Indian Globe Thistle

C H A P T E R

31 Indian Globe Thistle Naima Tariq1, Anam Waheed1, Muhammad Irfan Majeed1, Muhammad Asif Hanif1, Rafia Rehman1, Mohamed Eddouks2 1 2

Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco

O U T L I N E 1. Botany 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History/Origin 1.3 Demography/Location 1.4 Botany, Morphology, Ecology

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2. Chemistry

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3. Postharvest Technology

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4. Processing

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5. Value Addition

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6. Uses

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7. Pharmacological Properties 7.1 Antiulcer Activity 7.2 Antimicrobial Activity 7.3 Antiinflammatory Effects 7.4 Cardiovascular Disease 7.5 Analgesic Activity 7.6 Diuretic Activity

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Medicinal Plants of South Asia https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102659-5.00031-8

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14

Antiandrogenic Activity Hepaprotective Activity Antidiabetic Activity Antiirritant Activity Antipyretic Activity Antibacterial Activity Wound-Healing Activity Antioxidant Activity

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8. Side Effects and Toxicity

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References

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Further Reading

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1. BOTANY 1.1 Introduction Indian globe thistle is a useful traditional medicinal plant belonging to Asteraceae family (Erenler et al., 2014). The genus name derives from the Greek words “ekhinos” meaning “hedgehog” It is also called layboti (Wichtl, 2004). The genus Echinops is a member of Asteraceae family. Echinops species have been used as traditional medicine for treatment of migraines, diuretic, heart diseases, urinary infections, as well as worms and hemorrhoids in Ethiopia (Erenler et al., 2014). The family Asteraceae or family Compositae known as aster, daisy, or sun flower family is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants. The family name is derived from genus Asteraceae and refers to the star-shaped flower head members. The Asteraceae is the second largest family in the division Magnoliophyta with 1100 genera and over 20,000 recognized species. The Asteraceae are cosmopolitan in distribution, but mostly found in open or semiopen habitats rather than deep woods. Many genera and species are cultivated for ornamental purposes. Echinops and some other genera are one-flowered with individually involucrate heads aggregated into a secondary head with a secondary involucre. These plants are hardy and are often considered to be highly ornate. This genus receives its common name from its globe-like flower that grows in shades of purple and white. The leaves of these plants are spiky from the edges and greenish gray, while its fruits are cylindric achene. The blossoms of these plants are round heads that grow in groups. These

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flower heads are on top of the ribbed stems of the plant, making the total height of the plant nearly 5 ft. (1.5 m). The plants attract swarms of bees and butterflies and are usually planted behind the borders in gardens. These plants are often utilized as cut flowers, as they remain fresh for weeks when placed in vases indoors. They are also used in dried floral arrangements and also for ornamental purposes (Rahman et al., 2008; Barreda et al., 2015). Echinops echinatus Roxb is recognized by specific names in different parts of the world. In English, it is called Indian globe thistle and camel’s thistle. In Hindi, it is called as gokhru, uthkanta, or utakatira. In Gujarat, it is known as shuliyo, utkanto, or utkato. In Sanskrit, it is recognized as kantalu, kantaphala, or utati. In Pakistan, it is called utkantaka in Urdu (Pranav et al., 2013). In Sindhi, it is known as uthkattar, unt katara, bhattar, or luth. In different areas, it is locally known as catsori (Khan et al., 2013), oont kateli (Sharma, 2001), layboti, globe thistle (Hayat et al., 2008), shulio (Kumar and Aggarwal, 2014) kanderi bhattar, and ont katara (Eram et al., 2013).

1.2 History/Origin Asteraceae may represent as much as 10% of autochthon flora in many regions of the world. Most members of Asteraceae are herbaceous, but a significant number are also shrubs, vines, and trees. This family has a worldwide distribution and is most common in arid and semiarid regions of subtropical and lower temperate latitudes, and its species are also found in Eastern and Southern Europe, Tropical and North Africa, and Asia (Dhayalan et al., 2015).

1.3 Demography/Location Indian globe thistle is native to India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Myanmar (Kadhim, 2013). It is located at Asia-temperate Western Asia, and in Asia-tropical Indian Subcontinent in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal (Pranav et al., 2013). It also survives in Africa and the Mediterranean (Erenler et al., 2014).

1.4 Botany, Morphology, Ecology Indian globe thistle is a thistle-like, young, stiff, and yearly herb with 1e3 ft height, and it contains widely spread branches from the base. The

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leaves are oblong, lobes triangular, spiny and sessile, pinnatifid, alternate, capped with cottony wool beneath; its spines are 2.5 cm long. Deeply pinnatifid leaves are 7e12 cm long. Flower heads are purple or white, approximately 1 in. in diameter and rigid, globosely folded at the ends of branches; involucres surrounded by tough white bristles approaching short popups, popup hairs yellowish, making a short cylinder-shaped brush above the achene domes that exist in solitary 3e5 cm white sphere-shaped balls (Qudsia et al., 2015). Petals of its flowers are 5 mm long (Pranav et al., 2013). The roots are tapering and of whitish-brown color (Dymock, 1893). Indian globe thistle is a miraculous plant. Its flowering period is from October to January and April to May. It is a herb and commonly found in fields (Hayat et al., 2008), silts among rocks, on hillsides, and sandy places (Akbar and Fatima, 2012).

2. CHEMISTRY Indian globe thistle seeds possess a sweet taste, whereas a plant itself is bitter and increases appetite. Different alkaloids are present in different parts of this plant. Flavonoids, carbohydrates, and tannins have also been reported (Patel et al., 2011a,b). Plants that belong to this genus possess different compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, lipids, polyacetylenes, steroids, and terpenoids (Kadhim, 2013). Studies revealed the presence of various bioactive diterpenoids, flavones, thiophene, and flavone glycosides (Erenler et al., 2014). The phytochemical tests on this genus displayed the existence of phenolics, tannins, and carbohydrates in root extracts. Extracts of aerial part of Indian globe thistle contain flavonoids, alkaloids, and carbohydrates (Patel et al., 2011a,b). Various alkaloids have been isolated from different parts of Indian globe thistle. Seeds of this plant contain 20 ,5,7-trihydroxy-3.6-dimethoxy flavone-7-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl–O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside. The aerial parts possess echinopsine, alkaloids, echinozolinone, echinacin, echinaticin, echinopsidine, taraxasterol acetate, and apigenin and derivatives. Apigenin, echitin (I), a new acylflavoneglucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, and 7-hydroxyechinozolinone (I) are reported from the flowers of Echinops echinatus. Compounds reported from the flowers of E. echinatus are shown in Fig. 31.2. Leaves of Indian globe thistle contain an antiinflammatory active flavanone glycoside 5,7-dihydroxy-8,40 -dimethoxyflavanone-5-O-a-Lrhamnopyranosyl-7-O-b-D-arabinopyranosyl-(1,4)-O-b-D-glucopyranoside A and dihydroquercetin-40 -methyl ether. Four phenolic compounds, echinacin (I), apigenin, echinaticin (II), and apigenin 7-O-glucoside, are reported from Indian globe thistle. Isomeric acyl flavone glycosides

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FIGURE 31.1 Dried Indian globe thistle.

echinacin (I) and echinaticin (II) were also found in Indian globe thistle. An alkaloid, echinozolinone, has been also obtained from Indian globe thistle. In addition to echinopsine and echinopsidine, a new alkaloid, echinozolinone, has been distinguished in Indian globe thistle as 3(2-hydroxyethyl)4(3H)-quinazolinone. The extracted flavonoids from Indian globe thistle include kaempferol, kaempferol 7-methylether, kaempferol 40 methylether, 5,7e8,4-dimethoxyflavanone-5-O-Lrhamnopyranosyl-7-O-D-arabinopyranosyl-(1,4)-O-D-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside, myrecetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside dihydroquercetin-40 -methyl ether (Maurya et al., 2015).

3. POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY Indian globe thistle is collected at flowering stage. At flowering stage, this plant is rich with aromatic compounds. The collected plant material is shade dried to preserve its bioactive compounds.

4. PROCESSING Freshly harvested Indian globe thistle is processed to extract essential oil. For this purpose, Indian globe thistle is harvested at flowering stage before sun rise and immediately processed using hydro or steam distillation to extract essential oil. Indian globe thistle essential oil is enriched with highly bioactive compounds.

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CH2

H3C CH3 CH3

CH3 CH2 H3C

CH3

HO

CH3

CH3 O

O

CH3

CH3 O H3C

HO O

OH

Echinoside

Taraxasterol acetate

O O

HO

O

O

OH

HO

O HO

O

OH

OH O

OH

OH O

OH

OH CH3

Kaempferol-3-O-alpha-I-rhamnoside echinoside

Kaempferol

HO

O

O Aglycon

O

OH

O

OH

OH

Apigenin

FIGURE 31.2 Compounds reported from the flowers of E. echinatus.

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4. PROCESSING

HO

Me O

O

O

HO O

N

OH OH

OH

OH

O

Apigenin-7-O-glucoside

Echinacin

Me

N

N

N CH2OHO

NH Echinopsidine

Echinozolinone CH3 H2C

MeO

H3C CH3

OMe O

CH3

H3C

OH

CH3

CH3CH3 O

HO H3C

OH '

Dihydroquercetin-4 -methyl ether

CH3 CH3 Lupeol

HO O

O

O

O OH

O

O

OH OH

N

OH

OH

N CH 2OHO

HO Echitin

7-hydroxy-echinozolinone

FIGURE 31.2 Con’d

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5. VALUE ADDITION Natural food pigments are extracted from Indian globe thistle. It is used in chemical-free toothpaste and cosmetics.

6. USES Most diseases have been cured by utilizing different plants and their products traditionally. Indian globe thistle is a common medicinal plant in Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka, as each part is medicinally important. During the last 5 decades, apart from the chemical structure of the Indian globe thistle compounds, considerable progress has been made regarding the pharmaceutical applications and biologic activity of this plant. It is now considered a valuable source for the development of medicines against different diseases and also for the development of industrial products (Pranav et al., 2013). Indian globe thistle has an extended list of traditional medical applications. The plant is used in ophthalmia, as diuretic and nerve tonic, and to treat hysterica. This plant is also used against skin itching (Maurya et al., 2015). Root decoction is utilized for toothache (Jagtap et al., 2013). Indian globe thistle is used in the diseases of the brain, microbial infections (Desta, 1993), inflammations and pains in the joints. Root bark and roots of the plant are used in different aboriginal systems of medicine for treating various ailments. The root is used as aphrodisiac and abortifacient; infusion of the root is given in hysteria, impotence, seminal debility; and its decoction is given in scrofula, dyspepsia, fevers, and syphilis. Ethnomedicinal analysis revealed that the rural population of Kutch region in Gujarat state, India, utilized the suspension of powdered root bark in milk (100 g/250 mL) to cure diabetes. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh in India apply this herb in distinctive ways both externally and internally and for treating sexual disorders. During delivery the paste of the root is applied to the lower abdominal region to accelerate the process. The paste is also used orally for safe and quick delivery. Aqueous paste of the root bark of Indian globe thistle is externally applied on the male genitals before intercourse in patients having poor sexual exuberance; in place of water, pure honey can also be utilized for making paste. The paste of Indian globe thistle is applied to the hair for 15 minutes to treat lice infestation (Maurya et al., 2015). Whole plant is used to treat jaundice (Imtiaz et al., 2013). During child birth, dried roots are tied directly on the hair of the lady for ease in delivery (Sharma, 2001). Indian globe thistle gained importance for its wound-healing activity (Sravanthi et al., 2010). The root paste is applied on wounds in cattle, two times a day for 3 days (Sikarwar & Kumar, 2005). Root is mixed with vinegar to make a tea for oral use. Juice of flowers is

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poured into eyes (Adnan et al., 2014). A mixture of root extract or leaf powder with honey is taken in the morning to expel round worms. For the treatment of leucorrhea the ash of the whole plant with ghee and butter is used (Ghatapanadi et al., 2011). The ash from spines of inflorescence is mixed with cow ghee and used locally for the treatment of eczema (Patil Sunil and Patil, 2012). Leaf paste is used externally for skin papules. People of Orissa used it to cure diarrhea, and in Maharashtra the decoction of the whole plant is used as a febrifuge. Indian globe thistle paste is smeared on the soles and palms for the treatment of heatstroke in Rajasthan. Asthma patients get symptomatic relief if the fumes of burned leaves of Indian globe thistle are inhaled. The root extract is effective in treating whooping cough and renal colic and also for the treatment of malarial fever (Maurya et al., 2015). This plant is used to treat liver disorders in Cholistan desert (Pakistan) and Gond tribes of Maharashtra and Bhandara (India). The root of Indian globe thistle is also used to relieve the pain of scorpion sting (Gayake et al., 2013). The spectral data of Indian globe thistle revealed the presence of a new alkaloid, echinozolinone: 3(2-hydroxyethyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone. Quinazolinones are a class of drugs that act as a sedative or hypnotics that possess a 4-quiazolinone core. Their use has been proposed to treat cancer (Kadhim, 2013). The 50% ethanol extract of its root has been demonstrated to cause sperm antimotility (Reena et al., 2015), and it reduced sperm density in cauda epididymis (Banerjee et al., 2015). Whole plant and roots are used to treat inappropriate eating habits, indigestion, chronic liver diseases, and sexual weakness (Malik et al., 2015). The juice of seeds and roots is used to cure piles (Sharma et al., 2012). The ethanolic solution of the roots of Indian globe thistle is used during incision or excision (Arun et al., 2013). The plant is bitter, pungent, hot, and diuretic. It is used in hysteria, dyspepsia, and scrofula (Akbar and Fatima, 2012). Traditionally, Indian globe thistle root powder has been used as a general tonic. Root decoction is given in polyurea. Spermatorrhoea is cured by using root powder with milk (Hayat et al., 2008). The powder of its roots is also given to treat typhoid in India (Porte, 2014). Native people of Cholistan utilize this plant in hepatobiliary disorders. The herb is also reported to possess strong molluscidal, anthelmintic, vermicidal, antifertility, and antiinflammatory activities (Eram et al., 2013). About 10 pieces of roots are crushed and mixed in warm water and used for bathing to cure leprosy. It is also tied at the waist of a lady to assure fertilization (obviate abortion). The paste of its root is also applied on snakebite simultaneous to the juice being given orally. Its juice is also beneficial to cure bronchitis (Patel et al., 2012). Roots are used in skin diseases, acute mastitis, and hemorrhoids (Patil, 2008). A paste prepared by mixing the root bark powder with the juice of Blumea lacera and Datura stramonium leaves is employed to avoid premature interjection syndrome. The fumes acquired after burning the roots

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and leaves of Indian globe thistle are very useful to treat patients suffering from respiratory troubles, specifically asthma for permanent and quick relief. This plant has also been narrated for different biologic activities including antiinflammatory, diuretic, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and antifungal properties (Murthy and Madhav, 2014). Researches also evaluated the analgesic activity from the methanolic extract of aerial parts and roots of Indian globe thistle (Patel et al., 2011a,b). The seeds of this plant are aphrodisiac and sweet. The plant is stomachic, bitter, antipyretic, increases the appetite, stimulates the liver, analgesic, and is used in ophthalmia, pains in the joints, chronic fever, and inflammations (Pranav et al., 2013). It is useful as a cough suppressant, as well as being used in urinary disorder and ophthalmia. Fever and hoarse cough in children can be cured by using the roots of Indian globe thistle (Shaheen et al., 2014).

7. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 7.1 Antiulcer Activity One of the most important capabilities of Indian globe thistle is its antiulcer activity. Two flavonoids, kaempferol and myricetin, are utilized to heal gastric ulcers. These polyphenolic compounds also possess antiHelicobacter pylori activity and used as an additive and alternative agent in therapy. Thus researchers revealed that these flavonoids are less toxic and more efficient to cure gastrointestinal diseases, specifically peptic ulcers (Kadhim, 2013).

7.2 Antimicrobial Activity Four phenolics have been separated from Indian globe thistle including apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, echinacin, and echinaticin. The methylation of echinacin and apigenin-7-O-glucoside permethylate gave the two derivatives, echinacin-permethyl ether and apigenin-5,40 dimethyl ether, respectively. All these compounds were examined against conidia’s germination of Alternaria tenuissima Wiltshire, which provokes leaf blight disease in pigeon pea (Cajanuscajan). Echinacin is highly active at 1501 mg/mL and was considered the most effective in these compounds, and it was utilized as a control against Alternaria blight of pigeon pea (Qudsia et al., 2015).

7.3 Antiinflammatory Effects Researchers conducted antiinflammatory studies on the ethanol extract of whole parts of Indian globe thistle. It hinders the acute inflammation by

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formaldehyde, carrageenan, and adjuvant and the chronic arthritis caused by adjuvant and formaldehyde. Indian globe thistle extract proved to be more advantageous to take parenterally than orally (Singh et al., 2008). Two antiinflammatory active compounds have been isolated from the leaves of Indian globe thistle, one is dihydroquercetin-40 -methyl ether and the other is a new flavanone glycoside known as 5,7e8,4dimethoxyflavanone-5-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-b-D-arabinopyranosyl-(14)-O-b-D glucopyranoside (Patel, 2012).

7.4 Cardiovascular Disease Flavonoids are the main constituent of Indian globe thistle that play an important role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. A different mechanism takes place to decrease the incidence of stroke, including a decrease in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation by lipoxygenase suppression and devaluation of oxidative stress, inhibition of leucocytee leucocyte adhesion, myeloperoxidase, reduced expression of inducible cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase, and by inhibiting platelet aggregation. The other factors included a reduction in oxidative stress, inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase, repression of metalloproteinase and vasodilatory properties, and recovery of nitric oxide owing to the inhibition of superoxide production. It was found previously that quercetin protected LDL against oxidative modifications effect, and in oxidative stress, it proved to be more protective (Kadhim, 2013).

7.5 Analgesic Activity Methanolic extract of aerial parts and dried roots of Indian globe thistle contains alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, and tannins. It was found that high doses of methanolic extracts of the root and aerial parts of Indian globe thistle showed more analgesic activity than low dose of the root and aerial part methanolic extracts of Indian globe thistle. A high dose (500 mg/kg) of methanolic extract of aerial parts possesses significant analgesic activity compared to the standard analgesic drug, pentazocine. Indian globe thistle roots exhibited analgesic activity due to presence of phenolics, carbohydrates, and tannins, whereas presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, and flavonoids are the main cause of analgesic activity of the aerial part of Indian globe thistle (Patel et al., 2011a,b).

7.6 Diuretic Activity The methanolic extract of roots and aerial parts of Indian globe thistle diuretic capability was examined by Lipschitz test model. The extract

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exhibited significant diuretic activity. The low and high doses of the extracts of root and aerial parts of Indian globe thistle showed potent diuretic action by increasing the excretion of potassium and sodium salts. The high dose of the extracts of Indian globe thistle produced more diuretic potential than the low dose. Roots of Indian globe thistle contain phenolics, tannins, and carbohydrates. Due to these constituents, the high dose of the root extract depicts better diuretic activity compared to furosemide, a known diuretic drug. Diuretic activity of the aerial part of Indian globe thistle seems to be due to flavonoid, carbohydrate, and alkaloid contents (Patel et al., 2011a,b).

7.7 Antiandrogenic Activity Many reports on Indian globe thistle indicate an antiandrogenic action for the plant and its utilization as a clinically effective medicine to cure benign prostatic hyperplasia. The root extract of Indian globe thistle with petroleum ether was investigated on male reproductive organs. The studies were carried out on two dose levels of 30 and 60 mg/kg body weight. Terpenoids present in the root extract depicted a reduction in a relative weight of the organs without affecting the final body weight and showed a decrease (P < .01) in the level of serum and the concentration of cauda epididymal sperm. The effect of this specie on prostate production plays a vital role in the development of new contraceptive modalities for males (Kadhim, 2013). The extract of Indian globe thistle has been demonstrated to decrease the rise of the prostatic per body weight ratio in which testosterone plays an important role. The butanol fraction of extract showed good activity. The levels of testosterone and prostate-specific antigen were monitored (Qudsia et al., 2015).

7.8 Hepaprotective Activity The hepatoprotective activity of Indian globe thistle was tested and cited by many researchers. Flavonoids present in this plant bind to the subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I, and then trigger the enzyme. These phytocompounds increased the protein synthesis that leads to regeneration and produces hepatocytes. Apigenin, silymarin, kaempferol, and quercetin were revealed as potential therapeutic agents against microcrystin LR-induced hepatotoxicity. Myricetin and rutin were reported to exhibit hepatoprotective effects in experimental cirrhosis (Kadhim, 2013). The extract of aerial parts of Indian globe thistle showed the hepatoprotective effect on CCl4-induced liver injuries through

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prevention of process of lipid per oxidation, downregulation of CYP2E1 gene expression, and free radical scavengers (Eram et al., 2013).

7.9 Antidiabetic Activity Steroidal glycoalkaloids and isobutylamide isolated from the roots of Indian globe thistle was found effective for treating diabetes mellitus (Pranav et al., 2013).

7.10 Antiirritant Activity Indian globe thistle chloroform extract was reported to have antiirritant activity. These fractions were tried on irritated and abraded skin of rabbits, and effective results were obtained (Maurya et al., 2015).

7.11 Antipyretic Activity The ethanolic extract of Indian globe thistle was found to have antipyretic activity. This plant was used to reduce Esherichia coli lysateinduced pyrexia in rabbits (Maurya et al., 2015). This activity was observed at 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg of extract of Indian globe thistle, but was less than the positive control (Maurya et al., 2015).

7.12 Antibacterial Activity A mother tincture of Indian globe thistle plant was tested for antibacterial activity against many microorganisms previously (Maurya et al., 2015; Ahmad et al., 2012).

7.13 Wound-Healing Activity In incision and dead space models, extract of Indian globe thistle in chloroform, petroleum ether, ethanol, and distilled water was reported to have wound-healing activity (Maurya et al., 2015).

7.14 Antioxidant Activity Indian globe thistle has a free radical-scavenging property described in many in vitro models, which includes scavenging of nitric oxide radical, superoxide anion, and radical of 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (Maurya et al., 2015; Rudrappa and Mohmoud, 2010).

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8. SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY For most adults, Indian globe thistle is likely safe when taken by mouth. In some people, taking milk thistle extract can cause nausea, diarrhea, intestinal gas, loss of appetite, fullness or pain, and possibly headache. Indian globe thistle application to the skin is possibly safe for short periods of time. Reliable information regarding injection of Indian globe thistle into the body does not exist. Not much is known about use of Indian globe thistle during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Indian globe thistle may cause an allergic reaction in patients who are sensitive to the Asteraceae/Compositae plant family. Members of this family include chrysanthemums, ragweed, daisies, marigolds, and many others. Indian globe thistle should be employed in well-monitored doses during diabetes, as it contains certain chemicals that might lower blood sugar. Indian globe thistle might act like estrogen and could create hormone-sensitive conditions such as uterine cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis, ovarian cancer, or uterine fibroids worse.

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Further Reading Afzal, S., Afzal, N., Awan, M.R., Khan, T.S., Gilani, A., Khanum, R., Tariq, S., 2009. Ethnobotanical studies from Northern Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad 21, 52e57. Bisht, V., Purohit, V., 2010. Medicinal and aromatic plants diversity of asteraceae in Uttarakhand. Natural Science 8, 121e128. Odelu, G., 2015. Preliminary studies on medicinal plants of huzurabad division, Karimnagar district, Telangana, India. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 4, 4483e4492.