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Improvement in Interior Egg Quality and Reduction in Liver Fat in Hens Fed Brewers Dried Grains
Improvement in Interior Egg Quality and Reduction in Liver Fat in Hens Fed Brewers Dried Grains L . S. JENSEN, C. H . CHANG AND D . V . MAURICE
Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Received for publication January 16, 1976)
POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 1841-1847, 1976
INTRODUCTION
B
REWERS dried grains is a by-product of barley malt, and usually corn or rice that has been treated to remove most of the readily soluble carbohydrates. Protein, fiber, linoleic acid, vitamins and minerals are concentrated in brewers dried grains in comparison to the starting materials. Although the metabolizable energy content of brewers dried grains is reduced below that of the cereal grains used in the production of wort, the concentration of other nutrients results in a feed ingredient that may have special properties for enhancing the performance of poultry. Thornton and McPherron (1962) compared diets containing 20% brewers dried grains fed to chickens during the growing and laying phases to those fed a control ration with no brewers dried grains. Birds fed brewers dried grains grew faster, matured earlier and produced more eggs. They also observed that body weight gain and liver fat accumulation
was significantly less in hens fed brewers dried grains. Further studies indicated that 40% brewers dried grains in a cage layer diet supported excellent laying performance and reduced body weight and liver fat (Kienholz et al., 1963) and improved fertility and hatchability (Kienholz and Jones, 1967). More recently Kienholz et al. (1972) reported a marked decrease in egg weight associated with feeding a high level of brewers dried grains. Eldred et al. (1975a) studied the performance of cage layer hens fed diets containing levels up to 10% brewers grains with and without added yeast. Egg production was significantly improved by adding 5% brewers dried grains and egg weight with brewers dried grains in combination with yeast. Adding brewers dried grains to a layer diet resulted in a significant improvement in Haugh unit values (Eldred et al., 1975b). The present experiments were conducted to further investigate the effect of various levels of brewers dried grains on the per-
1841
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ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted with cage layer hens to determine the effect of various levels of dietary brewers dried grains on liver fat accumulation and performance. The first experiment was conducted from September to February and the second from May to August. Liver fat per unit of body weight was significantly reduced by including 20% brewers dried grains in both pelleted and unpelleted diets below that observed with the corresponding basal diets in the summer experiment, but not in the winter experiment. An intermediate response was obtained with 10% brewers dried grains in the summer experiment. Adding 20% brewers dried grains significantly improved interior egg quality as measured by Haugh units in both experiments. Smaller increases in Haugh units were observed with lower levels of brewers dried grains. Egg production was not significantly different among the dietary treatments in the summer experiment, but was significantly lower with 20% brewers dried grains in the winter experiment. Adding lysine to the diet with the 20% brewers dried grains slightly improved rate of production, but not significantly (P > 0.05). Differences in egg weight, body weight change, fertility, hatchability of fertile eggs, egg shell quality, and feed consumption per hen per day were not significantly different among the dietary treatments in either experiment. Daily intake of calculated metabolizable energy calories per hen was reduced with 10% or more brewers dried grains in both experiments. The results indicate that economic evaluation of brewers dried grains for layer diets based solely on metabolizable energy content (1760 kcal. /kg.) underestimates its value.
1842
L. S. JENSEN, C. H. CHANG AND D. V. MAURICE
formance of laying and breeding chickens. Effect of this ingredient on egg production, reproduction, feed consumption, shell and interior egg quality, and liver fat accumulation was studied. PROCEDURE
TABLE 1.—Composition of experimental rations Diet number (%) Ingredient
1
2
Corn, ground Soybean meal (48.5% protein) Brewers dried grains Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Limestone Defluorinated phosphate Salt iodized Vitamin premix' Trace mineral mix 2 DL-methionine L-lysine Calculated analysis: Protein, T. ME, kcal./kg. Lysine, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, total, %
66.9
64.188
61.282
3
55.666
4
55.556
5
20.205
18.0
15.9
11.5
11.5
—
5.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
2.5 7.8
2.5 7.8
2.5 7.8
2.5 7.8
2.5 7.8
1.745 0.4 0.25
1.745 0.4 0.25
1.745 0.4 0.25
1.745 0.4 0.25
1.745 0.4 0.25
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.017
0.1 0.023
0.1 0.039
—
—
—
—
0.1 0.039 0.110
16.1 2843 0.78 3.31
16.1 2779 0.75 3.32
16.1 2715 0.73 3.32
16.1 2588 0.67 3.34
16.1 2588 0.78 3.34
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.66
'Vitamin premix provided (per kg. feed): 4400 I.U. vitamin A, 880 I.C.U. vitamin D 3 , 11 I.U. vitamin E, 4.4 mg. riboflavin, 8.8 mg. pantothenic acid, 44 mg. nicotinic acid, 220 mg. choline CI, 2.2 mg. vitamin B 6 , 2.2 mg. menadione S.B., 2.2 mg. thiamine HC1, 0.0066 mg. vitamin B 12 , 0.55 mg. folic acid, 0.11 mg. biotin, 125.4 mg. ethoxyquin. 2 Trace mineral mix provided (mg./kg.): 60 Mn, 50 Zn, 25 Fe, 5 Cu, 1.1 I.
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Two experiments were conducted with Babcock Single Comb White Leghorn hens maintained in cages. In the first experiment hens approximately 55 weeks of age were housed three to a cage (25 x 46 cm.) and three groups of 21 hens were fed each of the experimental diets. The experiment started September 1, 1974 and terminated February 14, 1975. The second experiment was conducted with hens approximately 30 weeks
of age that were maintained two hens to a cage (25 x 46 cm.) and three groups of 14 hens were fed each of the experimental diets. The experiment started May 6, 1975 and terminated August 26, 1975. Composition of the experimental diets is given in Table 1. The same diets were fed in both experiments, but in experiment 2 diets containing 0 or 20% brewers dried grains with and without lysine were fed in both the pelleted and mash forms. Records were kept on rate of egg production and feed consumption by groups. One-half of the hens in each group were artificially inseminated once weekly with pooled semen and eggs were collected for one week five times during each experiment and incubated to determine fertility and hatchability. The hens were weighed
1843
BREWERS GRAINS FOR H E N S
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Rate of egg production was significantly reduced with 20% brewers dried grains in experiment 1, but not when the diet was supplemented with lysine (Table 2). No significant differences in egg production were observed in experiment 2. No significant differences in average egg weight or body weight change among the dietary treatments were obtained, but hens fed the three pelleted diets in experiment 2 gained more weight than the other five treatments. No significant difference was observed in daily feed intake among the dietary treatments in either experiment. Feed required per dozen eggs was significantly more for hens fed 20% brewers dried grains in experiment 1, probably because of the lower rate of egg production. No differences in feed efficiency were observed in experiment 2. Calculation of the metabolizable energy intake per hen per day revealed significantly less intake for hens fed
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individually at the beginning and end of each experiment to determine body weight change. Samples of eggs were collected by groups for measurement of egg shell quality by three different methods. Shell thickness, deformation, and breaking strength were measured as described by Potts and Washburn (1974). In experiment 1 three two-day samples of eggs during the experiment were broken to measure Haugh units and in experiment 2, a two-day sample of eggs was obtained every three weeks for determination of Haugh units. At the end of the experiment six hens in experiment 1 and nine hens in experiment 2 from each group were killed by electric shock and the livers were removed for determining wet and dry weights and percent fat content. Total fat was determined on a 4 g. sample of homogenized liver by extraction with chloroform:methanol (2:1) as described by Folch et al. (1957). In both experiments feed and water were available ad libitum.
1844
L. S. JENSEN, C. H. CHANG AND D. V. MAURICE
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BREWERS GRAINS FOR H E N S
DISCUSSION The results of the experiments reported here indicate that brewers dried grains used at high levels in cage layer rations may have advantages unanticipated by consideration of nutrient composition. The results of both
experiments clearly show that brewers dried grains improved interior egg quality of eggs over that of hens fed a practical corn-soy diet. This confirms the observation of Eldred et al. (1975b), who showed that adding either brewers dried grains or brewers dried grains plus yeast to a practical diet improved interior egg quality. Previously Waldroup and Rutherford (1971) showed that in one of two experiments adding corn dried steep liquor concentrate at a level of 15% or more significantly improved interior egg quality. It appears that cereal grain by-products in which the non-starch components have been concentrated contain an unidentified factor necessary for optimum albumen quality. Lactic acid content apparently is not responsible for the improvement because adding up to 1% lactic acid to a practical diet failed to increase Haugh units in an experiment in which corn dried steep liquor concentrate significantly improved Haugh units (Hazen and Waldroup, 1972). The results of these experiments also suggest that a high level of brewers dried grains may be of value in preventing the fatty liver syndrome. In experiment 2 liver fat was significantly reduced when 20% brewers dried grains was included in the ration below that observed with the basal diet, confirming the report of Thornton and McPherron (1962). The failure to show an effect on liver fat accumulation in experiment 1 may relate to season as Griffith et al. (1969) showed that liver fat in cage layer hens rose to a peak in the summer months. The first experiment was conducted in winter time and the second in summer. Age may also have been a factor in the differential response. Producing high liver fat accumulation in cage layer hens fed high energy diets has been more difficult at the University of Georgia than at other experiment stations (Jensen et al., 1976). The reason for the reduction in liver fat by high level of brewers dried grains is not known. The diets were not made isocaloric and there-
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the diets with 20% brewers grains in both experiments. Haugh units were generally greater for birds fed brewers dried grains in experiment 1, but only the value obtained for birds fed the 20% brewers dried grains was significantly different from the basal diet (Table 3). In experiment 2 Haugh units were significantly greater for all samples of eggs from hens fed diets with 20% brewers dried grains (with or without lysine, mash or pelleted form) compared to the basal diet. Egg shell quality measurements revealed no differences among the dietary treatments. There were also no significant differences among treatments in either fertility or hatchability of fertile eggs in either experiment. Fertility was less than usually expected probably because of technique of artificial insemination. Percent liver fat on either a wet or dry basis was not significantly different among the dietary treatments in experiment 1, but hens fed 20% brewers dried grains with and without lysine in mash form and with lysine in pelleted form had livers with significantly less fat in experiment 2 (Table 4). Fresh liver weight was not significantly different among treatments in either experiment, although in experiment 2 liver weight appeared to be lower for birds fed diets with 20% brewers dried grains. Fat per liver per kg. of body weight was not significantly different in experiment 1 but was significantly reduced in experiment 2 for hens fed diets with 20% brewers dried grains with and without lysine in mash or pelleted forms. Fat accumulation was greater for hens fed the basal diet in experiment 2 than in experiment 1.
1845
1846
L. S. JENSEN, C. H. CHANG AND D. V. MAURICE
Results of both experiments indicate that hens fed diets with brewers dried grains do not increase their daily feed consumption to ingest a level of metabolizable energy equivalent to that consumed by hens fed the basal corn-soy diet. In experiment 2 daily metabolizable energy intake was significantly reduced in both mash and pelleted diets when 20% brewers dried grains was included in the ration. The reduced energy intake, therefore, was not simply due to decreased density of the diet. The apparent difference in daily caloric intake may have been caused by use of an inaccurate metabolizable energy value for brewers dried grains. The value used in calculating the energy content of the diets
was 1760kcal./kg. (Scottera/., 1969). Morris (1968) and DeGroote (1972) have reported that hens tend to overconsume calories when fed high energy diets. The results of experiment 2 show that the economical value of brewers dried grains would be underestimated if included in layer rations based only on its metabolizable energy (1760 kcal. /kg.) and protein content. Since hens produced at an equivalent level with the same level of feed intake, efficiency of utilization of calculated metabolizable energy for egg production was greater in hens fed the diets with brewers dried grains. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors appreciate the partial support of this study by the United States Brewers Association, Inc., Washington D.C. REFERENCES DeGroote, G., 1972. A marginal income and cost analysis of the effect of nutrient density on the performance of White Leghorn hens in battery cages. Brit. Poultry Sci. 13: 503-520. Eldred, A. R., B. L. Damron and R. H. Harms, 1975a. Evaluation of dried brewers grains and yeast in laying hen diets containing various sulfur amino acid levels. Poultry Sci. 54: 856-860. Eldred, A. R., B. L. Damron and R. H. Harms, 1975b. Improvement of interior egg quality from feeding of brewers dried grains. Poultry Sci. 54: 1337. Folch, J., M. Lees and C. H. S. Stanley, 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 225: 497-509. Griffith, M., A. J. Olinde, R. Schexnailder, R. F. Davenport and W. F. McKnight, 1969. Effect of choline, methionine and vitamin B ,2 on liver fat, egg production, and egg weight in hens. Poultry Sci. 48: 2160-2172. Hazen, K. R., and P. W. Waldroup, 1972. Improvement of interior egg quality by corn dried steep liquor concentrate. Poultry Sci. 51: 1816-1817. Jensen, L. S., C. H. Chang and L. Falen, 1974. Response of lysine supplementation by laying hens fed practical diets. Poultry Sci. 53: 1387-1391. Jensen, L. S., C. H. Chang and R. D. Wyatt, 1976. Influence of carbohydrate source on liver fat accu-
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fore, a reduced energy content could be responsible. On the other hand, liver fat accumulation was significantly reduced in both mash and pelleted diets by brewers dried grains and pelleting counteracts the effect of low energy bulky ingredients on performance of hens (Jensen and McGinnis, 1952). Brewers dried grains may contain a nutrient which is responsible for maintaining normal liver lipid metabolism in the laying hen. It is difficult to understand the significant depression in egg production obtained with 20% brewers dried grains in experiment 1. No such reduction was observed in experiment 2 and Kienholz et al. (1963) did not report a reduction when 40% brewers dried grains were fed. A slight response to added lysine suggests that the diet may have been marginal in this amino acid. The daily intake of lysine, however, was higher during the winter experiment (experiment 1) than during the summer experiment. The calculated lysine intake per hen per day should have been adequate to meet the requirement of hens fed a corn-based ration (Jensen et al, 1974). It is possible that the shift to a lower energy or bulkier ration from a high energy diet during the latter part of the laying cycle may have been involved in the reduced egg production in experiment 1.
BREWERS GRAINS FOR H E N S
Poultry Sci. 9: 285-295. Potts, P. L., and K. W. Washburn, 1974. Shell evaluation of white and brown egg strains by deformation, breaking strength, shell thickness and specific gravity. 1. Relationship to egg characteristics. Poultry Sci. 53: 1123-1128. Scott, M. L., M. C. Nesheim and R. J. Young, 1969. Nutrition of the Chicken. M. L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, N.Y. Thornton, P. A., and T. A. McPherron, 1962. Controlling body weight and liver lipid accumulation in the chicken with dietary brewers dried grains. Fed. Proc. 21: 397. Waldroup, P. W., and H. O. Rutherford, 1971. Acceptability of corn dried steep liquor concentrate for laying hens and turkeys. Poultry Sci. 50: 18631867.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1840) establish a Youth Programme Fund. The only conditions attached to the grant—which has been given to commemorate the late Dr. Cliff Carpenter (first President of the U.S.A. Branch—are that the money shall be used solely to promote youth activities within the W.P.S.A. and that the Fund be administered by the Executive Committe of the W.P.S.A. The Fund may be added to by future grants from Branches or individual members. The Executive Committee has decided to establish an Essay Competition to be held every four years and has agreed upon the following conditions: The Cliff D. Carpenter Youth Programme Essay 1. This Essay Competition is held every four years and is open to any young person between 16 and 21 years of age who has an interest in poultry. Each essay must be accompanied by a statement from a person in authority stating that the author is known to him, that he or she is within the prescribed age limits at the time of writing the essay and is working with poultry, undergoing an educational course concerned with poultry or is connected with the poultry industry in some way (which will be specified). 2. The title of the Essay will be announced every four years—two years before the World's Poultry Congress following. The title for the 1974/78 Competition is: "How Can the W.P.S.A. Aid the
Poultry Industries of the World?" 3. Essays must be submitted in the English language (but no down-marking will be made for errors in style, grammar or spelling) and must be typed in double spacing on one side of the paper only. The length must not exceed 5,000 words nor be less than 2,500 words. In countries having Branches of the W.P.S.A. the essays must be sent to the Branch Secretariat and the Branch will conduct a preliminary screening—sending on to the W.P.S.A. Secretariat the better essays not exceeding in number the number of their Council Membership, i.e. in a Branch having six Council Members not more than six essays may be forwarded to W.P.S.A. Secretariat. Essays from competitors in countries without a Branch should send their essays (with the statement defined in paragraph 1) direct to the Secretariat. The essays must reach the W.P.S.A. Secretariat not later than 15 months before the World's Poultry Congress following. For the 1974/78 competition essays must reach the Secretariat not later than June 1, 1977. 4. The winning essay will be published in the Journal of the W.P.S.A. The winner will receive a grant from the W.P.S.A. Cliff D. Carpenter Youth Programme Fund to cover his travel expenses and a per diem allowance towards his costs of attending the World's Poultry Congress held following the announcement of the result of the competition. The
(Continued on page 1870)
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mulation in hens. Poultry Sci. 55: 700-709. Jensen, L. S., and J. McGinnis, 1952. A comparison of feeding pelleted and unpelleted diets containing different levels of alfalfa to laying hens. Poultry Sci. 31: 307-310. Kienholz, E. W., C. A. Darras and D. D. Caveny, 1972. Small egg size from brewers dried grains. Poultry Sci. 51: 1825. Kienholz, E. W., and M. L. Jones, 1967. The effect of brewers dried grains upon reproductive performance of chicken and turkey hens. Poultry Sci. 46: 1280. Kienholz, E. W., P. A. Thornton and R. E. Moreng, 1963. The use of brewers dried grains in some poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 42: 1280. Morris, T., 1968. The effect of dietary energy level on the voluntary calorie intake of laying birds. Brit.
1847
Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Received for publication January 16, 1976)
POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 1841-1847, 1976
INTRODUCTION
B
REWERS dried grains is a by-product of barley malt, and usually corn or rice that has been treated to remove most of the readily soluble carbohydrates. Protein, fiber, linoleic acid, vitamins and minerals are concentrated in brewers dried grains in comparison to the starting materials. Although the metabolizable energy content of brewers dried grains is reduced below that of the cereal grains used in the production of wort, the concentration of other nutrients results in a feed ingredient that may have special properties for enhancing the performance of poultry. Thornton and McPherron (1962) compared diets containing 20% brewers dried grains fed to chickens during the growing and laying phases to those fed a control ration with no brewers dried grains. Birds fed brewers dried grains grew faster, matured earlier and produced more eggs. They also observed that body weight gain and liver fat accumulation
was significantly less in hens fed brewers dried grains. Further studies indicated that 40% brewers dried grains in a cage layer diet supported excellent laying performance and reduced body weight and liver fat (Kienholz et al., 1963) and improved fertility and hatchability (Kienholz and Jones, 1967). More recently Kienholz et al. (1972) reported a marked decrease in egg weight associated with feeding a high level of brewers dried grains. Eldred et al. (1975a) studied the performance of cage layer hens fed diets containing levels up to 10% brewers grains with and without added yeast. Egg production was significantly improved by adding 5% brewers dried grains and egg weight with brewers dried grains in combination with yeast. Adding brewers dried grains to a layer diet resulted in a significant improvement in Haugh unit values (Eldred et al., 1975b). The present experiments were conducted to further investigate the effect of various levels of brewers dried grains on the per-
1841
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Rutgers University Libraries/Technical Services on June 4, 2015
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted with cage layer hens to determine the effect of various levels of dietary brewers dried grains on liver fat accumulation and performance. The first experiment was conducted from September to February and the second from May to August. Liver fat per unit of body weight was significantly reduced by including 20% brewers dried grains in both pelleted and unpelleted diets below that observed with the corresponding basal diets in the summer experiment, but not in the winter experiment. An intermediate response was obtained with 10% brewers dried grains in the summer experiment. Adding 20% brewers dried grains significantly improved interior egg quality as measured by Haugh units in both experiments. Smaller increases in Haugh units were observed with lower levels of brewers dried grains. Egg production was not significantly different among the dietary treatments in the summer experiment, but was significantly lower with 20% brewers dried grains in the winter experiment. Adding lysine to the diet with the 20% brewers dried grains slightly improved rate of production, but not significantly (P > 0.05). Differences in egg weight, body weight change, fertility, hatchability of fertile eggs, egg shell quality, and feed consumption per hen per day were not significantly different among the dietary treatments in either experiment. Daily intake of calculated metabolizable energy calories per hen was reduced with 10% or more brewers dried grains in both experiments. The results indicate that economic evaluation of brewers dried grains for layer diets based solely on metabolizable energy content (1760 kcal. /kg.) underestimates its value.
1842
L. S. JENSEN, C. H. CHANG AND D. V. MAURICE
formance of laying and breeding chickens. Effect of this ingredient on egg production, reproduction, feed consumption, shell and interior egg quality, and liver fat accumulation was studied. PROCEDURE
TABLE 1.—Composition of experimental rations Diet number (%) Ingredient
1
2
Corn, ground Soybean meal (48.5% protein) Brewers dried grains Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Limestone Defluorinated phosphate Salt iodized Vitamin premix' Trace mineral mix 2 DL-methionine L-lysine Calculated analysis: Protein, T. ME, kcal./kg. Lysine, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, total, %
66.9
64.188
61.282
3
55.666
4
55.556
5
20.205
18.0
15.9
11.5
11.5
—
5.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
2.5 7.8
2.5 7.8
2.5 7.8
2.5 7.8
2.5 7.8
1.745 0.4 0.25
1.745 0.4 0.25
1.745 0.4 0.25
1.745 0.4 0.25
1.745 0.4 0.25
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.017
0.1 0.023
0.1 0.039
—
—
—
—
0.1 0.039 0.110
16.1 2843 0.78 3.31
16.1 2779 0.75 3.32
16.1 2715 0.73 3.32
16.1 2588 0.67 3.34
16.1 2588 0.78 3.34
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.66
'Vitamin premix provided (per kg. feed): 4400 I.U. vitamin A, 880 I.C.U. vitamin D 3 , 11 I.U. vitamin E, 4.4 mg. riboflavin, 8.8 mg. pantothenic acid, 44 mg. nicotinic acid, 220 mg. choline CI, 2.2 mg. vitamin B 6 , 2.2 mg. menadione S.B., 2.2 mg. thiamine HC1, 0.0066 mg. vitamin B 12 , 0.55 mg. folic acid, 0.11 mg. biotin, 125.4 mg. ethoxyquin. 2 Trace mineral mix provided (mg./kg.): 60 Mn, 50 Zn, 25 Fe, 5 Cu, 1.1 I.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Rutgers University Libraries/Technical Services on June 4, 2015
Two experiments were conducted with Babcock Single Comb White Leghorn hens maintained in cages. In the first experiment hens approximately 55 weeks of age were housed three to a cage (25 x 46 cm.) and three groups of 21 hens were fed each of the experimental diets. The experiment started September 1, 1974 and terminated February 14, 1975. The second experiment was conducted with hens approximately 30 weeks
of age that were maintained two hens to a cage (25 x 46 cm.) and three groups of 14 hens were fed each of the experimental diets. The experiment started May 6, 1975 and terminated August 26, 1975. Composition of the experimental diets is given in Table 1. The same diets were fed in both experiments, but in experiment 2 diets containing 0 or 20% brewers dried grains with and without lysine were fed in both the pelleted and mash forms. Records were kept on rate of egg production and feed consumption by groups. One-half of the hens in each group were artificially inseminated once weekly with pooled semen and eggs were collected for one week five times during each experiment and incubated to determine fertility and hatchability. The hens were weighed
1843
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Rate of egg production was significantly reduced with 20% brewers dried grains in experiment 1, but not when the diet was supplemented with lysine (Table 2). No significant differences in egg production were observed in experiment 2. No significant differences in average egg weight or body weight change among the dietary treatments were obtained, but hens fed the three pelleted diets in experiment 2 gained more weight than the other five treatments. No significant difference was observed in daily feed intake among the dietary treatments in either experiment. Feed required per dozen eggs was significantly more for hens fed 20% brewers dried grains in experiment 1, probably because of the lower rate of egg production. No differences in feed efficiency were observed in experiment 2. Calculation of the metabolizable energy intake per hen per day revealed significantly less intake for hens fed
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individually at the beginning and end of each experiment to determine body weight change. Samples of eggs were collected by groups for measurement of egg shell quality by three different methods. Shell thickness, deformation, and breaking strength were measured as described by Potts and Washburn (1974). In experiment 1 three two-day samples of eggs during the experiment were broken to measure Haugh units and in experiment 2, a two-day sample of eggs was obtained every three weeks for determination of Haugh units. At the end of the experiment six hens in experiment 1 and nine hens in experiment 2 from each group were killed by electric shock and the livers were removed for determining wet and dry weights and percent fat content. Total fat was determined on a 4 g. sample of homogenized liver by extraction with chloroform:methanol (2:1) as described by Folch et al. (1957). In both experiments feed and water were available ad libitum.
1844
L. S. JENSEN, C. H. CHANG AND D. V. MAURICE
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BREWERS GRAINS FOR H E N S
DISCUSSION The results of the experiments reported here indicate that brewers dried grains used at high levels in cage layer rations may have advantages unanticipated by consideration of nutrient composition. The results of both
experiments clearly show that brewers dried grains improved interior egg quality of eggs over that of hens fed a practical corn-soy diet. This confirms the observation of Eldred et al. (1975b), who showed that adding either brewers dried grains or brewers dried grains plus yeast to a practical diet improved interior egg quality. Previously Waldroup and Rutherford (1971) showed that in one of two experiments adding corn dried steep liquor concentrate at a level of 15% or more significantly improved interior egg quality. It appears that cereal grain by-products in which the non-starch components have been concentrated contain an unidentified factor necessary for optimum albumen quality. Lactic acid content apparently is not responsible for the improvement because adding up to 1% lactic acid to a practical diet failed to increase Haugh units in an experiment in which corn dried steep liquor concentrate significantly improved Haugh units (Hazen and Waldroup, 1972). The results of these experiments also suggest that a high level of brewers dried grains may be of value in preventing the fatty liver syndrome. In experiment 2 liver fat was significantly reduced when 20% brewers dried grains was included in the ration below that observed with the basal diet, confirming the report of Thornton and McPherron (1962). The failure to show an effect on liver fat accumulation in experiment 1 may relate to season as Griffith et al. (1969) showed that liver fat in cage layer hens rose to a peak in the summer months. The first experiment was conducted in winter time and the second in summer. Age may also have been a factor in the differential response. Producing high liver fat accumulation in cage layer hens fed high energy diets has been more difficult at the University of Georgia than at other experiment stations (Jensen et al., 1976). The reason for the reduction in liver fat by high level of brewers dried grains is not known. The diets were not made isocaloric and there-
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the diets with 20% brewers grains in both experiments. Haugh units were generally greater for birds fed brewers dried grains in experiment 1, but only the value obtained for birds fed the 20% brewers dried grains was significantly different from the basal diet (Table 3). In experiment 2 Haugh units were significantly greater for all samples of eggs from hens fed diets with 20% brewers dried grains (with or without lysine, mash or pelleted form) compared to the basal diet. Egg shell quality measurements revealed no differences among the dietary treatments. There were also no significant differences among treatments in either fertility or hatchability of fertile eggs in either experiment. Fertility was less than usually expected probably because of technique of artificial insemination. Percent liver fat on either a wet or dry basis was not significantly different among the dietary treatments in experiment 1, but hens fed 20% brewers dried grains with and without lysine in mash form and with lysine in pelleted form had livers with significantly less fat in experiment 2 (Table 4). Fresh liver weight was not significantly different among treatments in either experiment, although in experiment 2 liver weight appeared to be lower for birds fed diets with 20% brewers dried grains. Fat per liver per kg. of body weight was not significantly different in experiment 1 but was significantly reduced in experiment 2 for hens fed diets with 20% brewers dried grains with and without lysine in mash or pelleted forms. Fat accumulation was greater for hens fed the basal diet in experiment 2 than in experiment 1.
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L. S. JENSEN, C. H. CHANG AND D. V. MAURICE
Results of both experiments indicate that hens fed diets with brewers dried grains do not increase their daily feed consumption to ingest a level of metabolizable energy equivalent to that consumed by hens fed the basal corn-soy diet. In experiment 2 daily metabolizable energy intake was significantly reduced in both mash and pelleted diets when 20% brewers dried grains was included in the ration. The reduced energy intake, therefore, was not simply due to decreased density of the diet. The apparent difference in daily caloric intake may have been caused by use of an inaccurate metabolizable energy value for brewers dried grains. The value used in calculating the energy content of the diets
was 1760kcal./kg. (Scottera/., 1969). Morris (1968) and DeGroote (1972) have reported that hens tend to overconsume calories when fed high energy diets. The results of experiment 2 show that the economical value of brewers dried grains would be underestimated if included in layer rations based only on its metabolizable energy (1760 kcal. /kg.) and protein content. Since hens produced at an equivalent level with the same level of feed intake, efficiency of utilization of calculated metabolizable energy for egg production was greater in hens fed the diets with brewers dried grains. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors appreciate the partial support of this study by the United States Brewers Association, Inc., Washington D.C. REFERENCES DeGroote, G., 1972. A marginal income and cost analysis of the effect of nutrient density on the performance of White Leghorn hens in battery cages. Brit. Poultry Sci. 13: 503-520. Eldred, A. R., B. L. Damron and R. H. Harms, 1975a. Evaluation of dried brewers grains and yeast in laying hen diets containing various sulfur amino acid levels. Poultry Sci. 54: 856-860. Eldred, A. R., B. L. Damron and R. H. Harms, 1975b. Improvement of interior egg quality from feeding of brewers dried grains. Poultry Sci. 54: 1337. Folch, J., M. Lees and C. H. S. Stanley, 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 225: 497-509. Griffith, M., A. J. Olinde, R. Schexnailder, R. F. Davenport and W. F. McKnight, 1969. Effect of choline, methionine and vitamin B ,2 on liver fat, egg production, and egg weight in hens. Poultry Sci. 48: 2160-2172. Hazen, K. R., and P. W. Waldroup, 1972. Improvement of interior egg quality by corn dried steep liquor concentrate. Poultry Sci. 51: 1816-1817. Jensen, L. S., C. H. Chang and L. Falen, 1974. Response of lysine supplementation by laying hens fed practical diets. Poultry Sci. 53: 1387-1391. Jensen, L. S., C. H. Chang and R. D. Wyatt, 1976. Influence of carbohydrate source on liver fat accu-
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fore, a reduced energy content could be responsible. On the other hand, liver fat accumulation was significantly reduced in both mash and pelleted diets by brewers dried grains and pelleting counteracts the effect of low energy bulky ingredients on performance of hens (Jensen and McGinnis, 1952). Brewers dried grains may contain a nutrient which is responsible for maintaining normal liver lipid metabolism in the laying hen. It is difficult to understand the significant depression in egg production obtained with 20% brewers dried grains in experiment 1. No such reduction was observed in experiment 2 and Kienholz et al. (1963) did not report a reduction when 40% brewers dried grains were fed. A slight response to added lysine suggests that the diet may have been marginal in this amino acid. The daily intake of lysine, however, was higher during the winter experiment (experiment 1) than during the summer experiment. The calculated lysine intake per hen per day should have been adequate to meet the requirement of hens fed a corn-based ration (Jensen et al, 1974). It is possible that the shift to a lower energy or bulkier ration from a high energy diet during the latter part of the laying cycle may have been involved in the reduced egg production in experiment 1.
BREWERS GRAINS FOR H E N S
Poultry Sci. 9: 285-295. Potts, P. L., and K. W. Washburn, 1974. Shell evaluation of white and brown egg strains by deformation, breaking strength, shell thickness and specific gravity. 1. Relationship to egg characteristics. Poultry Sci. 53: 1123-1128. Scott, M. L., M. C. Nesheim and R. J. Young, 1969. Nutrition of the Chicken. M. L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, N.Y. Thornton, P. A., and T. A. McPherron, 1962. Controlling body weight and liver lipid accumulation in the chicken with dietary brewers dried grains. Fed. Proc. 21: 397. Waldroup, P. W., and H. O. Rutherford, 1971. Acceptability of corn dried steep liquor concentrate for laying hens and turkeys. Poultry Sci. 50: 18631867.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1840) establish a Youth Programme Fund. The only conditions attached to the grant—which has been given to commemorate the late Dr. Cliff Carpenter (first President of the U.S.A. Branch—are that the money shall be used solely to promote youth activities within the W.P.S.A. and that the Fund be administered by the Executive Committe of the W.P.S.A. The Fund may be added to by future grants from Branches or individual members. The Executive Committee has decided to establish an Essay Competition to be held every four years and has agreed upon the following conditions: The Cliff D. Carpenter Youth Programme Essay 1. This Essay Competition is held every four years and is open to any young person between 16 and 21 years of age who has an interest in poultry. Each essay must be accompanied by a statement from a person in authority stating that the author is known to him, that he or she is within the prescribed age limits at the time of writing the essay and is working with poultry, undergoing an educational course concerned with poultry or is connected with the poultry industry in some way (which will be specified). 2. The title of the Essay will be announced every four years—two years before the World's Poultry Congress following. The title for the 1974/78 Competition is: "How Can the W.P.S.A. Aid the
Poultry Industries of the World?" 3. Essays must be submitted in the English language (but no down-marking will be made for errors in style, grammar or spelling) and must be typed in double spacing on one side of the paper only. The length must not exceed 5,000 words nor be less than 2,500 words. In countries having Branches of the W.P.S.A. the essays must be sent to the Branch Secretariat and the Branch will conduct a preliminary screening—sending on to the W.P.S.A. Secretariat the better essays not exceeding in number the number of their Council Membership, i.e. in a Branch having six Council Members not more than six essays may be forwarded to W.P.S.A. Secretariat. Essays from competitors in countries without a Branch should send their essays (with the statement defined in paragraph 1) direct to the Secretariat. The essays must reach the W.P.S.A. Secretariat not later than 15 months before the World's Poultry Congress following. For the 1974/78 competition essays must reach the Secretariat not later than June 1, 1977. 4. The winning essay will be published in the Journal of the W.P.S.A. The winner will receive a grant from the W.P.S.A. Cliff D. Carpenter Youth Programme Fund to cover his travel expenses and a per diem allowance towards his costs of attending the World's Poultry Congress held following the announcement of the result of the competition. The
(Continued on page 1870)
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mulation in hens. Poultry Sci. 55: 700-709. Jensen, L. S., and J. McGinnis, 1952. A comparison of feeding pelleted and unpelleted diets containing different levels of alfalfa to laying hens. Poultry Sci. 31: 307-310. Kienholz, E. W., C. A. Darras and D. D. Caveny, 1972. Small egg size from brewers dried grains. Poultry Sci. 51: 1825. Kienholz, E. W., and M. L. Jones, 1967. The effect of brewers dried grains upon reproductive performance of chicken and turkey hens. Poultry Sci. 46: 1280. Kienholz, E. W., P. A. Thornton and R. E. Moreng, 1963. The use of brewers dried grains in some poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 42: 1280. Morris, T., 1968. The effect of dietary energy level on the voluntary calorie intake of laying birds. Brit.
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