Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 34 – 38
UG,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3RZHUDQG(QHUJ\6\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJ&3(6( 6HSWHPEHU.LWDN\XVKX-DSDQ
,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV5ROHLQWKH5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVRXUFHV $5$O$OL Computer Sceience an Engingeering Departmen, American University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE
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
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI&3(6( Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2016 Keywords:6PDUWHQHUJ\VPDUWJULGVPDUWFLWLHVLQWHUQQHWRIWKLQJV/R:3$1
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address:DDOL#DXVHGX
1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2016 doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.144
A.R. Al-Ali / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 34 – 38
35
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
)LJ&RQFHSWXDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDUFKLWHFWXUHLQ6PDUW&LWLHV>@
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
36
A.R. Al-Ali / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 34 – 38
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
3URSRVHG,R7,,R7&RQFHSWXDO)UDPHZRUNIRU5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVRXUFHV 7KH 1,67 VPDUW JULG FRQFHSWXDO PRGHO KDV VHYHQ GRPDLQV RQH RI ZKLFK LV WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ GRPDLQ >@ 7KH FRQVPSWLRQGRPDLQLVWKHSULPHU\FDQGLGDWHIRUWKHFRJQHUDWLRQDQGLQVWDOODWLRQRIUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\UHVRUXFHV$V VKRZQ LQ ILJXUH WKHUH DUH WKUHH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI FRQVXPHUV QDPHO\ UHVLGHQWDLO FRPPLFDO DQG LQGXVWULDO 5HQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFHV VXFK VRODU ZLQG DQG KD\GUR DUH LQVWDOOHG IRU DOO W\SHV RI FRQVXPHUV ,Q WHUPV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ QHWZURNV WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ GRPDLQ LV LV GLYGHG LQWR WKUHH GLIIHUHQW QHZRUNV KRPH DUHD QHWZURN +$1 EXVLQHVVDUHDQHWZRUN%$1 DQGLQGXVWULDODUHDQHWZRUN,$1 >@ 0DQ\ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SURWRFROV DUH XWL]OHG LQ WKHVH QHWZRUNV VXFK DV =LJ%HH 3/& =:DYH :L)L :L0D[ **60DQG/(7)LJXUHVKRZVWKHSURWRFROVRIFRPPXQFDWLRQQHWZRUNVWKDWXWLOL]HDWWKHVDPHWLPHZLWKLQRQH JULG>@$VPHQWLRQHGLQVHFWLRQWKHUHDUHWZRFDWHJRULHV,R7DQG,,R77KLVSDSHUSURSRVHGWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRI ERWKWRLQWHJUDWHWKUHHGLIIHUHQWFRQVXPHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQQHWZRUNVWRWKHVPDUWJULGQHWZRUNV (DFK UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFH LV FRQVLGHUHG DV DQ REMHFW DQG LW LV DVVLJQHG D XQLTXH ,3 DGGUHVV 8VLQJ ELGLUHFWLRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQLWEHFRPHVSRVVLEOHWRPRQLWRUHDFKREMHFWDVFRQWUROLVGRQHYLDLWVXQLTXH,3DGGUHVV 7KLVHOLPLQDWHVWKHQHHGIRUVHYHUDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQSURWRFROVZLWKLQWKHVDPHJULG 7KH,3SURWRFROLVXWLOL]HGXVLQJWKH/RZ3$1FRPPXQLFDWLRQSURWRFRODQGLWLVEDVHGWKH,3Y/R:3$1KDV D OLPLWHG IUDPH VL]H RI E\WHV DQG LW KDV PRUH VSDFH IRU DSD\ORDG RI E\WHV >@ 8VLQJ WKH /RZ3$1
A.R. Al-Ali / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 34 – 38
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
)LJ3URSRVHG&RQVXPHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQDUHDQHWZRUNVZLWKRQHSURWRFROXWLOL]LQJWKH,R7FRQFHSWV
&RQVRODWLRQ 7KLV SDSHU SURSRVHG DQ ,R7,,R7 FRQFHSWXDO PRGHO WR LQWHJUDWH UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFHV VLQJ RQH FRPPRQ QHWZRUNSURWRFROLQVWHDGPXOWLSOHSURWRFROV7KHDGYDQWDJHRIVXFKXWLOL]DWLRQPDNHVWKHHOHFWULFLW\JULGPRUHUREXVW
37
38
A.R. Al-Ali / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 34 – 38
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± >@4LH6XQ+DLORQJ/L=KDQ\X0D&KDR:DQJ-DYLHU&DPSLOOR4L=KDQJ)UHGULN:DOOLQ-XQ*XR$&RPSUHKHQVLYH5HYLHZRI6PDUW (QHUJ\0HWHUVLQ,QWHOOLJHQW(QHUJ\1HWZRUNV,(((,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV-RXUQDO9RO1RS >@6DW\DQDUD\DQD91DQGXU\%HQH\D]$%HJXP6PDUW:61EDVHGXELTXLWRXVDUFKLWHFWXUHIRUVPDUWFLWLHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ $GYDQFHVLQ&RPSXWLQJ&RPPXQLFDWLRQVDQG,QIRUPDWLFVS± >@7$GHIDUDWL5&%DQVDO,QWHJUDWLRQRIUHQHZDEOHGLVWULEXWHGJHQHUDWRUVLQWRWKHGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPDUHYLHZ,(75HQHZDEOH3RZHU *HQHUDWLRQ9RO1RS± >@0D@:HQFRQJ6X-LDQKXL:DQJ-DHK\XQJ5RK6WRFKDVWLF(QHUJ\6FKHGXOLQJLQ0LFURJULGVZLWK,QWHUPLWWHQW5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVRXUFHV ,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ6PDUW*ULG9RO1RS±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± >@6WHYHQ(&ROOLHUWKH(PHUJLQJ(QHUQHW&RQYHUJHQFHRIWKH6PDUW*ULGZLWKWKH,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV,(((5XUDO(OHFWULF3RZHU &RQIHUHQFHS± >@-RKQ3LFNDUG$QQLH<3DWULFN$QGUHZ5RELQVRQ$QDO\VLVRIHQWHUSULVH,3YUHDGLQHVV6RXWKHDVW&RQ@-RQJKZDQ+\XQ-LDQ/L+ZDQNXN.LP-DH+\RXQJ@*RQQRW7DQG6DQLLH-8VHU'HILQHG,QWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQ'HYLFHVRQD/R:3$11HWZRUNIRU+RPH$XWRPDWLRQ,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO RI7HFKQRORJ\0DQDJHPHQW&RQIHUHQFHS >@'HVLJQLQJWKH,QGXVWULDO,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJVKWWSHOHFWURQLFGHVLJQFRPLQGXVWULDOGHVLJQLQJLQGXVWULDOLQWHUQHWWKLQJV$FFHVVHG-XO\ >@+LVDVKL6DVDMLPD7RUX,VKLNXPD+LVDQRUL+D\DVKL)XWXUH,,27LQSURFHVVDXWRPDWLRQ²/DWHVWWUHQGVRIVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQLQLQGXVWULDO DXWRPDWLRQ,(&7&WK$QQXDO&RQIHUHQFHRIWKH6RFLHW\RI,QVWUXPHQWDQG&RQWURO(QJLQHHUVRI-DSDQ6,&( S± >@1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI6WDQGDUGVDQG7HFKQRORJ\1,67IUDPHZRUNDQGURDGPDSIRUVPDUWJULGLQWHURSHUDELOLW\VWDQGDUGVUHOHDVH KWWSZZZQLVWJRYSXEOLFBDIIDLUVUHOHDVHVXSORDGVPDUWJULGBLQWHURSHUDELOLW\BILQDOSGI-DQXDU\ >@%$O2PDU$5$O$OL5$KPHG7/DQGROVL5ROHRILQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVLQWKHVPDUWJULG-RXUQDORI(PHUJLQJ 7UHQGVLQ&RPSXWLQJDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFHV9RO1RS >@