Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal and Formula

Appendix 2

Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal and Formula Almost every herbal medicines and medical formulas in this book can be found in the existing ancient well-known TCM books or some important modern medical formula writings. To understand these well-known TCM literatures may help the learners easily study Chinese materia medica and formulas. See in the Tables 45.1 and 45.2.

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, )

Before the Eastern Han Dynasty

Anonymous in the Eastern Han or QinHan Dynasty

This book records 365 Chinese herbal medicines, which includes 120 top grade medicinals, 120 medium grade and 125 low grade medicinals. Its contents include the general introduction of medicinals [medicinal theory, such as the chief, deputy, assistant and envoy medicinals, the combination of yin and yang, the seven medicinal relations, the five flavors, the four qi (i.e., the four natures)], and other specific discussion (another name, nature and flavor, habitat, indications and effects)

Collected Commentaries on “Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica” (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng Jí Zhù, )

A.D. 494

The Liang Dynasty; compiled by Tao Hong-jing (Style: Tao Tong-ming)

This book is an annotation of Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, ) through supplementing the contents, medicinals, and modifying the style. The place of herb production, collection, medicinal processing, and specific clinical application are discussed in this book. The original book has been lost, but its major contents can be seen in Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern (Zhèng Lèi Bĕn Ca˘o, ).

Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (Míng Yī Bié Lù, )

A.D. 500

The Northern and Southern Dynasty; written by Tao Hong-jing (Style: Tao Tong-ming)

This book is formed through supplementing the medicinal nature, effects and the new herbs by medical experts in Qin and Han Dynasty based on Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, ). The original book has been lost. When Tao Hong-jing (Liang Dynasty) compiled and annotated the book: Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng Jí Zhù, ), he not only recorded 365 medicinals of Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, ), but also compiled 365 medicinals from this book, which assists to preserve the basic contents of this book (Continued )

Essentials of Chinese Materia Medica and Medical Formulas. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812722-3.00046-4 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

903

904 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng Páo Zhì Lùn, )

Fifth century

The Liu Song Dynasty; written by Lei Xiao

This book records the basic knowledge about pharmaceutics and the processing methods of 300 medicinals. The original book has been lost, its scattered contents are seen in Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern (Zhèng Lèi Bĕn Ca˘o, ), Master Lei’s Explanation of the Properties of Processed Medicinals (Léi Gōng Páo Zhì Yào Xìng Jiĕ, ), and The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, )

Materia Medica for Dietary Therapy (Shí Liáo Bĕn Ca˘o, )

Seventh century (A.D. 612–713)

The Tang Dynasty; compiled by Meng Shen

This book records 260 medicinals as dietary therapy. Its normal contents of text describes the medicinal effects, contraindication and simple formula, and occasionally discusses the plant morphology, preparation of crude medicinals, and place of production

Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (Bĕn Ca˘o Shí Yí, )

A.D. 720

The Tang Dynasty; written by Chen Cang-qi

This book records 692 medicinals that are not included in Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xīu Bĕn Ca˘o, ). Each medicinal are described in details from the nature and flavor, effect, indication, usage, another name, plant morphology, habitat, place of production, and textual research for adulterant. It also discusses the category of diseases caused by qi from five orientations, and the medicinal regimen

Four Medical Tantras (Sì Bù Yī Dia˘n, )

End of the eighth century

The Tang Dynasty; written by Yutog Yoindain Goinbo

This book is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the basic knowledge on physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of traditional Tibetan medicine. The second part introduces human anatomy, embryology, causes of disease, therapeutic principle, natures and flavors, and effects of medicinals. The third part introduces symptoms, etiological factors, treatments of syndromes, and diseases in different departments, and the fourth part discusses pulse diagnosis, urine diagnosis, medicines, and various therapeutic methods

Fleeceflower Root Records (Hé Shǒu Wu¯ Zhuàn, )

About A.D. 812

The Tang Dynasty; written by Li Ao

This book is the earliest monograph of single medicinal, which introduces the origin, plant morphology, effects, and directions of Radix Polygoni Multiflori (he shou wu)

Materia Medica for Food Habit (Shí Xìng Bĕn Ca˘o, )

About A.D. 937–957

The Five Dynasties and Southern Tang Dynasty; written by Chen Shi-liang

This book is a monograph about dietary therapy. The contents about drink and food in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng, ), Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng Jí Zhù, ), Tang Materia Medica (Táng Bĕn Ca˘o, ), Materia Medica for Dietary Therapy (Shí Liáo Bĕn Ca˘o, ) and Supplement to “The Materia Medica” (Bĕn Ca˘o Shí Yí, ) are collected, and the dietitcian’s formulas and methods of nourishing zang-fu organs in five seasons are attached. It is a book combining Chinese materia medica and medical formulas

Materia Medica of Sichuan (Shu˘ Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 938–964

The Five Dynasties; written by Han Baosheng

This book is formed through supplementing the contents based on Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xīu Bĕn Ca˘o, ). Its explanation about medicinal figures is more detailed than that in previous book. Its supplemented contents contain medicinal nature, effect, the seven medicinal relations, (mutual) restraint, medicinal processing, identification of the good or bad, and 14 new medicinals

Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Ka¯i Ba˘o Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 973

The Song Dynasty; written by Ma Zhi

Newly Detailedly Confirmed Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Ka¯i Ba˘o Xīn Xiáng Dìng Bĕn Ca˘o, ) [revised by Liu Han and Ma Zhi (Song Dynasty)] and Revised and Expanded Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Ka¯i Ba˘o Xīn Xiáng Dìng Bĕn Ca˘o, ) (proofread by Li Fang, Wang You, and Hu Meng) are abbreviated Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Ka¯i Ba˘o Bĕn Ca˘o, ). The whole book record 984 medicinals. Among them, 134 medicinals are newly described. The author also made correction of the errors during compiling and making private copies of Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xīu Bĕn Ca˘o, )

Appendix 2

905

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Materia Medica from the [Southern] Seaboard Area (Ha˘i Yào Bĕn Ca˘o,

Beginning of the tenth century

The Tang Dynasty; written by Li Xun

The existed contents of this book include 124 medicinals, 16 medicinals are newly described. This book quotes the data about medicinals from the southern part of China and aboard from more than 50 literatures, and make a descriptive record on plant morphology, identity of the good and bad, nature and flavor, indication, attached formulas, methods of oral use, pharmaceutical methods, contraindication, (mutual) restraint and inhibition

Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (Rì Huá Zı˘ Bĕn Ca˘o, )

About tenth century

The Five Dynasties; written by Ri Hua-zi

The original book has been scattered and lost. The scattered contents can be found in the related books. It collects various materia medica and the former medication, and classifies according to cold, warm, nature and flavor, flower, fruit, insect or animal. It mainly discusses the medicinal nature and flavor, effect and indication, medicinal processing, and identification of the good and bad

Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jia¯ Yòu Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1057– 1060

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Zhang Yu-xi, Lin Yi, Zhang Dong, Su Song, Qin Zong-gu, Zhu Youzhang

Its full name is Supplements and Annotations to Shen Nong’s Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jia¯ Yòu Bĕn Ca˘o, ). The whole book records 1083 medicinals and quotes 50 literatures, such as Materia Medica of Sichuan (Shu˘ Bĕn Ca˘o, ), Materia Medica for Dietary Therapy (Shí Liáo Bĕn Ca˘o, ), and Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (Rì Huá Zı˘ Bĕn Ca˘o, ), and describes the medicinal nature, combination, dietary therapy and experience of folk medication and medicinal differentiation

Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Tú Jīng Bĕn Ca˘o, ) [Also known as (Bĕn Ca˘o Tú Jīng, ) in Chinese]

A.D. 1061

The Northern Song Dynasty; compiled by Su Song

This book is formed through collecting the national various prefectural herbal medicine figures and explanation, referring various schools of Chinese medicine and arranging. It records 780 medicinals, includes 103 new increased medicinals, and attaches 933 materia medica figures. It accurately records the medicinal place of production, plant morphology, collected seasons, methods of processing, methods of identification, and medicinal nature, and attaches the simple formula and folk medication experience. The pictures and its accompanying essay are both excellent

Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for Emergency (Jīng Shı˘ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1082

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Tang Shen-wei (Style: Tang Shen-yuan)

This book records 1748 medicinals. Each medicinal is first introduced with illustration from Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Tú Jīng Bĕn Ca˘o, ), then the normal text from Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jia¯ Yòu Bĕn Ca˘o, ) and the explanation from Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Tú Jīng Bĕn Ca˘o, ), and finally attached with the additional medicinal data by Tang Shen-wei

Extension of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ya˘n Yì, )

A.D. 1116

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Kou Zong-shi

This book differentiates, analyzes, and discusses the 470 medicinals in detail that haven’t been fully explained in Supplements and Annotations to Shen Nong’s Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jia¯ Yòu Bĕn Ca˘o, ). The book also introduces many methods to differentiate true or false, good or bad of the medicinal, and extends the scope of medicinal application through some actual cases

Pouch of Pearls (Zhēn Zhu¯ Náng, )

A.D. 1186

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Zhang Yuan-su

This book records 90 medicinals. Each medicinal is briefly introduced from natures and flavors, toxicity, ascending and descending, yin and yang, and effects. At the end of this book, the correspondence between heaven and humankind is briefly listed

The Revised Zhenghe Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for Emergency (Chóng Xiu¯ Zhèng Hé Jīng Shı˘ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Ca˘o,

A.D. 1249

The Song Dynasty; supplemented by Zhang Cun-hui

This book is the renewed, revised and published Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for Emergency (Jīng Shı˘ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Ca˘o, ) by the Northern Song dynasty in 1116. After it was published again by Zhang Cun-hui in 1249, the contents of Extension of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ya˘n Yì, ) were supplemented in it

)

) (Continued )

906 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Materia Medica for Decoctions (Ta¯ng Yè Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1289

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Wang Hao-gu (Styles: Wang Jin-zhi, Wang Haizang)

The volume 1 is the part of the general introduction of medicinal nature, the volume 2 and 3 discuss medicinals respectively, which can be divided into nine parts, such as grass, wood, fruit, vegetable, grain, jade, poultry, animal, and insect, and include 238 medicinals. The medicinal in this book is described and organized according to the characteristics of three yin channels or three yang channels that medicinals act, combining medicinals’ yin and yang properties, as well as tastes, ascending and descending, floating and sinking. The discussion from various schools is quoted and attached

Principles of Correct Diet (Yı˘n Shàn Zhèng Yào, )

A.D. 1330

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Hu Sihui and Pu Lan-xi

This book introduces the properties and actions of many foods from the perspective of nutrition and treatment, and the culinary art of diet. It records more Mongolian dietary health habits, category of food and drinks

Supplement to the ‘Extension of the Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Ca˘o Ya˘n Yì Bu˘ Yí, )

A.D. 1347

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Zhu Zhenheng (Styles: Zhu Dan-xi, Zhu Yan-xiu)

Based on Extension of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ya˘n Yì, ), the author of this book pointed out its deficiency and supplemented his opinions to compatibility and incompatibility of medicinals and the main points of using some medicinals, and discussed 153 medicinals

Household Materia Medica (Rì Yòng Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1350

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Wu Rui

This book collects over 540 medicinals related with drink and food from contents of Chinese materia medica, including updated many medicinals. They are divided into eight categories. Their natures and flavors, effects and indications are briefly introduced

Elaboration on Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Fa¯ Huī, )

A.D. 1384

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Xu Yanchun

This book records 270 medicinals. Each medicinal is introduced from natures and flavors, effects and indications. Its contents are recorded from literatures written by doctors in Jin and Yuan Dynasties

Materia Medica for Famine Relief (Jiù Hua¯ng Bĕn Ca˘o, )

About A.D. 1403–1406

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhu Xiao

This book has both excellent pictures and text, records 414 medicinals that are edible plants, including newly described 276 medicinals. The medicinals are divided into five parts: grass, wood, rice, grain, vegetable, and fruit. Place of production, plant morphology, nature and flavor, toxicity, cooking, and edible methods are introduced in brief

Materia Medica of South Yunnan (Dia¯n Nán Bĕn Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1436

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Lan Mao

This book records numerous habitually-used medicinals and medication experience of different minorities in Yunnan Province (China), and combines some theories of Han medicinals. Medical formulas are often attached at the end of medicinals. In addition, over 100 single formulas are attached in the end of this book. The original book includes the pictures of materia medica

Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Ca˘o Pı˘n Huì Jīng Yào, )

A.D. 1505

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Liu Wen-tai

This book records 1815 medicinals (including 48 new medicinals) and 1358 color pictures of materia medica (including 366 new pictures). These medicinals are divided into 10 categories: jade, grass, wood, human, animal, fowl, insect and fish, fruit, rice and grain, and vegetable. The contents include plant morphology, place of production, collecting seasons, identification, nature and flavor, effect and indication, combination of medicinals, processing, and contraindication

Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Méng Quán, )

A.D. 1525

The Ming Dynasty; written by Chen Jiamo (Styles: Chen Yancai, Chen Yue-ming)

The normal text of this book records 448 medicinals and the appendix includes 388 medicinals and 559 pictures. Each medicinal is introduced according to flavor, yin-yang and ascending-descending, toxicity, channel entry, place of production, morphology, processing, effect, indication, and combination of medicinals. The contents of genuine regional medicinals, collecting seasons, wildly grown or home plant, the best medication part, storage or preservation, identification of the true or false and the good or bad medicinals, and methods of processing are discussed as the special subjects

Appendix 2

907

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, )

A.D. 1590

The Ming Dynasty; written by Li Shizhen (Li Dong-bi, Li Bin-hu)

Various preface routines of bencaology are recorded in the volume 1 and 2 of this book. In volume 3 and 4, the medicinals is introduced mainly based on the pattern or syndrome. From volume 5 to the end, 1892 medicinals (including 374 new medicinals) are introduced and divided into 62 categories. Over 10,000 medical formulas and 1,000 illustrations are recorded. Each medicinal is introduced from name-explanation, collection and analyses, errors-correction, procession, flavor, indication, invention, and attached formulas

The Orthodox Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Zhèng, ) [Vol. 48–49 of The Complete Works of [Zhang] Jing-yue]

A.D. 1624

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhang Jie-bin (Style: Zhang Jing-yue)

According to the style of The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ), this book specially selects 300 common used medicinals to introduce another name, nature and thick or thin flavor, yin and yang, major effects and mechanisms, scope of clinical application, and precautions. The book is divided into 14 categories

Treasury of Words on the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Huì Yán, )

A.D. 1624

The Ming Dynasty; written by Ni Zhu-mo

This book records 581 medicinals that are divided into 14 categories following the categorization pattern of The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ). Each medicinal is introduced from flavor, yin and yang, channel entry, place of production, plant morphology, and medicinal discussion of various schools

Treatise of Xuan Qi Relief and Corrections (Xua¯n Qí Jiù Zhèng Lùn, )

A.D. 1644

The Ming Dynasty; written by Xiao Jing

This book systematically discusses physiology, pathology, treatments, and medical formulas, four diagnostic methods, medicinal nature, author’s case reports, mirror of medicine, and mirror of diseases

Essentials of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Bèi Yào, )

A.D. 1664

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Ang (Style: Wang Ren-an)

This book mainly draws the materials from The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ) and Commentary on ‘Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica’ (Shén Nóng Bĕn Ca˘o Jīng Shu¯, ). Its contents include outline of medicinal nature and 470 medicinals that are divided into eight categories: grass, wood, fruit, grain and vegetable, metal-stone-water-earth, birds and beasts, scalesfishes-insects, and human. It also generally summarizes the nature and flavor and usage of each medicinal and 400 pictures are attached

Revised and Expanded ‘Essentials of Materia Medica’ (Zēng Dìng Beˇn Caˇo Bèi Yào, )

A.D. 1694

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Ang

This book records over 470 medicinals. This book is the different published version of Essentials of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Bèi Yào, )

Food as Materia Medica (Shí Wù Bĕn Ca˘o, )

Seventeenth century

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Lu He

This book was published in seventeenth century. Its contents are the same of parts 3–4 of the Simple Words on the Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Yuē Yán, ) written by Xue Ji in the Ming Dynasty.

Essentials of Raw Herbal Materia Medica Properties (Shēng Ca˘o Yào Xìng Bèi Yào, )

Beginning of the 18th century

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by He Jian

This book records mostly herbs, which includes 301 medicinals. Each medicinal is introduced from medicinal nature, flavor, effect and indication. Plant morphology and another name of few medicinals are also discussed

Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Cóng Xīn, )

A.D. 1751

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wu Yi-luo (Style: Wu Zuncheng)

This book records 720 medicinals and is formed based on the Essentials of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Bèi Yào, ), in which half contents are reserved and half are revised. Some medicinals that were not recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ) are supplemented in this book. Its classification of medicinals refers to that of The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ) (Continued )

908 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Supplement to “The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica” (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù Shí Yí, )

A.D. 1765

The Qing Dynasty; written by Zhao Xue-min (Styles: Zhao Shu-xuan, Zhao Yi-ji)

This book records 921 medicinals, including 205 in appendix. Among them, 716 medicinals that were not recorded in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Ga¯ng Mù, ) are newly described. These medicinals are divided into 18 categories. Some folk empirical formulas, treatments, and the imported Western medicine data are also collected in this book

Renewed Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Zài Xīn, )

A.D. 1820

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Ye Gui

This book records Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Páo Zhì Lùn, ) and General Meaning of Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Zŏng Yì, ) before normal text, then records 609 medicinals. The classification arrangement and contents of medicinals are the same with that of Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Ca˘o Cóng Xīn, ). Only a part named “The Mixed” is added. In this part, several medicinals are included

A.D. 1840

The Qing Dynasty; written by Dimar Tenzing Phuntsog

This book is a monograph of Tibet pharmacy, and records 2294 medicinals. There are several same medicinals with different names or one medicinal with several species; so in fact, it records only 1220 medicinals, which are introduced from the origin, habitat, texture, and medicinal parts

Illustrated Reference of Botanical Nomenclature (Zhí Wù Míng Shí Tú Ka˘o, )

A.D. 1848

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wu Qi-jun

This book records 1714 medicinals, including 519 newly described medicinals and 1805 attached pictures of drawing. Its contents are introduced by literature reference, place of production, plant morphology, color, nature and flavor, and application. The pictures of drawing and their accompanying text are both excellent

Properties of Medicinal Herbs by Category (Fēn Lèi Ca˘o Yào Xìng, )

A.D. 1906

Anonymous in the Qing Dynasty

The book records over 430 medicinals. Each medicinal is introduced by another name, effect, indication, flavor and toxicity, or processing method, and oral usage

Records of Medicinal Harvest in Lingnan (Líng Nán Ca˘i Yào Lù, )

A.D. 1932

The Republic of China; compiled by Xiao Bu-dan

This book records 487 raw medicinal herbs in Lingnan area. Herbs are classified according to the tone of the first word of the medicinal name. Each medicinal is briefly introduced by nature and flavor, effect, and application

Illustrated Reference of Medicines (Yào Wù Tú Kaˇo, )

A.D. 1935

The Republic of China; compiled by Yang Hua-ting

The whole book records 291 Chinese medicinals and over 200 drawings. Each medicinal is introduced by place of production, plant morphology, indication, textual research, processing and dosage. Moreover, 17 Western medicines are collected

New Reference of Prepared Medicines (Yı˘n Piàn Xīn Ca¯n, )

A.D. 1935

The Republic of China; written by Wang Yi-ren

This book is a monograph of decoction pieces and records 680 medicinals and 36 medicinals in appendix with different species, different medicinal parts, or different processing. Each medicinal is introduced by appearance, color, nature and flavor, effect, dosage, usage, and contraindication

Scientific Folk Medicinals (Kē Xué De Mín Jia¯n Yào Ca˘o, )

A.D. 1951

The People’s Republic of China; written by Zhu Zhong-de

This book records 110 folk medicinal herbs, which are divided into 16 categories according to effects, such as plant bactericide, medicinals for stopping malaria, and parasiticide. Each medicinal is introduced by family and genus, plant morphology, ingredient, indication, usage and dosage

Records of Chinese Medicinals (Zhōng Yào Zhì, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Beijing Medical College

Each medicinal in this book is introduced by Chinese name, Chinese character Pinyin, extent of usage, source, history, the original plant, collection and processing, materia medica, production and marketing, chemical constituents, identification of materia medica, nature and flavor, effect, pharmacologic actions, clinical applications, appended notes, and reference documents

Jing Zhu Materia Medica (Jīng Zhu¯ Bĕn Ca˘o,

)

Appendix 2

909

TABLE 45.1 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Chinese Medicinal (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Substances (Zhōng Yào Cái Shǒu Cè, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Bureau of Drug Policy & Administration of Ministry of Public Health of China

This book records 517 commonly-used Chinese medicinals, which are divided into 12 categories: root and rhizome, seed and fruit, grass, leaf, flower, bark, vine and wood, resina, animal, mineral, the processed, and others. Each medicinal is introduced from name, place of production, season of collection, processing, nature identification, quality, effect and usage, and storage. Over 200 illustrations are attached

Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica (Guaˇng Xī Zhōng Yào Zhì, )

A.D. 1959 (First volume); A.D. 1963 (Second volume)

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Health Department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

The first volume records 204 Chinese medicinals and second volume records 186, which are classified according to root, rhizome, bark, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed, entire plants, spore and fruit hair, fungus, animal, and mineral. Each medicinal is introduced by name, another name, origin, place of production, plant morphology, collection, specification, appearance of materia medica, packaging and storage, processing, nature and flavor, channel entry, effect and usage, dosage, contraindication, and appended notes. Illustrations are attached

Commonly Used Folk Medicinals in Zhejiang (Zhè Jia¯ng Mín Jia¯n Cháng Yòng Zhōng Ca˘o Yào, )

A.D. 1969– 1972 (First to Third volume)

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Zhejiang Provincial Health Bureau

The first and second volumes record 100 commonly-used Chinese herbal medicines, and the third volume records 173. Each medicinal is introduced by place of production, plant morphology, habitat, collection, effect and indication. Line drawings are attached

Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Herbs in Xinjiang (Xīn Jia¯ng Zhōng Ca˘o Yào Shǒu Cè, )

A.D. 1970

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Ministry of Health of the Xinjiang Army Logistics

The whole book introduces the general knowledge about recognizing medicinals, collecting medicinals, processing and medication, and records over 300 Chinese herbal medicines that are wildly grown or cultivated in Xinjiang (uygur autonomous region) (China)

Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Herbs Commonly Used in Northeast China (Dōng Beˇi Cháng Yòng Zhōng Ca˘o Yào Shǒu Cè, )

A.D. 1970

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Ministry of Health of the Shenyang Army Logistics

This book introduces over 300 Chinese herbal medicines and 480 formulas for preventing and treating 70 commonly encountered diseases. Each medicinal is introduced by nature and flavor, effect and indication, and recognition characteristic. There are 304 illustrations attached

Shaanxi Chinese Materia Medica (Shaˇan Xī Zhōng Ca˘o Yào, )

A.D. 1971

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Health Bureau and Commercial Bureau of Shaanxi Province

This book records 576 medicinals and attaches 512 illustrations, which are divided into 16 categories according to medicinal effect. Each medicinal is introduced by another name, plant morphology, habitat and place of production, collecting and processing, nature and flavor, effect, indication, usage, caution, and appended notes. Moreover, 705 commonly-used formulas are selected and compiled in this book

Compilation of Nation-wide Chinese Medicinal Herbs (Quán Guó Zhōng Ca˘o Yào Huì Bia¯n, )

A.D. 1975

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by collective

This book records over 2000 Chinese herbal medicines, which are introduced by rectification of name, another name, source, plant morphology, habitat, cultivation, collection and processing, chemistry, pharmacology, nature and flavor, indication and usage, attached formulas, preparation and appended notes

910 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Central Treasury Classic (Zhōng Zàng Jīng, )

Second century (Eastern Han)

The Eastern Han Dynasty; written by Hua Tuo (note: surname pronounced Huà and not Huá)

This book mainly discusses patterns, pulse, deficiency-excess and cold-heat of zang-fu organs, methods of judging life or death, reverse and due syndromes, and introduces therapeutic formulas. Six chapters of Methods of Overseeing the Viscera (Nèi Zhào Faˇ, ) are attached in this book

Emergency Formulas to Keep Up One’s Sleeve (Zhŏu Hòu Bèi Jí Fa¯ng, )

Fourth century (A.D. 281–341)

The Eastern Jin Dynasty; written by Ge Hong (Styles: Ge Zhi- chuan, Bao Pu-zi)

The whole book has 73 chapters and mainly introduces the therapeutic formulas and medicinals, acupuncture and moxibustion, and external treatment for various acute diseases and syndromes or chronic diseases and syndromes with acute attack, and briefly records the cause and symptoms of individual disease

Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces (Qia¯n Jīn Yào Fa¯ng, )

Seventh century (A.D. 652)

The Tang Dynasty; written by Sun Simiao

This book includes general introduction of medicine, materia medica and the pharmaceutics, gynecological diseases, pediatric diseases, diseases about seven facial orifices, various wind pattens, weak foot, cold damage, internal miscellaneous diseases, wasting-thirst (xia¯o kĕ), strangury, boils and carbuncleabscess, anus fistula, toxins-resolving and intermingling treatment, acupoints and indications of acupuncture, and moxibustion

Supplement to “Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces” (Qia¯n Jīn Yì Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 682

The Tang Dynasty; written by Sun Simiao

This book is divided into general introduction and specific discussion. The former includes the season of collection, herb name, place of production, and usage. The later includes materia medica, obstetric and gynecologic diseases, cold damage, disease of infancy, health preserving, inedia, tonification, windstrike, miscellaneous diseases, sores and carbuncles, complexion and pulse, acupuncture, and moxibustion

Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library (Wài Tái Mì Yào, )

A.D. 752

The Tang Dynasty; written by Wang Tao

The whole book includes 1,104 sections and records over 6,000 medical formulas. Its contents are introduced in different volumes, such as cold damage, epidemic diseases, warm diseases, malaria, and cholera as one volume, internal miscellaneous diseases: precordial pain, phlegm rheum, and cough as one volume, various diseases of eye, ear, nose, and tooth as one volume, goiter and carbuncle-abscess as one volume, dysentery, hemorrhoid, and vulva diseases as one volume, attack of noxious factor, incised wound, and malignant diseases as one volume, collecting medicinals, pills and powder, and facial diseases as one volume, gynecological diseases, diseases of infancy, etc

Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled during the Taiping Era (Tài Píng Shèng Huì Fa¯ng, ) aka Formulas from Benevolent Sages (Shèng Huì Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 992

The Song Dynasty; written by Wang Huai-yin

This book records over 10,000 medical formulas and preserves some lost texts of ancient classical medical works. Its contents are introduced in different volumes, such as diagnostic methods and prescribing and medication methods as one volume, various diseases of the five zang organs (including eye, mouth, tooth, and throat) as one volume, external diseases, gynecological diseases, diseases of infancy, taking medicine and pellet, dietotherapy and formulas that supplement and boost, acupuncture and moxibustion, etc

Universal Formulas for Relief (Bó Jì Fa¯ng,

A.D. 1047

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Wang Yan

The original book is lost. Today’s edition is collected from The Yongle Canon (Yǒng Lè Dà Diaˇn, ) when compiling Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature (Sì Kù Quán Shu¯, ). Its contents include 29 chapters, such as cold damage, wind pattern, overstrain syndrome, blood syndrome, sanjiao patterns and treatment, patterns and treatment of the five viscera, various qi patterns, various accumulation patterns, diseases of the eye, tooth, and hair, fetus and childbirth, menstruation, sores, pellet, methods of processing, etc Before each chapter, there is a short discussion to summarize the characteristic and therapeutic principles for each chapter’s diseases and syndromes

)

Appendix 2

911

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (Tài Píng Huì Mín Hé Jì Jú Fa¯ng, ) aka Formulas from the Imperial Pharmacy (Hé Jì Jú Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1078

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Imperial Medical Bureau, revised by Chen Shi-wen

This book is a combination of patent medicines and prescriptions compiled by the Imperial Medical Bureau in Song Dynasty, and records 788 medical formulas with the indications, combination, and specific methods of processing, which are categorized into 14 sections: various wind patterns, cold damage, various qi disorders, phlegm rheum, various deficiency patterns, obstinate cold patterns, accumulated heat, diarrhea and dysentery, disease of the eye, diseases of throat, mouth and teeth, miscellaneous diseases, swollen sores, wound and fracture, gynecological diseases, and disease of infancy

Life-Saving Formulas for Clearing Up Doubts (Quán Shēng Zhıˇ Mí Fa¯ng )

Beginning of the twelveth century

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Wang Kuang

The original edition is lost. The four volumes currently published are formed through rearranging the collection from The Yongle Canon (Yǒng Lè Dà Diaˇn, ) when compiling Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature (Sì Kù Quán Shu¯, ). Its contents mainly include pulse diagnosis methods, 20 kinds of internal diseases, discussion on several gynecological diseases, and medical formulas

Yan’s Treatise on Formulas for Children (Yán Shì Xia˘o Ér Fa¯ng Lùn, )

A.D. 1119

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Yan Xiao-zhong

This book is attached to the Key to Diagnosis and Treatment of Children’s Diseases (Xia˘o Ér Yào Zhèng Zhí Jué, )

Experiential Formulas for Universal Relief (Pu˘ Jì Bĕn Shì Fa¯ng, ) aka (Bĕn Shì Fa¯ng, ) or (Lèi Zhèng Pu˘ Jì Bĕn Shì Fa¯ng, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1132

The Song Dynasty; written by Xu Shuwei (Styles: Xu Zhike, Xu Xue-shi)

Formulas in this book are divided into 23 categories as formulas for wind-strike, diseases of the liver-gallbladder, sinews and bones, formulas for diseases of the heart, small intestines, spleen and stomach, formulas for diseases in the lung and kidney channels, and formulas for headache and dizziness. This book records therapeutic formulas, acupuncture, and moxibustion and it includes 300 formulas in total

Hong’s Collected Proven Formulas (Hóng Shì Jí Yàn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1170

The Southern-Song Dynasty; compiled by Hong Zun

Its contents mainly include 167 formulas and moxibustion for treating clinical diseases and syndromes

Formulas from the Discussion Illuminating the Yellow Emperor’s Basic Questions (Huáng Dì Sù Wèn Xuán Míng Lùn Fa¯ng, ) or An Elucidation of Formulas (Xua¯n Míng Lùn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1172

The Jin Dynasty; written by Liu Wan-su (Styles: Liu Shouzhen, Tong Xuan-chu, Liu He-jian)

This book analyzes some syndromes in Basic Questions (Sù Wèn, ) and provides with medical formulas, which reflects the Liu’s therapeutic methods that are partial to subduing fire and boosting yin with cold-cool medicinals

Transmission of Believable Applicable Formulas (Chuán Xìn Shì Yòng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1180

The Song Dynasty; written by Wu Yankui

Its contents include TCM case reports of over 30 kinds of diseases and syndromes, such as various wind patterns, common cold, summer heat-strike (heatstroke), precordial pain, and folk empirical effective formulas. The name of those who formed on the medical formulas and the records of therapeutic experience are attached

Origins of Medicine (Yī Xué Qı˘ Yuán, )

A.D. 1186

The Jin Dynasty; compiled by Zhang Yuan-su (Style: Zhang Jie-gu)

Based on the theory of The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ) and referred to various schools of Chinese medicine, the book introduces the hand and foot yangming channels, pulses and symptoms of the zang-fu organs, circuit and qi, indicated diseases, and medication

Selected Formulas from the Praiseworthy Studio (Shì Zha¯i Ba˘i Yī Xua˘n Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1196

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Wang Qiu

This book focuses on introducing the treatments of different diseases and syndromes with selected 1046 medical formulas. Each formula is introduced from the source of origin, treatments and patterns, composition, medicinal processing, and contraindication of oral taking (Continued )

912 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

A Collection of Empirical Formulas for Flat-abscesses of the Back (Jí Yàn Bèi Ju¯ Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1196

The Song Dynasty; written by Li Xun

This book introduces the differentiation between principal syndrome and accompanied symptoms and signs, diagnosis and treatment of flat-abscesses of the back, and various empirical formulas

Secret Formulas of the Wei Family (Wèi Shì Jia¯ Cáng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1227

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Wei Xian

This book includes 41 kinds of formulas on the aspect of windstrike, all qi disorders, heart qi, head-wind and headache, cold damage, latent summer heat, malaria, kidney qi, phlegm rheum, supplementing and boosting, etc. Each formula is introduced without discussion. Most of them are pill, powder, paste, pellet, and medicinal wine. These formulations are rarely seen in various books

The Song Dynasty; written by Chen Ziming

The book is a famous book of TCM in Song dynasty. Referred to the books about gynecology and obstetrics before the Song Dynasty, its contents include patterns and treatment based on etiology of menstruation-regulation, numerous diseases, childbearing request, prenatal influence, pregnancy, puerperium care, dystocia, and postpartum diseases

The Complete Compendium A.D. 1237 of Fine Formulas for Women (Fù Rén Dà Quán Liáng Fa¯ng, )

Formulas to Aid the Living (Jì Shēng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1253

The Song Dynasty; written by Yan Yonghe (Style: Yan Zi-li)

Its contents include 79 chapters about internal, external, and gynecological diseases, including wind-strike, cold-strike, and summer heat-strike (heatstroke). Manifestations of disease in each chapter are first introduced and then formulas are recorded. Over 450 formulas are introduced. Those selected formulas were tested by the author and useful in clinic

[Yang] Ren-zhai’s Direct Guidance on Formulas (Rén Zha¯i Zhí Zhı˘ Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1264

The Southern Song Dynasty; written by Yang Shi-ying (Styles: Yang Ren-zhai, Yang Deng-fu)

This book is a comprehensive clinical medicine book that focuses on discussing patterns and treatments of internal miscellaneous diseases. Formulas are explained according to patterns and with reference to experience handed from the family. As for “the attached and supplemented,” it was added by Zhu Chong-zheng in Ming Dynasty

Doctor Zhu’s Effective Medical Formulas Arranged by Category (Lèi Bia¯n Zhu¯ Shì Jí Yàn Yī Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1266

The Southern Song Dynasty; compiled by Zhu Zuo

This book collected over 1000 formulas and simple formulas that commonly-used by doctors in Song dynasty. According to the indicated diseases, formulas are divided into 15 sections: various wind patterns, cold damage, various qi patterns, spleen-stomach diseases, phlegm rheum, accumulations and gatherings (jī jù), jaundice, consumptive disease, headache, disease of female, disease of infancy, carbuncle-abscess, depletion-supplementing, poisoning and the supplement. Short discussion as guiding principle is first introduced before each volume

[Li] Dong-yuan’s Proven Formulas (Dōng Yuán Shì Xiào Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1266

The Southern Song Dynasty; written by Li Gao (Style: Li Dongyuan)

This book introduces medicinals and various diseases and syndromes, including improper diet and overtiredness, epigastric lumpy stiffness, abdominal flatulence, abdominal distention, regurgitation, and diseases of woman, infant, eye, nose, ear, and tooth. It includes medical formulas, medical thesis, case reports and medical notes as an integrated one, and emphasizes the usage of formulas in spleen-stomach diseases, which reflects the theory of spleen-stomach school and formula characteristic

Jifeng Formulas for Universal Relief (Jī Fēng Pu˘ Jì Fa¯ng, )

Exact date unknown

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Zhang Rui or Sun Zhao-cun?

Its contents mainly include medial methods, processing methods, therapeutic formulas for various diseases and syndromes, preparation methods of pellet, and folk commonlyused empirical formulas for emergency

Secrets from the Orchid Chamber (Lán Shì Mì Cáng, )

Exact date unknown; published around 1276 (Yuan)

The Jin Dynasty; written by Li Gao (Style: Li Dong-yuan)

This book introduces 21 kinds of diseases and syndromes, such as improper diet and overtiredness, abdominal flatulence and distention, epigastric and abdominal lumpy stiffness, gastric cavity pain, diseases of eye, ear, and nose, internal oculopathy, diseases of mouth, tooth and throat, diseases of women, sores and ulcers. Formulas in this book are usually formed by Li Gao, and reflect the medical theory that the spleen and stomach are the source of production

Appendix 2

913

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to ‘The Inner Classic’ (Nèi Jīng Shí Yí Fa¯ng Lùn, )

Exact date unknown

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Luo Long-ji

The author selected 62 kinds of diseases and syndromes from The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ) to annotate and confirmed formulas for them. Subsequently, 88 diseases and syndromes were supplemented with same style by Liu Yu-de and Zhu Lian in Ming Dynasty, compiled as 4 volumes, and named as Supplemental Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to “The Inner Classic” (Zēng Buˇ Nèi Jīng Shí Yí Fa¯ng Lùn, )

Miraculous and Skillful Complete Formulas (Shén Qiaˇo Wàn Quán Fa¯ng, )

Exact date unknown

The Song Dynasty; compiled by Liu Yuan-bin (Style: Liu Zi-yi)

Seven or eight out of 10 formulas recorded in this book are collected from Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled during the Taiping Era (Tài Píng Shèng Huì Fa¯ng, )

Supplemental Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to “The Inner Classic” (Zēng Buˇ Nèi Jīng Shí Yí Fa¯ng Lùn, )

Exact date unknown

Compiled by Luo Long-ji (Song Dynasty), supplemented by Liu Yu-de, Zhu Lian-zeng (Ming Dynasty)

This book is formed through supplementing 88 kinds of diseases and syndromes based on the Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to “The Inner Classic” (Nèi Jīng Shí Yí Fa¯ng Lùn, ). It is the same compiling style as the Discussion on Formulas of Supplement to “The Inner Classic”

Illumination of Medicine (Yī Xué Fa¯ Míng, )

Exact date unknown

The Jin Dynasty; compiled by Li Gao

This book includes over 20 theses about internal miscellaneous diseases and medication principles, such as medication methods with breathing in the four seasons for block of diaphragm and throat, 10 formula types of materia medica, wind-strike and injury by fall from height, vomiting, cough and panting, discussion for improper diet and overtiredness, and plus-minus methods of medication in the four seasons. Combining pattern differentiation and treatment, this book further explains the thought of treatise on the spleen and stomach advocated by the author

Essential book for Safeguarding Child (Huó Yòu Xīn Shu¯, )

A.D. 1294

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Zeng Shi-rong

This book is a pediatrics book, which includes 75 pediatric verses, 43 chapters of experience gained from pediatric diseases and syndromes, and several empirical pediatric formulas

Hard-won Knowledge (Cıˇ Shì Nán Zhī, )

A.D. 1308

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Wang Hao-gu

The author collected the medical discussion of his teacher Li Gao to compile this book. Its contents include basic theory of channels and collaterals, the zang-fu organs, pathology and source of the disease, and clinical pattern differentiation and treatments. Specifically, patterns and treatments of cold damage and six-channel are introduced quite in detail

Empirical Formulas from the Auspicious Bamboo Hall (Ruì Zhú Táng Jīng Yàn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1326

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Sha Tu Mu Su

This book introduces 15 chapters: various wind patterns, heart qi pain, hernia, dyspeptic disease, phlegm rheum, panting and cough, tonification, head and face, mouth, eye, ear and nose, hair and tooth, throat, miscellaneous treatments, swollen sores, gynecology, and infant. It also records over 310 medical formulas that come from various prescription books and empirical effective formulas from collection and reports

Direct Investigation of Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Zhí Gé, )

A.D. 1328

The Yuan Dynasty; compiled by Ge Yong [formerly inscribed by Liu Wan-su (Jin Dynasty)]

The first volume introduces “stems and branches” matching the zang-fu organs, etiology, indicated diseases of circuit and qi, and pulse diagnosis. The second volume discusses transmission, patterns and treatments of cold damage, and six-channel. The last volume introduces 34 medical formulas, such as Ephedra Decoction (ma huang tang), Cinnamon Twig Decoction (gui zhi tang), Original Qi Boosting Powder (yi yuan san), Diaphragm-Cooling Powder (liang ge san), and Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction (huang lian jie du tang)

Formulas from Royal Drug Museum (Yù Yào Yuàn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1338

The Yuan Dynasty; revised by Xu Guozhen

Its contents include formulas for treating wind pattern, cold damage, all qi disorders, phlegm rheum, consumptive disease, accumulated heat, diarrhea and dysentery, miscellaneous diseases, diseases of the throat, mouth and tooth, formulas for washing face, swollen sores, wound, fracture, bonesetting, gynecological diseases, and diseases of infancy. It records 1068 medical formulas. Many of them are not recorded in general prescription books. It is really a secret royal formula book (Continued )

914 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Effective Formulas from Generations of Physicians (Shì Yī Dé Xiào Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1345

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Wei Yi-lin (Style: Wei Da-zhai)

The author compiled this book according to the medical formulas inherited from five generations of his family. It introduces pulse, patterns and treatments of internal, external, gynecological, and pediatric diseases, diseases of the five sense organs, and diseases of traumatology, respectively

Patterns and Treatment Based on Pulse and Etiology (Mài Yīn Zhèng Zhì, )

Exact date unknown

The Yuan Dynasty; written by Zhu Zhenheng

This book introduces 70 chapters of various clinical diseases and syndromes. Each disease or syndrome is introduced in order by pulse diagnosis, etiology, syndromes, and treatments

The Secret Transmission Formulas of External Medicine (Mì Chuán Wài Kē Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1395

The Ming Dynasty; exact author unknown; recorded by Zhao Yi-zhen

This book mainly introduces the treatments for sores and ulcers, carbuncles-abscesses, furuncles, and haemorrhoids. Twentyfour illustrations are attached. Position, appearance and brief diagnostic method of various carbuncles-abscesses are explained according to the illustration. This book records 375 formulas

Formulas for Universal Relief (Pu˘ Jì Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1406

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Zhu Di, Teng Shuo, Liu Chun

It is the largest formula book in China history, and records 61,739 medical formulas. The author collected the medical references and other related references before the Ming Dynasty to classify and categorize the formulas. Its contents include general introduction, the zang-fu organs and body stature, cold damage and miscellaneous diseases, external medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion, and materia medica

Categorized Collection of Medical Formulas (Yī Fa¯ng Lèi Jù, )

A.D. 1443

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Jin Limeng (Korea)

The book introduced hundreds of diseases involving in internal medicine, external medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology. It is a comprehensive reference book of medical formulas before the Ming Dynasty, including a great quantity of ancient lost books. Most of their contents are recorded from original text, so it has very high value on academy and clinical practice

Six Texts on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Liù Shu¯, )

A.D. 1445

The Ming Dynasty; written by Tao Hua (Style: Tao Jie-an)

This book is a book about cold damage and includes six volumes, which is influenced greatly by Book to Safeguard Life from Nanyang (Nán Yáng Huó Rén Shu¯, ). Contents in these six books are largely overlapped. The six books are (1) Talk on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Suǒ Yán, ): Tao Hua’s essay and records when he studied cold damage; (2) The True Secret Household on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Jia¯ Mì De Beˇn, ): intensively expounding patterns and treatments of several cold damage syndromes, wind-warmth, damp-warmth and wind-damp; (3) Treatments like Car-killing Thump on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Sha¯ Chē Chuí Faˇ, ): discussing disease-dispelling, pharmaceutical and medicinal-remedying methods, and listing 37 secret and empirical formulas; (4) A Golden Compendium for Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Yì Tí Jīn, ): the irradiative outline reader on cold damage; (5) River-cutting-off Net on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Jié Jia¯ng Waˇng, ): mainly introducing principles about patterndifferentiating, disease-recognizing, etiology-distinguishing, and medication on cold damage; and (6) Supplement to “Concise Supplementary Exposition on Cold Damage” (Sha¯ng Hán Míng Lı˘ Xù Lùn, )

Life-Saving Manual of Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Quán Shēng Jí, )

A.D. 1445

The Ming Dynasty; exact author unknown; revised by Zhu Ying-bi

This book outlines the beginning and ending of the six channels, cases of six-channel syndromes, and compatibility and incompatibility of treatment for cold damage, and introduces various syndromes of cold damage in detail. Besides formulas of Zhang Zhong-jing, it includes some empirical formulas of later generations with introduction of formula modification following the syndrome

Appendix 2

915

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Han’s Clear View of Medicine (Hán Shì Yī Tōng, )

A.D. 1522

The Ming Dynasty; written by Han Mao

The first volume includes five chapters: introduction, treatment with six therapeutic methods, verse on pulse diagnosis, formulas, and household case records. The second volume includes four chapters: case reports of medicine-practicing, medicinal naturejudging, verse on formulas, and no medicine for the same kind. Han created many commonly-used effective formulas such as Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction (san zi yang qin tang), and recorded the preparation methods of Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata (ban xia qu) and Colla Carnis Bovis (xia tian gao)

Reflections of Universal Love: The Complete Book on Pox (Bó Ài Xīn Jiàn, ) aka (Dòu Zhĕn Bó Ài Xīn Jiàn, ) or (Dòu Zhĕn Quán Shu¯ Bó Ài Xīn Jiàn, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1525

The Ming Dynasty; written by Wei Zhi

This book is a monograph of pox. The author thought that pox is based on qi and blood; so to treat pox one should first reinforce healthy qi and restrain pathogen. There are favorable, unfavorable, and dangerous patterns on its treatment based on syndrome differentiation; and its treatments are given priority to warming and supplementing. The Original-Qi-Preserving Decoction (bao yuan tang) is the chief formula for treating pox

Elaboration on External Medicine (Wài Kē Fa¯ Huī, )

A.D. 1528

The Ming Dynasty; written by Xue Ji (Styles: Xue Xin-fu, Xue Li-zhai)

This book briefly expounds therapeutic principles and formulas for 31 kinds of external diseases, such as oncotic ulcer, ulcer, carbuncle of the back, cerebral carbuncle, lung abscess, lung wĕi (atrophy), scrofula, throat sore, and syphilitic lesions

Summary of Internal Medicine (Nèi Kē Zha¯i Yào, )

About A.D. 1529

The Ming Dynasty; written by Xue Ji (Styles: Xue Xin-fu, Xue Li-zhai)

The whole book mainly introduces 21 kinds of diseases and syndromes on deficiency of internal zang-fu organs and 209 effective case reports

Exquisite Formulas for Fostering Longevity (Fú Shòu Jīng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1530

The Ming Dynasty; edit by Wu Min

This book is formed through selecting and compiling effective medical formulas (including established formulas) from clinical practices. Formulas in this book are divided into 30 categories as various deficiency, medicinal wine, phlegm, and eyes, etc

United Decree of Medicine (Yī Xué Tǒng Zhıˇ, )

A.D. 1534

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Ye Wenling

This book mainly expounds pulse, different clinical diseases and syndromes, therapeutic formulas, commonly-used medicinals, and medicinal nature

A Compilation of Benevolent Formulas (Tı˘ Rén Huì Bia¯n, )

A.D. 1549

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Peng Yong-guang

Its contents include five parts: verse on pulse diagnosis with grand simplicity, circuit and qi, Shuhe verse on pulse diagnosis, pathogenic condition of 12 channels and collaterals and zangfu organs, medicinal nature, and essential proven formulas. Formulas selected in “essential proven formulas” are the effective ones that Peng Yong-guang used privately

Wan’s Gynecology (Wàn Shì Nǚ Kē, )

A.D. 1549

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Wan Quan (Style: Wan Mi)

This book is divided into three volumes. Volume I is the general introduction and gynecological miscellaneous diseases. Volume II introduces various diseases of the antenatal. Volume III introduces various diseases of postpartum

Numerous Miraculous Prescriptions for Health Cultivation (Shè Shēng Zhòng Miào Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1550

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhang Shi-che

This book is divided into 47 sections, such as various diseases with same treatment, dangerous diseases, supplementing and nourishing, various wind patterns, cold damage, and common cold, which listed with effective established formulas. Furthermore, the author compiled Fine Formulas for Emergency (Jí Jiù Liáng Fa¯ng, ) (two volumes) and Numerous Miraculous Prescriptions for Health Cultivation (Shè Shēng Zhòng Miào Fa¯ng, ), which both are countermarked together and published

The Complete Compendium of Ancient and Modern Medical Works (Gu˘ Jīn Yī Tŏng Dà Quán, )

A.D. 1556

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Xu Chun-fu

This book includes medical thesis of various schools, channel and acupoints, acupuncture and moxibustion, patterns and treatment of disease in clinical different clinical practices, commonly-used formulas, and health cultivation

(Continued )

916 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Essentials of Treatise on Pocket Formulas for Children (Bu˘ Yào Xiù Zhēn Xia˘o Ér Fa¯ng Lùn, )

A.D. 1574

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Zhuang Ying-qi, rectified by Zhu Da-nian, Meng Ji-kong

The book is formed through revising and supplementing Treatise on Pocket Formulas for Children (Xiù Zhēn Xia˘o Ér Fa¯ng Lùn, ). Its contents include pediatric pulse diagnosis, inspection, treatise on formulas for various pediatric diseases, and moxibustion in pediatrics

Investigations of Medical Formulas (Yī Fa¯ng Ka˘o, )

A.D. 1584

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Wu Kun

This book includes over 700 commonly-used medical formulas with analysis and explanation. Formulas are divided into 44 categories according to diseases: wind-strike, cold damage, common cold, summer heat, dampness, pestilence, and swollenhead infection

Six Essentials of Medicine (Yī Xué Liù Yào, )

A.D. 1585

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Zhang San-xi

The author selected the related contents from The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ), The Classic of Difficult Issues (Nàn Jīng, ), Treatise on Cold Damage (Sha¯ng Hán Lùn, ), and other ancient medical books and compile this book. Its contents include six parts: the four diagnostic methods, consideration of channels and collaterals, disease mechanism, selections of materia medica, collection of therapeutic methods, circuit and qi. In this book author listed his own viewpoint first and then followed the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese medicine doctors

Restoration of Health from the Myriad Diseases (Wàn Bìng Huí Chu¯n, )

A.D. 1587

The Ming Dynasty; written by Gong Tingxian (Styles: Gong Zi-cai, Gong Yun-lin)

The author referred to The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ), The Classic of Difficult Issues (Nàn Jīng, ) and medical books of the ancient Chinese medicine doctors, such as the four outstanding doctors in Jin-Yuan dynasty, to compile this book with his own viewpoint. It focuses on expounding patterns and treatments of diseases and syndromes in different clinical practices with case reports

Ancient and Modern Mirror of Medicine (Gu˘ Jīn Yī Jiàn, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Gong Xin-zuan; continuously compiled by Gong Ting-xian; revised by Wang Ken-tang

In this book, the author collected from medical books, such as The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ), The Classic of Difficult Issues (Nàn Jīng, ), books of the four outstanding doctors in Jin-Yuan dynasty, folk empirical formulas, external therapy, acupuncture and moxibustion, to discuss the diseases and syndromes in combination with his own opinion. Its contents include theories of verse on pulse, pathogenesis, medicinal nature, circuit and qi, and patterns and treatment of diseases in internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, ear, nose, mouth, tooth, and eye

Convenience of Medicine (Yī Biàn, )

A.D. 1587

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Wang San-cai

The whole book selected 226 commonly-used effective formulas. After revised and published by Zhang Shou-kong and Yao Xue-yan in the Ming Dynasty, another 428 formulas were collected and added according to the similar style, and then it is named as Two Collections of Convenience of Medicine (Yī Biàn Èr Jí, )

Extensive Notes on Medicine from Xian Xing Studio (Xia¯n Xı˘ng Zha¯i Yī Xué Gua˘ng Bı˘ Jì, )

A.D. 1613

The Ming Dynasty; written by Miao Xi-yong

This book includes the author’s own clinical experience, proved effective cases, effective formulas, commonly-used medicinals, and successful treatment methods of (medicinal) processing

Essential Selections for External Sores (Yáng Kē Xua˘n Cuì, ) aka (Yáng Kē Mì Zhı˘, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1628

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Chen Wen-zhi

This author refinedly selected various schools of surgical medicine in the past dynasties, combining with his own clinical experience to compile this book. Its contents include patterns and treatment of various diseases and syndromes in surgery, dermatology, ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology, and traumatology, which are categorized into 111 chapters

Appendix 2

917

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Corrections and Annotations to Fine Formulas for Women (Jiào Zhù Fù Rén Liáng Fa¯ng, ) aka (Jiào Zhù Fù Rén Dà Quán Liáng Fa¯ng, ) or (Jiào Zhù Fù Rén Liáng Fa¯ng Dà Quán, ) in Chinese

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Xue Ji (Styles: Xue Xin-fu, Xue Li-zhai)

This book is formed though supplementing and deleting partial contents on The Complete Compendium of Fine Formulas for Women (Fù Rén Dà Quán Liáng Fa¯ng, ), and attaching the comments and therapeutic experience after each chapter

The Remaining Texts from the Shen Studio (Shèn Zha¯i Yí Shu¯, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhou Zhi-gan

This book mainly expounds yin-yang and zang-fu organs, harmful hyperactivity and corresponding inhibition, qi circuit and channels and collaterals, inspection of the complexion and pulse diagnosis, pattern differentiation and treatment, original mechanisms, medication weighing, teachings of medicinal processing, explanation of the ancient classics, explanation of ancient formulas, ancient and modern famous formulas, and patterns and treatments of diseases and syndromes in different clinical practices (mainly focused on internal miscellaneous diseases)

Renduan Records of Pox (Dòu Zheˇn Rén Dua¯n Lù, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; written by Xu Qian

This book includes general introduction of pox, differentiation of pox appearance and color, recuperative medical care by stages, complicated symptoms of pox, therapeutic formulas and medicinals and medicinal nature, and verses and different versions of pox. The contents are comparatively brief and detailed

A Handbook on Famous Physicians of the Ming Dynasty (Míng Yī Zhı˘ Zha˘ng, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; compiled by Huangfu Zhong; revised by Wang Ken-tang

The author selected verses to combine with discussion in this book, which contents mainly include verse on pathogenesis, general transcription on channels and collaterals, Gong Yun-lin’s “verses on medicinal properties,” verses, discussion and pulse of diseases and syndromes in different clinical practices. The established formulas were also attached

Investigations of Thirteen Formulas for External Medicine (Wài Kē Shí Sa¯n Fa¯ng Kaˇo, )

Exact date unknown

The Ming Dynasty; written by Zhang Jue-ren

This book records method of preparation, usage and indications of 13 formulas in TCM surgery medicine, including Ninth Day Pill for Monthly Ninth Day (Zhong jiu wan), Golden Centipede Pill (jin gong wan), Three Fragrant Substances Pill (san xiang wan), Flesh-Transforming Paste (hua rou gao), Medicated Threads, Spongilla Paste (zi xiao gao), Thousand Hammering Paper (qian chui zhi), Tai Sui Ink (tai sui mo), Needle-Substituting Powder (dai zhen san), Decoction for Fumigating and Washing (xun xi tang), Minium Powder (tian ran san), Numbing-Cooling Paste (ma liang gao) and Toxins-Resolving Paste (jie du gao)

Discussion on Ancient and Modern Famous Physicians’ Formulas (Guˇ Jīn Míng Yī Fa¯ng Lùn, )

A.D. 1675

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Luo Mei

This author selected and collected over 130 commonly-used and self-established formulas before Qing Dynasty to compile this formula book. Except of the formula, the author attached the comments from excellent physicians in Ming and Qing Dynasty to the formula analysis

Medical Formulas Collected and Analyzed (Yī Fa¯ng Jí Jiĕ, )

A.D. 1682

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Ang (Style: Wang Ren-an)

According to different effects, formulas in this book are divided into 21 categories: supplementing and nourishing, exteriorreleasing, vomiting-inducing, interior-purging, the exterior and interior, harmonizing, qi-rectifying, blood-rectifying, wind-dispelling, cold-dispelling, summer heat-clearing, dampdraining, dryness-moistening, fire-draining, phlegm-eliminating, digestion-promoting, astringing, worms-killing, vision-improving, carbuncle and ulcer, and disorders during menstruation and childbirth. Besides introducing each formula’s name, indication and anagraph as well as theories of various schools are recorded to clarify the formula connotation (Continued )

918 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Records of Syndrome Differentiations (Biàn Zhèng Lù, )

About A.D. 1687

The Qing Dynasty; written by Chen Shi-duo

The book includes patterns and treatment of various diseases in departments of internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and gynecology, which are divided into 126 sections, such as cold damage, cold-strike and wind-strike, and over 700 patterns. Each pattern is introduced by symptom, etiology, principles and methods, formulas, and combination of medicinals

Versified Prescriptions (Ta¯ng Tóu Gē Jué, )

A.D. 1694

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Ang (Style: Wang Ren-an)

This book includes over 300 selected commonly-used medical formulas. More than 200 formulas are compiled and expressed as seven words verses. Formulas in this book are divided into 20 categories as supplementing and boosting, exterior-releasing, interior-purging, and vomiting-inducing. Each formula is attached with brief annotations, which facilitate the students to recite

Profound Decree in Fairyland (Dòng Tia¯n Ào Zhıˇ, ) aka Secret Record on External Medicine (Wài Kē Mì Lù, )

A.D. 1694

The Qing Dynasty; written by Chen Shi-duo

This book mainly introduces therapeutic methods of over 150 diseases and syndromes in departments of surgical medicine, skin, incision, injury from fall, insect-animal bite injury, and the therapeutic formulas of various schools for surgery

Comprehensive Medicine According to Master Zhang (Zha¯ng Shì Yī Tōng, )

A.D. 1695

The Qing Dynasty; written by Zhang Lu

This book mainly focuses on expounding patterns and treatment of diseases in different clinical practices, and is attached with cases, formulas and formula analysis

Symptoms, Causes, Pulses, and Treatment (Zhèng Yīn Mài Zhì, )

A.D. 1706

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Qin Jing-ming

This book introduces various diseases and syndromes, mainly including internal miscellaneous diseases. The author advocates differentiating syndrome first, then checks causes and examines pulse manifestation, and finally decides principle of treatment

Complete Records of Ancient and Modern Medical Works of the Grand Compendium of Books (Gu˘ Jīn Tú Shu¯ Jí Chéng Yī Bù Quán Lù,

A.D. 1723

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Jiang Ting-xi

This book is one part of Ancient and Modern Medical Works of the Grand Compendium of Books (Gu˘ Jīn Tú Shu¯ Jí Chéng, ). Its contents are collected and recorded from over 120 medical literatures from The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ) to the early Qing Dynasty, including annotations of ancient classic medical works, syndrome and treatment of diseases in different departments, medical art, and profile of medical doctors

Xitang Externally-contracted Syndromes (Xī Táng Gaˇn Zhèng, )

About A.D. 1725

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Dong Fei-weng

This book expounds the externally-contracted seasonal pathogens first, and then lists 10 primary syndromes in externally-contracted diseases, 27 transmuted patterns in externally-contracted syndromes, and finally 14 accompanied syndromes in externally-contracted diseases

Plain-Words on Pediatrics (Yòu Kē Zhí Yán, ) aka (Yòu Yòu Zhı˘ Zha˘ng Jí Chéng, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1726

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Meng He

Its contents include variola, rash of measles, pediatric miscellaneous diseases, and their formulas and treatment

Selected Commentaries to Ancient Formulas from the Crimson Snow Garden (Jiàng Xuĕ Yuán Gu˘ Fa¯ng Xua˘n Zhù, )

A.D. 1732

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wang Zi-jie (Style: Wang Jin-san)

This book selects and records formulas of ancient doctors, and annotates the connotation of famous formula, ingredients, and combination

Inner Treatise on Folk Medicine (Chuàn Ya˘ Nèi Bia¯n, ), Outer Treatise on Folk Medicine (Chuàn Ya˘ Wài Bia¯n, )

A.D. 1759

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Zhao Xue-min (Style: Zhao Shu-xuan)

It is compiled in order to arrange the academic experience of the famous doctor Zong Bai-yun by editing the contents. Various simple, efficacious, convenient, and inexpensive therapeutic methods and effective formulas are recorded in this book

)

Appendix 2

919

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

The Complete Compendium A.D. 1760 of Sores (Yáng Yī Dà Quán, )

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Gu Shicheng

Its contents include collection of the essentials of The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ), pulse diagnosis, description of internal tissues, and various general external syndromes. Both the picture and its accompanying text are both excellent

Effective Use of Established Formulas (Chéng Fa¯ng Qiè Yòng, )

A.D. 1761

The Qing Dynasty; written by Wu Yi-luo (Style: Wu Zuncheng)

Its contents include general introduction of formula-forming and formulas from The Inner Classic (Nèi Jīng, ). It is divided into 24 sections, such as qi-regulating, bloodrectifying, supplementing and nourishing, astringing and consolidating. Each formula is introduced from indication, composition, combination and analysis. Some formulas are given references

Medical Standards of the Han Dynasty (Lán Tái Guı˘ Fàn, )

A.D. 1764

The Qing Dynasty; written by Xu Dachun (Styles: Xu Lingtai, Xu Da-ye)

This book records 96 formulas that used universally, then expounds patterns and treatment of commonly encountered diseases according to the order of internal miscellaneous disease, seasonal disease, disease of ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology, gynecological disease, and pediatric disease, respectively

Appendices to the “Essentials from the Golden Cabinet” (Jīn Guì Yì, )

A.D. 1768

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by You Yi (Styles: You Zai-jing, You Zhuo-wu)

This book is compiled in order to supplement the book: the Personal Standards for the “Essentials from the Golden Cabinet” (Jīn Guì Yào Lüè Xīn Dia˘n, ) written by You Yi. It expounds 48 internal miscellaneous diseases and their syndromes and treatment in detail

Six Texts on Medicinal Essentials Decree of Gynecology (Yī Lǜe Liù Shu¯ Nǚ Kē Zhıˇ Yào, )

A.D. 1771

The Qing Dynasty; written by Chen Master Xue Yan

This book expounds the diseases of menstruation, leukorrhea, fetus and childbirth in gynecology, and the patterns and treatment. The formulas recorded are very useful in practice

Wondrous Lantern for Peering into the Origin and Development of Miscellaneous Diseases (Zá Bìng Yuán Liú Xī Zhú, )

A.D. 1773

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Shen Jin-ao (Styles: Shen Qian-lu, Shen Ji-men)

This book is an important part of the Shen’s Books on Respecting Life (Shĕn Shì Zu¯n Shēng Shu¯, ). Volume I records Compendium and Categorization of Pulse Manifestation (Mài Xiàng Tŏng Lèi, ) and Poetry of Diseases Indicated by Pulse Conditions (Zhu¯ Mài Zhuˇ Bìng Shī, ). The whole contents mainly focus on introducing miscellaneous diseases. Each disease is attached with da˘o yı˘n (Chinese therapeutic setting up exercises, ) besides to the introduction of formulas and treatment

Shen’s Books on Respecting Life (Shĕn Shì Zu¯n Shēng Shu¯, )

A.D. 1773

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Shen Jin-ao (Styles: Shen Qian-lu, Shen Ji-men)

It includes seven different chapters: Compendium and Categorization of Pulse Manifestation (Mài Xiàng Tŏng Lèi, ), Poetry of Diseases Indicated by Pulse Conditions (Zhu¯ Mài Zhuˇ Bìng Shī, ), Wondrous Lantern for Peering into the Origin and Development of Miscellaneous Diseases (Zá Bìng Yuán Liú Xī Zhú, ), The Grand Compendium of Treatise on Cold Damage (Ga¯ng Mù Sha¯ng Hán Lùn, ), Jade Ruler of Gynecology (Fù Kē Yù Chı˘, ), Interpretation of Doubts on Pediatrics (Yòu Kē Shì Mí, ), and Essential Medicinals Arranged by Formulas (Yào Yào Fēn Jì, ). This book discusses medical principles, diagnostic methods, clinical patterns and treatment of internal, pediatric and gynecological diseases. Besides to formulas and medicinals, breathing exercise therapy is also emphasized

Popular Guide to the ‘Treatise on Cold Damage’ (Tōng Sú Sha¯ng Hán Lùn, )

A.D. 1776

The Qing Dynasty; written by Yu Genchu (Style: Yu Zhaoyuan)

This book includes 12 volumes that clarifies the patterns and treatment of cold damage, which are combined with the author’s clinical experience and ancient and modern related books together (Continued )

920 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Achievements in the Treatment of Epidemic Rashes (Yì Zhĕn Yī Dé, )

A.D. 1794

The Qing Dynasty; written by Yu Lin (Style: Yu Shi-yu)

This book is emphasized on expounding patterns and treatment of epidemic rashes. The author was good at treating epidemic rashes and warm diseases with Gypsum Fibrosum (shi gao), and established some effective formulas, such as EpidemicClearing Toxin-Resolving Beverage (qing wen bai du yin), which enrich and develop the treatment for epidemic rashes to a certain extent. As to pathogenesis, more diseases indicated by circulation and qi are discussed in this book

Summary Verses of Postclassical Formulas (Shí Fa¯ng Gē Kuò, )

A.D. 1801

The Qing Dynasty; written by Chen Nian-zu (Styles: Chen Xiu-yuan, Chen Shenxiu, Chen Liang-you)

In this book, the author selected and collected 108 post-Tang and Song nonclassical formulas, which are divided into 12 categories: dispersing, unblocking, supplementing, purgative, light, heavy, lubricating, astringent, drying, moistening, cold and heat, clarified them and formula analysis with poetry or verses, and cited discussion of famous doctors, such as Li Zhong-zi and Ke Yun-bo. The selected formulas are useful in practice

Elucidations of Medicinals from Jing Xiu Hall (Jìng Xiu¯ Táng Yào Shuō, )

A.D. 1804

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Qian Shu-tian

This book is the general catalog of pill, powder, paste and pellet self-made by Jing Xiu Hall. Below formula name, indications are listed. Some formulas are attached with medicinals’ modification or regimen. Each formula has no medicinal composition

Experience Gained in Treating External Sores (Yáng Kē Xīn Dé Jí, )

A.D. 1806

The Qing Dynasty; written by Gao Bingjun

This book records the author’s clinical experience from treating various surgical diseases. Syndrome differentiation is specially emphasized and the household formulas of paste, pellet, pill, and powder are attached at the end of text

The Secret Transmission of Medical Efficacy (Yī Xiào Mì Chuán, )

A.D. 1831

Originally inscribed by Ye Gui (Qing Dynasty); revised by Wu Jin-shou

This book includes three volumes. The former two volumes focus on differentiating and analyzing cold damage and various patterns of cold damage, combine expounding various warm diseases, and are supplemented with Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases (Wēn Rè Lùn, ). The third volume introduces principles of yin-yang ascending-descending, and essentials of judging pattern by pulse-taking. Eighty formulas are attached at the end of text

A Collection of Fine Formulas from Various Sources (Liáng Fa¯ng Jí Yè, ) aka (Liáng Fa¯ng Jí Yè Hé Bì, ) in Chinese

A.D. 1842

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Xie Yuan-qing

This book is a compilation of empirical folk formulas, categorized into 32 sections, such as head and face, ears and eyes, mouth, nose, teeth, and tongue, etc. About 400 essential formulas are selected and collected in this book

Great Preciousness of Health (Wèi Shēng Hóng Ba˘o, )

A.D. 1844

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Zhu Bu-zhai

Its contents include the established formulas, simple formulas, and empirical formulas in internal medicine, surgical medicine, pediatrics, convulsion, gynecology, and traumatology, and various external therapies

New Compilation of Proven Formulas (Yàn Fa¯ng Xīn Bia¯n, )

A.D. 1846

The Qing Dynasty; written by Bao Xiang-ao (Style: Bao Yun-shao)

The medical formulas are selected mainly from the convenient and effective formulas with features of the folk conventional, rare medicinals, and easy available medicines. Its contents include 99 sections, such as internal miscellaneous diseases, gynecological diseases, pediatric diseases, surgical diseases, emergency and seasonal syndromes

Zizhen Collection of Experience on Laryngology (Jīng Yàn Hóu Kē Zıˇ Zhēn Jí, )

A.D. 1860

The Qing Dynasty; written by Dou Shi & Zhu Xiang-yu

This book records patterns and treatment and descriptions of 72 kinds of throat diseases, such as throat-locking wind (acute laryngemphraxis), and 20 clinical treatments including external treatments, such as knifing, needling, cauterizing and fumigating for throat diseases, and some empirical medical formulas

Treatise on Sudden Turmoil (Huò Luàn Lùn, )

A.D. 1862

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Wang Shi- xiong (Styles: Wang Meng- ying, Wang Qian-zhai)

This book expounds pathogenic condition of cholera, the methods of prevention and treatment, clinical case reports concerned with cholera, and commonly-used medicinals and formulas from ancient famous doctors and Wang Shi-xiong

Appendix 2

921

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

The Refined in Medicine Remembered (Yī Chún Shèng Yì, )

A.D. 1863

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Fei Boxiong

This book collects and records Fei’s therapeutic experience during his practices, which are categorized into many sections, such as wind-strike, cold-strike, three qi autumndryness, fire syndrome, deficiency-consumption (xu¯ láo), anuria and vomiting, cough, phlegm rheum, and malaria. Each section is introduced by general introduction of etiology, disease mechanism and therapeutic principles, then self-made medical formulas, and finally the well-established formulas

Systematic Differentiation of the Six Etiologies (Liù Yīn Tiáo Biàn, )

A.D. 1868

The Qing Dynasty; written by Lu Tingzhen

The author took the six etiologies, such as wind, cold, summer heat, dampness, dryness, and fire as the key link to discuss various diseases and syndromes, such as spring warmth, summer heat damage, summer heat-strike, heat-strike, latent summer heat, autumn-dryness, winter-warmth, warm toxin, dampness damage, sudden contracted wind-cold, wind damage, and windwarmth in this book, respectively

The Grand Compendium of Medicine (Yī Xué Jí Chéng, )

A.D. 1873

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Liu Shi-lian

The author collected medical discussion of doctors through the history, patterns and treatment in different clinical departments, and case reports to compile this book. The first volume is the general introduction of TCM, including yin-yang, zang-fu organs, and diagnostic methods. The second and third volumes introduce cold damage, pestilence, internal miscellaneous diseases, gynecological and obstetric diseases, diseases of infancy and sores. The fourth volume introduces case reports, illustrations of 14 channels and channel point verses, and the Cheng Zhong-ling’s medical eight (medicinal treatment) methods

Empirical Formula (Jīng Yàn Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1878

The Qing Dynasty; written by He Jinshen

This book explains four empirical formulas, such as Cai Songting’s Miraculous Effective Formula for Difficult Labor (cai song ting nan chan shen xiao fang), Pinellia and Fritillaria Powder for Malaria (nüe ji ban bei san), and Five Fragrant Subtances Pill (wu xiang wan).

Compilation of Ophthalmology (Yaˇn Kē Zuaˇn Yào, )

A.D. 1879

The Qing Dynasty; written by Huang Yan

This book is compiled with verse style. Its contents include ophthalmologic treatise of scholars in the past, secret transmissions of teachers and friends, and the author’s therapeutic experience

Exploration on the Subtleties of Treatment Strategies for Diphtheria (Bái Hóu Zhì Faˇ Jué Wēi, )

A.D. 1891

The Qing Dynasty; written by Nai Xiu-zi

The author combined the treatment experience of doctors Zheng Mei-jian and Zhang Shao-xiu with his personal experience to compile this book. In this book, the author affirmed treatment of diphtheria with formulas that release the exterior, and highly praised the method of nourishing yin and clearing lung heat. Many empirical formulas are introduced in this book

The Great Compendium of Traumatology (Sha¯ng Kē Dà Chéng, )

A.D. 1891

The Qing Dynasty; written by Zhao Zhuquan

The book records the application of touching, bonesetting, lifting, holding, massaging, and tui na manipulation in treating injuries in detail. In this book, the section of “skillful method of bonesetting to joint of bones by hand” is especially expounded in detail. It also records over 40 empirical medical formulas for treating injuries

Convenient Reader on Established Formulas (Chéng Fa¯ng Biàn Dú, )

A.D. 1904

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Zhang Bing-cheng

There are over 290 established formulas that are commonly used in ancient and modern times in this book. Formulas are divided into 21 categories as supplementing and nourishing, exteriorreleasing and interior-purging. Each formula is compiled as seven character verse, and explained from etiology and formula analysis in detail. It can be one of the basic reading materials for students (Continued )

922 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Revised and Expanded Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases (Chóng Dìng Gua˘ng Wēn Rè Lùn, )

A.D. 1907

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by He Lian-chen (Style: He Bing-yuan)

The original work is Treatise on Widespread Warm Pestilence (Gua˘ng Wēn Yì Lùn, ) written by Dai Tian-zhang. It was renamed as Treatise on Widespread Warm-Heat Diseases (Gua˘ng Wēn Rè Lùn, ) after deletion, revision, and supplement by Lu Mao-xiu. Then it was again supplemented, deleted, and revised by He Lian-chen. Finally, it was named as Revised and Expanded Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases (Chóng Dìng Gua˘ng Wēn Rè Lùn, )

Revised Popular Guide to ‘Treatise on Cold Damage’ (Chóng Dìng Tōng Sú Sha¯ng Hán Lùn, )

Exact date unknown

The Qing Dynasty; written by Yu Genchu (Style: Yu Zhaoyuan); revised by Xu Rong-zhai

This book is a relatively practical proposal for diagnosis and treatment in cold damage and damp-heat diseases, including inspection methods for cold damage, treatments for cold damage, health-nursing methods during or after cold damage

Learning-Inherited Collection of External Medicine (Wài Kē Chuán Xīn Jí, )

Exact date unknown

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Ma Pei-zhi

This book records the author’s over 200 formulas for application in surgical medicine. Formulas are not categorized and introduced briefly

The Complete Book on Measles (Má Zheˇn Quán Shu¯, )

Exact date unknown

Formerly inscribed by Huan Shou (Yuan Dynasty); in fact, compiled by people in Qing Dynasty

Most contents in this book are compiled from Complete Book of Measles to Safeguard Life (Má Kē Huó Rén Quán Shu¯, ). This book expounds symptoms and sings, and patterns and treatment. It is attached with therapeutic formulas

Records of Chinese Medicine with Reference to Western Medicine (Yī Xué Zhōng Zhōng Ca¯n Xī Lù, )

A.D. 19181934

The Republic of China; written by Zhang Xi-chun (Style: Zhang Shou-fu)

This book clarifies medical principles combining the theories of Chinese medicine and Western medicine and the author’s medical experience. It also records a large number of cases and formulas and Zhang Xi-chun’s comment articles

A Summary of Externallycontracted Syndromes (Ga˘n Zhèng Jí Yào, )

A.D. 1920

The Republic of China; compiled by Yan Hong-zhi

Its contents include the following three parts: (1) discussion about pattern differentiation and treatment from the experts on cold damage and warm disease in Ming and Qing dynasties; (2) diagnostic methods, patterns and treatment of diseases and syndromes that target cold damage and warm disease as primary; and (3) formulas for external contraction that divided into eight categories: exterior-releasing, vomiting-inducing, interior-purging, harmonizing, opening and venting, heatclearing, cold-dispelling, and supplementing-boosting

Outline of the Patterns and Treatment of Throat Granular Disorder (Hóu Sha¯ Zhèng Zhì Gài Yào, )

A.D. 1927

The Qing Dynasty; compiled by Ding Gan-ren; revised by Ding Zhong-ying

This book systematically discusses the name, etiology, pathogenesis, pattern differentiation and treatment of scarlatina, which has an important guiding significance for later ages to treat the infectious diseases of respiratory tract, such as scarlet fever

Secrets-Enlightening on Herbal Medicinals (Yào Liaˇn Qıˇ Mì, )

A.D. 1931

The Republic of China; compiled by Xu Ban-long

This book specially expounds the refining methods of pellet, powder, and paste used in surgery

Neologism of Diagnosis and Treatment of Miscellaneous Chinese Internal Diseases (Zhōng Yī Nèi Kē Zá Bìng Zhèng Zhì Xīn Yì, )

A.D. 1958

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Hu Guang-ci

This book includes seven chapters including patterns and treatment of nervous system, patterns and treatment of circulatory system and patterns and treatment of respiratory system, and expounds definition of internal miscellaneous disease, pathogeny, pattern (syndrome) and treatment, respectively

Formulas from the Imperial Institute of Medicine in Qing Dynasty (Qīng Tài Yī Yuàn Pèi Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Hebei Academy of Traiditonal Chinese Medicine

The whole book is categorized into 16 sections, such as windphlegm, cough with phlegm, cold damage and summer heatwarmth, and records 425 formulas. Each formula is introduced from indication, composition and method of preparation

Appendix 2

923

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Concise Gynecology in Chinese Medicine (Jiaˇn Míng Zhōng Yī Fù Kē Xué, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Nanjing College of TCM

This book is divided into two parts: general introduction and specific discussion. The general introduction includes gynecological elementary knowledge and brief history of gynecology. The specific discussion expounds many diseases and syndromes including menstruation-irregulation, leukorrhea, pregnancy and procreation, the antenatal, the parturient, postpartum, breast disease, and miscellaneous disease

Chinese Traditional Patent Formulation of Combinations (Zhōng Yào Chéng Fa¯ng Pèi Beˇn, )

A.D. 1959

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Suzhou Health Bureau

The whole book is divided into nine parts: pill, powder, paste, pellet, medicinal wine, gelatin, flower distillate, plaster (for external application), and others. It also records 363 established formulas in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, and ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology

Teaching Materials of TCM External Medicine (Zhōng Yī Wài Kē Xué Jiaˇng Yì, )

A.D. 1960

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Shanghai College of TCM

This book expounds etiology, diagnosis and treatment of 116 kinds of diseases and syndromes in surgery

Teaching Materials of TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology (Zhōng Yī Sha¯ng Kē Xué Jiaˇng Yì, )

A.D. 1960

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Shanghai College of TCM

This book outlines the etiology, pathogenesis, patterns and treatment of diseases in traumatology, manipulation of reduction and treatment of practice, and introduces the etiology, pattern differentiation and treatment of 42 kinds of common diseases and syndromes in traumatology, respectively. It is attached with 156 commonly-used traumatological formulas for oral use and external treatment at the end of text

Beijing Collected Writings on Chinese Traditional Patent Formulation (Beˇi Jīng Shì Zhōng Yào Chéng Fa¯ng Xuaˇn Jí, )

A.D. 1961

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Beijing Public Health Bureau

This book introduces the methods of preparation for dosage forms of eight patent medicines, such as pill, powder, and paste, and general information of storage. Over 690 Chinese patent medicines are recorded in this book

Collected Compilation of Nationwide Chinese Patent Medicine and Prescriptions (Quán Guó Zhōng Yào Chéng Yào Chuˇ Fa¯ng Jí, )

A.D. 1962

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences

This book is formed through collecting and compiling the representative or universal Chinese patent medicine from 25 large and middle-sized cities in China. It collects over 2000 patent medical formulas. Its contents include Chinese medicinal processing, name of each Chinese patent medicine, region of production, effect, indication, formula, method of preparation, and contraindication

Treatment Strategies and Formulas in Chinese Medicine (Zhōng Yī Zhì Faˇ Yuˇ Fa¯ng Jì, )

A.D. 1975

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Chengdu College of TCM

The general introduction of this book includes common treatments and elementary knowledge of Chinese medical formulas. The specific discussion expounds 68 treatments of viscera (heart, liver, spleen, stomach, lung, and kidney) diseases, 263 primary formulas, and 205 modified formulas

Lin Ru-gao’s Experience on Bonesetting (Lín Rú Ga¯o Zhèng Guˇ Jīng Yàn, )

A.D. 1977

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Zhang An-zhen

Its contents include bone fracture, dislocation, soft tissue injury, internal damage and treatment of practice. Over 100 empirical formulas passed down in the Lin’s family are attached at the end of text

New Acute Abdomen Science (Xīn Jí Fù Zhèng Xué, )

A.D. 1978

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Tianjin Nankai Hospital & Zunyi Medical College

This book mainly expounds etiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment by traditional Chinese and Western medicine, prevention and nursing for acute abdomen condition

(Continued )

924 Appendix 2

TABLE 45.2 Introduction to Well-Known Literatures About Formula (cont.) Name of Writings

Date Written

Dynasty and Author

Main Contents

Revised Yan’s Formulas to Aid the Living (Chóng Dìng Yán Shì Jì Shēng Fa¯ng, )

A.D. 1980

Compiled by Zhejiang Institute of TCM & Huzhou TCM Hospital (originally written by Yan Yonghe)

This book is a compilation edition of Formulas to Aid the Living (Jì Shēng Fa¯ng, ) and Supplement to ‘Formulas to Aid the Living’ (Jì Shēng Xù Fa¯ng, ) written by Yan Yonghe through arranging and editing. The whole book records 85 medical theses and over 520 medical formulas

TCM Otorhinolaryngology (Zhōng Yī Ĕr Bí Hóu Kē Xué, )

A.D. 1988

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Tan Jing-hua

The whole book is divided into six chapters: (1) the brief developing history of TCM ear, nose, throat, mouth and tooth; (2) otology; (3) rhinology; (4) laryngology; (5) dentology; and (6) common tumors of ear, nose, throat, and mouth. Each chapter is introduced from purpose and requirement, self-study class hour, self-study guidance, review test problems, and references

Clinical Chinese Internal Medicine (Lín Chuáng Zhōng Yī Nèi Kē Xué, )

A.D. 1994

The People’s Republic of China; compiled by Wang Yong-yan

The whole book systematically expounds the origin and development of TCM internal medicine, and introduces etiology, pathogenesis, patterns and treatment, differential diagnosis, and prognosis of 150 kinds of internal diseases and syndromes