comparative studies of 'all sol-gel' electrochromic windows employing various counterelectrodes Kraovec, U. O. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2002, 73, (I), 21-37. Electrochromic (EC) 'smart' windows for buildings represent an effective way to modulate the intensity of incoming solar radiation. While it is accepted that WO3 films represent the best option for the working electrode, the choice of the best counter-electrode is still debatable. Optical properties of counter-electrodes such as Ce, Fe, V and Sn oxides are presented. Electrochromic windows were made with a sol-gel WO3 active colouring film (150°C), Ce, Fe, V oxide counterelectrodes and a sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid (Li÷ormolyte) ion conductor. The electrochromic responses of these devices predicted from the charge capacities, photopic transmittances and coloration efficiencies of individual films are compared with measured values.
03/00778 gasifiers
Improved refractory materials for slagging coal
Dogan, C. P. et al. Proceedings Of the International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel S~vstems, 2002, 2, (27), 11671176. Increased reliability in the operation of slagging gasifiers used to produce power, and/or other products, from coal is dependent in part on the development of improved materials with longer service lives in this application. Current generation refractory materials used to line the gasifier vessel, and contain the gasification reaction, typically last no longer than six to 18 months in commercial applications, contributing to gasifier online availabilities that fall far short of targeted goals. In this paper, improved refractory material is introduced that shows promise for enhanced service life in this application.
03/00779 Manufacturing of anisotropic ceramics from preceramic polymer infiltrated wood Zollfrank, C. et al. Ceramic Transactions, 2002, (129), 43-50. Light-weight cellular SiOC-ceramics were manufactured by vacuum infiltration of hardwood and softwood with two different organosilicon polymers polymethylphenylvinylsilsequioxane (PMPVS) and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS). The infiltrated polymers were cured by heat-treatment at 220 ° and pyrolysed at 800 ° in inert atmosphere. Infiltration reaction, curing and pyrolysis of the organosi[icon infiltrated wood was monitored by Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and SEM (SEM). After pyrolysis of the infiltrated wood samples at 800 ° an amorphous SlOG-glass/carbon composite was formed.
03/00780 Optimization of heat transfer performances of a heat-recirculating ceramic burner during methane/air and low-calorific-fuel/air combustion Shinoda, M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002, 43, (912), 1479-1491. An experimental burner of the heat-recirculating type was constructed and its thermal characteristics were investigated for steady methane/air and low-calorific-fuel/air combustion. Longitudinal temperature distributions of air and burned gas flowing in the passes of the burner were determined by means of both experiments and numerical simulations. Using the heat recirculation rate and the thermal efficiency as criteria for the heat transfer performances of the burner, the optimal design of the burner was examined in terms of a chemical parameter (the equivalence ratio), a fluid-mechanical parameter (the Reynolds number) and a geometrical parameter (the number of passes).
03/00781 Orientation correlation of molecular glass with the perspective of entropy and static structure factor Yamamuro, O. K E K Proceedings, 2002, (2001 27), 17-20. (In Japanese) A cooperative rearranging region size of CC14 glass during the glass transition was about 5 which was derived from both a thermodynamical method and a structural method. This value coincides with a size of dynamic non-uniformity of a supercooled liquid at near Tg obtained using light scattering and NMR.
03/00782 glasses
Quantum effects of electromagnetic fluxes in cold
Strehlow, P. Physica B." Condensed Matter. 2002, 316 317, 500-502.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2003
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