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Internal migration of the ovum in the guinea pig
.*
(1) There were none of the mild cases. (2) Of the moderate class eight, six successful,
and two
not heard
TTODl.
(3) Of the nine in the marked class, there is no report on two, one was a failure, one a partial success, and five very satisfactory. (4) Of four with complete incontinence, one was a failure, one moderately bemdited, and the other two were gratifying successes. One of the latter had, in. addition to the sphincter lesion, a urethrovaginal fistula, due to a very difficult forceps delivery. The slightly benefited :me had had four previous operations. An analysis of the results of this operation gives a gratifying degree 02 success. 54 EAST FORTY-EIGIITEI STREET.
INTERNAL
XIGRATIOS
BY PAUL
B. KINNEY,
OF THE OVUM IN TIIE M.l3.,
ST~SBORD
(From the Depnrtmento/” Asatomg,
GUINEA
UNIVERSITY,
Stnafiord
PIG
CAL.
Dnkersity.)
NE purpose of this investigation was to determine whether internal mfigration of ova OCCURS in the guinea pig and, if so, to learn fn what ratio this phenomenon takes place. It was decided that the most certain method of arriving at a definite conclusion would be to nemove one ovary. By mating these operated pigs and examining the pregnant uteri, a definite conclusion could be reached regarding the problem. The presence in a single guinea pig of an implantation in. the horn from which the ovary had been removed would be conelusire evidence that internal migration ha.d occurred. Negative results cOda be eonelusive only if a large series of experiments was made. Corner (1%X), working with the domestic pig, investigated the ;jroblem of internal migration of the ova, by noting the position of implantations in the uterus ; and by correlating the number of implantations in one horn with “rhe number of corpora lutea found in This method is unreliable, however, hethe corresponding ovary. cause of the possible rapid retrogression of a corpus luteum, the POSsible failure of a, corpus luteum to form, because of the oeeurrenee of poZyovular follicles, or of single ovum twins. It was found that the simplest method of reaehing the ovary is to :iiake a dorsal incision 1 cm. long just at the lower pole of the kidney. The reflection of the peritoneum makes it difficult to remove the :lvary without cutting into the peritoneal sac but as soon as the peritoneum was incised, the ovary protruded through the opening. It could then be easily picked up and the 0viduc.t and vessels ligated as near as possible to the ovary. The peritoneum and muscle layer
KINNEY
:
INTERNAL
YIGRATION
OF
OVUX
IN
GUINEA
199
PIGS
were then sewn together. A single stitch was usually sufficient to close these layers. The skin was closed with two stitches, the operation lasting less than fifteen minutes. When the pigs had fully recovered from the operation they were mated; and when pregnancy had lasted twenty to twenty-five days, they were killed, and the uterus examined. At the present time, I have killed nineteen pregnant guinea pigs. As nearly as could be judged from gross examination, ,the tube from whieh the ovary had been removed was normal in each case. The size and color compared very favorably with that of a normal uterus. The adhesions were slight in all of the cases, being present only at the extreme distal end and in no ease was there any apparent constriction of the oviduct. In none of these pigs could I find any evidence of migration of the ova. The implantations were all in the horn having the ovary intact. TABLE NO. OF PlG
OVARY REMOVED
IMPLANTATIONS RIGHT TUBE
73 76 322
right
60 344
left right
3 0
81
“
66 a* 77
I‘
0 0
(I
0
‘I
0
right ‘I
0 0
IL I‘ Ii “ “ ‘I ‘I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
‘L II
10 ‘At peared
IMPLANTATIONS, LEFT TVBE
3
3
0
1 2 0
1 2
it was found and pale in
3 3 3 1 4 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 '3 2 3 3
3 3 1 4 3 1 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 3 3
0 Pig No. 82, in diameter
TOTAL IMPLANTATIONS
0 0
‘I autopsy of very small
1
that color
the but
right patent
horn and
was atrophic. hence was
It apincluded.
The implantations appeared normal but the number of conceptusses does not seem to have been materially reduced by the removal of an ovary, for the average litter in our stock according to Draper (1920) and Tresidder (1922) is three, while the average litter from operated pigs is 2.7. This result is in entire agreement with the findings of Doncaster and Marshall (1910), King (1911), and Arai (1921), on rats, and of Hartman (1923) in the opossum. Since the response. of the remaining ovary is so prompt it also suggests t,hat it would be due to rapid maturation of more ova and that only a pseudo- and The increase not a true hypertrophy occurs under these conditions. in size of the remaining ovary no doubt is due largely if not wholly
50 a,n inerease in the mtmber of rapidly maturrng Graafian and to the subsequent increase in the number of corpora cwncluded
by
follicles lutea
as
kai.
While the series reported here is very smaI1, the results are uneqaivocal and suggest that if internal migration of ova does take place in t.he guinea pig, it does not take place in any such ratio as zme to three as Corner (1921) concluded was the case in the domestie pig. The table shows that in thirteen of the nineteen cases reported, There were at least three implantations in one horn and none in the other. If a power of distribut,ion of ova were possessed by the guinea pig, it should have manifested itself in instances in which this number of implantations was found in one tube. This should particularly be the case since one conceptus out of three implanted in one !~orn, not infrequently dies and is absorbed. Corner cited one case in the domestic pig, No. 112, in which there were five corpora lutea in the left ovary and two in the right. The left tube of the uterus showed three implantations and the right Lube T‘our, suggesting that two of the fetuses in the right tube must have gome from the left ovary. Because of the rapid retrogression of cor;jora lutea when pregnancy does not follow, Corner believed that there is no danger of confusing corpora of differert ovulations, and never observed failure of corpora lutea to develop. He found polyavular ova but they were rare, and, in his opinion, could not account i’or the appearance of migration in one out of every t,hree pregnancies. dndwews (19X2-13) reported a case of interstitial pregnancy ou the right side, that could be removed without opening the uterine cavity, with a normally implanted twin embryo in the right cornu of ?-he uterine cavity, in a woman whose right tube and ovary had been removed. This would seem to be an authentic case of internal migrar;ioa of the ovum in the human uterus, and a careful survey of clinical T:ecords might disclose similar cases of internal migration in women. However, Williams, in discussing the case of Coe (1893), believed it to be one of external rather than of internal migration, thus throw~ng doubt upon Coe’s case. Moreover, in view of the totally different nnatomic conditions in man the occurrence of internal migration in women woul?l ofPer no proof of its occurrence in bicornuat,e uteri. REFERENCES (1) Andreuw, E. R..Pros. Bopa! Society of Medicine, Obst. a11d Gyn. Section; London, 52-53, 1912-13. (2) Ami, Eayoto: Am. Jour. Anat., 1921, xxviii. (3) Coe, Hemy 6.: Gyn~ologicd Trans., 1893, &ii. (4) Corae~~ GBJ. W. : Johns tTopkins Hospital Bulletin, 1921, xxxii. (5) Doncaster, jr,. and Marrsha.ll, F. H. A.: ,Tour. Genetics, 1910, i. (6) Dmper, Zc. L: Anatomica! Reeoi-d, May, 1920, xviii, No. 4. Ha.rtma,n, Carl: Smithsonian Reports, Washington, D. C., 1921. (7) Xhg, H D. - Jonr. Exp. Fool., 1911, x. (S) Pi-esidder, L)onaZd R.: Am. Nat., 1922, !\-I, (9) WiCZianzs, J. Whitridge-(See diecussioo on Coe’s paper.)
(1) There were none of the mild cases. (2) Of the moderate class eight, six successful,
and two
not heard
TTODl.
(3) Of the nine in the marked class, there is no report on two, one was a failure, one a partial success, and five very satisfactory. (4) Of four with complete incontinence, one was a failure, one moderately bemdited, and the other two were gratifying successes. One of the latter had, in. addition to the sphincter lesion, a urethrovaginal fistula, due to a very difficult forceps delivery. The slightly benefited :me had had four previous operations. An analysis of the results of this operation gives a gratifying degree 02 success. 54 EAST FORTY-EIGIITEI STREET.
INTERNAL
XIGRATIOS
BY PAUL
B. KINNEY,
OF THE OVUM IN TIIE M.l3.,
ST~SBORD
(From the Depnrtmento/” Asatomg,
GUINEA
UNIVERSITY,
Stnafiord
PIG
CAL.
Dnkersity.)
NE purpose of this investigation was to determine whether internal mfigration of ova OCCURS in the guinea pig and, if so, to learn fn what ratio this phenomenon takes place. It was decided that the most certain method of arriving at a definite conclusion would be to nemove one ovary. By mating these operated pigs and examining the pregnant uteri, a definite conclusion could be reached regarding the problem. The presence in a single guinea pig of an implantation in. the horn from which the ovary had been removed would be conelusire evidence that internal migration ha.d occurred. Negative results cOda be eonelusive only if a large series of experiments was made. Corner (1%X), working with the domestic pig, investigated the ;jroblem of internal migration of the ova, by noting the position of implantations in the uterus ; and by correlating the number of implantations in one horn with “rhe number of corpora lutea found in This method is unreliable, however, hethe corresponding ovary. cause of the possible rapid retrogression of a corpus luteum, the POSsible failure of a, corpus luteum to form, because of the oeeurrenee of poZyovular follicles, or of single ovum twins. It was found that the simplest method of reaehing the ovary is to :iiake a dorsal incision 1 cm. long just at the lower pole of the kidney. The reflection of the peritoneum makes it difficult to remove the :lvary without cutting into the peritoneal sac but as soon as the peritoneum was incised, the ovary protruded through the opening. It could then be easily picked up and the 0viduc.t and vessels ligated as near as possible to the ovary. The peritoneum and muscle layer
KINNEY
:
INTERNAL
YIGRATION
OF
OVUX
IN
GUINEA
199
PIGS
were then sewn together. A single stitch was usually sufficient to close these layers. The skin was closed with two stitches, the operation lasting less than fifteen minutes. When the pigs had fully recovered from the operation they were mated; and when pregnancy had lasted twenty to twenty-five days, they were killed, and the uterus examined. At the present time, I have killed nineteen pregnant guinea pigs. As nearly as could be judged from gross examination, ,the tube from whieh the ovary had been removed was normal in each case. The size and color compared very favorably with that of a normal uterus. The adhesions were slight in all of the cases, being present only at the extreme distal end and in no ease was there any apparent constriction of the oviduct. In none of these pigs could I find any evidence of migration of the ova. The implantations were all in the horn having the ovary intact. TABLE NO. OF PlG
OVARY REMOVED
IMPLANTATIONS RIGHT TUBE
73 76 322
right
60 344
left right
3 0
81
“
66 a* 77
I‘
0 0
(I
0
‘I
0
right ‘I
0 0
IL I‘ Ii “ “ ‘I ‘I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
‘L II
10 ‘At peared
IMPLANTATIONS, LEFT TVBE
3
3
0
1 2 0
1 2
it was found and pale in
3 3 3 1 4 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 '3 2 3 3
3 3 1 4 3 1 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 3 3
0 Pig No. 82, in diameter
TOTAL IMPLANTATIONS
0 0
‘I autopsy of very small
1
that color
the but
right patent
horn and
was atrophic. hence was
It apincluded.
The implantations appeared normal but the number of conceptusses does not seem to have been materially reduced by the removal of an ovary, for the average litter in our stock according to Draper (1920) and Tresidder (1922) is three, while the average litter from operated pigs is 2.7. This result is in entire agreement with the findings of Doncaster and Marshall (1910), King (1911), and Arai (1921), on rats, and of Hartman (1923) in the opossum. Since the response. of the remaining ovary is so prompt it also suggests t,hat it would be due to rapid maturation of more ova and that only a pseudo- and The increase not a true hypertrophy occurs under these conditions. in size of the remaining ovary no doubt is due largely if not wholly
50 a,n inerease in the mtmber of rapidly maturrng Graafian and to the subsequent increase in the number of corpora cwncluded
by
follicles lutea
as
kai.
While the series reported here is very smaI1, the results are uneqaivocal and suggest that if internal migration of ova does take place in t.he guinea pig, it does not take place in any such ratio as zme to three as Corner (1921) concluded was the case in the domestie pig. The table shows that in thirteen of the nineteen cases reported, There were at least three implantations in one horn and none in the other. If a power of distribut,ion of ova were possessed by the guinea pig, it should have manifested itself in instances in which this number of implantations was found in one tube. This should particularly be the case since one conceptus out of three implanted in one !~orn, not infrequently dies and is absorbed. Corner cited one case in the domestic pig, No. 112, in which there were five corpora lutea in the left ovary and two in the right. The left tube of the uterus showed three implantations and the right Lube T‘our, suggesting that two of the fetuses in the right tube must have gome from the left ovary. Because of the rapid retrogression of cor;jora lutea when pregnancy does not follow, Corner believed that there is no danger of confusing corpora of differert ovulations, and never observed failure of corpora lutea to develop. He found polyavular ova but they were rare, and, in his opinion, could not account i’or the appearance of migration in one out of every t,hree pregnancies. dndwews (19X2-13) reported a case of interstitial pregnancy ou the right side, that could be removed without opening the uterine cavity, with a normally implanted twin embryo in the right cornu of ?-he uterine cavity, in a woman whose right tube and ovary had been removed. This would seem to be an authentic case of internal migrar;ioa of the ovum in the human uterus, and a careful survey of clinical T:ecords might disclose similar cases of internal migration in women. However, Williams, in discussing the case of Coe (1893), believed it to be one of external rather than of internal migration, thus throw~ng doubt upon Coe’s case. Moreover, in view of the totally different nnatomic conditions in man the occurrence of internal migration in women woul?l ofPer no proof of its occurrence in bicornuat,e uteri. REFERENCES (1) Andreuw, E. R..Pros. Bopa! Society of Medicine, Obst. a11d Gyn. Section; London, 52-53, 1912-13. (2) Ami, Eayoto: Am. Jour. Anat., 1921, xxviii. (3) Coe, Hemy 6.: Gyn~ologicd Trans., 1893, &ii. (4) Corae~~ GBJ. W. : Johns tTopkins Hospital Bulletin, 1921, xxxii. (5) Doncaster, jr,. and Marrsha.ll, F. H. A.: ,Tour. Genetics, 1910, i. (6) Dmper, Zc. L: Anatomica! Reeoi-d, May, 1920, xviii, No. 4. Ha.rtma,n, Carl: Smithsonian Reports, Washington, D. C., 1921. (7) Xhg, H D. - Jonr. Exp. Fool., 1911, x. (S) Pi-esidder, L)onaZd R.: Am. Nat., 1922, !\-I, (9) WiCZianzs, J. Whitridge-(See diecussioo on Coe’s paper.)