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Irradiated Oligochitosan against Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides in Chili
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
11th Eco-Energy and Materials Science and Engineering (11th EMSES)
Irradiated Oligochitosan Against Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides In Chili Prartana Kewsuwana*, Sawittree Rujitanapanichb, Tharntip Bhasabutrac, Vichai Puripunyavanicha, Aporn Busamongkola, Uthaiwan Injareana, Pipat Pichetponga a Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok 26120 Thailand Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bang Khen ,Bangkok 10220 Thailand 10220 c Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Chatuchak 10220 Thailand 10220
b
Abstract This study aimed to prepare oligochitosan by gamma radiation. Irradiated oligochitosan was prepared in solid state in air at room temperature. The molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan in relation to different irradiation doses were analyzed and assess the efficiency of irradiated oligochitosan on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) causing chili anthracnose in Thailand. The viscosity average molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan was carried out by using Ubbelohde viscosmeter. Gamma irradiation led to significant reduction of the viscosity-average molecular weight (Mv) of chitosan. The apparent Mv of oligochitosan decreased with increasing radiation dose. Lactic acid was used as a solvent instead of acetic acid which is a common solvent due to the inhibition ability of acetic acid against C. gloeosporioides. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) incorporated with oligochitosan at different concentrations (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0%) was used as treatments for in vitro tests. The result shows that PDA mixed with 0.05 – 1% irradiated oligochitosan were inhibited or retarded the growth of C. gloeosporioides. Published Elsevier Ltd. 2014Elsevier The Authors. ©©2014 Ltd. This is an openby access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). (RMUTT).under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT) Peer-review Keywords: Irradiated oligochitosan; Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides; Chili; Gamma Radiation
1. Introduction Anthracnose is one of the most important diseases on chili in Thailand. It is caused by three Colletotrichum species, including C.gloeosporioides, C.acutatum and C.capsici. It was reported that one of the major casual
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 6-684-005-5768; fax:. E-mail address: [email protected].
1876-6102 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT) doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.158
Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
275
organisms of chili anthracnose in Thailand is C.gloeosporioides [1]. It causes extensive pre- and postharvest damage to the chili fruit in the rainy and warm seasons. Typical anthracnose symptoms on chili fruit include sunken necrotic tissues, with concentric rings of acervuli. Even small anthracnose lesions on chili fruits reduce their marketable value. Widespread use of agrochemicals has certainly decreased the outbreak of fungal diseases, but at the same time has contributed to the development of resistant pathogens [2,3]. Moreover, such chemicals can be lethal to beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere and useful soil insects, and they may also enter the food chain and accumulate in the human body as undesirable chemical residues [4]. Therefore, many researchers have tried to develop new and effective antimicrobial reagents that do not stimulate resistance and are less expensive. Chitosan is nature polymer, and consists of polymers of E-(1, 4)-glucosamine subunits. It is environmentally safe, nontoxic and biodegradable. Recent studies have shown that chitosan is not only effective in halting the growth of the pathogen, but also induces marked morphological changes, structural alterations and molecular disorganization of the fungal cells [5]. It has been commonly recognized that antifungal activity of chitosan depends on its molecular weight, deacetylation degree, pH of chitosan solution and the target organism. It found that oligochitosan was more effective than chitosan in inhibiting mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici and its inhibition on different stages in life cycle of P. capsici [6]. It was also reported that oligochitosan acts on plants like common vaccines act on human and animals [7]. In general, there are many methods for the preparation of chitosan with low molecular weight such as by acidic hydrolysis, enzymatic treatment or gamma radiation. However, radiation can provide a useful tool for degradation of chitosan because no other chemical reagents are introduced and there is not a need to control the temperature, environment or additives. The application of irradiated oligochitosan in chili plant has seldom been reported. The purpose of the current research reported the preparation of oligochitosan by gamma irradiation and the possibility of using irradiated oligochitosan to control or inhibit C.gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in chili. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Preparation of irradiated oligochitosan by gamma irradiation Commercial chitosan from shrimp shell was purchased from local company in Thailand and used without further purification. Chitosan powder packaged in polyethylene bags was irradiated at doses of 0 – 350 kilo Gray (kGy) by gamma ray from 60Co Gammacell-220 at the dose rate of 10 kGy/h. 2.2 Characterization of molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan by intrinsic viscosity The irradiated oligochitosan sample was dried at temperature 40 qC in vacuum oven until constant weight. The viscometric measurements were performed in 0.2 M acetic acid/ 0.15 M ammonium acetate. Weigh carefully ca. 0.1 g of dry chitosan (the exact weight) and transfer it into a 100 ml volumetric flask. Add ca. 80 ml of solvent; close the flask with a stopper. Stir gently for 24 hours at room temperature. Fill the flask with solvent to the mark and shake gently. The irradiated oligochitosan solution was filtered through Minisart NML (Cat.No. 16555) of Sartorius. Then, the 10 ml of filtered chitosan solution was filled into the Ubbelohde viscosmeter 531 10/I of Schott Instruments through the filling tube. The flow time was measured at 25 qC. The average of these five flow times was calculated. Dilute the original solution by adding a 10 ml of 0.2 M acetic acid/ 0.15 M ammonium acetate solvent. Wait 15 minutes for complete equilibration of temperature and concentration. Repeat the flow time measurement by adding subsequent 10 ml of solvent until the total volume of 60 ml of the solution was reached. The [K] of irradiated oligochitosan in solvent were calculated. If values of the K and Į constants are known, the value of [K] could be recalculated into the Mv using the Mark-Houwink equation as shown below: [K] = K . Mv
D
(1)
For the chitosan in 0.2 M acetic acid / 0.15 M ammonium acetate solvent at 25.0 qC the constants are K = 9.66 u 10-5 dm3/g and D = 0.742.
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Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
2.3 Microorganism C.gloeosporioides was kindly provided by Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Chatuchak, Thailand. The pure culture isolate was grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 30 qC for up to 7 days prior to use. 2.4 Antifungal assay The effects of irradiated oligochitosan concentrations on the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides were assessed in vitro using potato dextrose agar (PDA) mixed with eight concentrations of irradiated oligochitosan to give a final concentration of 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1%. Briefly, the irradiated chitosan solution was prepared by dissolving irradiated oligochitosan 90% deacetylated in 0.7% CH3CH(OH)COOH with continuous stirring at room temperature and adjusting the pH to 5.6 using 1N and 3N NaOH. Then, each irradiated oligochitosan solution was added to the PDA medium after autoclaving and poured into 90 mm Petri dishes. Mycelial discs (6mm in diameter) of C.gloeosporioides grown on PDA plates were cut from the margins of the colony and placed in the centre of each PDA plate containing different concentrations of irradiated oligochitosan. The plates were incubated at 30qC until the mycelium of C.gloeosporioides reached the edges of the control plate (without added the samples). The antifungal activity was calculated as follows: Antifungal activity (%) = (1 –
Dt ) x 100 Dc
(2)
where Dt is the diameter of the growth zone in the test plate and Dc is the diameter of growth zone in the control plate. Each treatment was performed nine plates, and the data were averaged. 3. Results In this study, chitosan was irradiated by gamma radiation in solid state. This process is suitable for large scale application. After irradiation, the Mv of resultant oligochitosan was analyzed by intrinsic viscosity method. Changes in molecular weight with irradiation dose are given in Fig. 1. With increasing dose up to 100 kGy, the molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan decreased remarkably and then gradually levelled off as the dose increased further. No significant change in molecular weight was observed for the dose from 100 to 350 kGy. Rapid decrease in Mv clearly indicated the degradation of chitosan by radiation.
Fig. 1. Mv of chitosan vs irradiation dose.
Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
A0
A2
A1
A3
Fig.2. Mycelial growth of C.gloeosporioides on PDA mixed with different acetic acid content. A0: PDA Control A1: PDA+0.02% CH3COOH A2: PDA+0.1% CH3COOH A3: PDA+0.2% CH3COOH
In general, mechanism of radiation degradation was reported in aqueous state. Hydroxyl radicals in aqueous state were responsible for degradation process [8]. Hydroxyl radicals are a powerful oxidative agent that reacts with the glucosidic bond of chitosan by abstraction of carbon-bound hydrogen resulting the breakage of chitosan molecules. The higher irradiation dose, the greater the reduction of Mw occur. The degradation of chitosan is due to the formation of hydroxyl radical (xOH) through the radiolysis of water and H2O2 as follows J H2O o H2, H2O2, eaq, xH, xOH, H3O+ But in solid state irradiation, chain scissions are mainly due to the direct effect of ionizing radiation. The degradation occurs through the formation of macro radicals that produce low molecular weight polymeric chains. Chitosan copolymer consist of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine units linked by E (1–4) glycosidic bonds, when subjected to gamma irradiation, chain scissions occur through the breakage of E (1–4) glycosidic bonds. Actually, acetic acid is the most common solvent used in dissolving chitosan. In this study, it was found that acetic acid inhibited the growth of C.gloeosporioides. Therefore, the antifungal activity of acetic and lactic acids on the C.gloeosporioides growth was performed with the PDA media. The acetic acid in the concentration of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% acetic acid and lactic acid in the concentration of 0.2, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.7% were mixed with PDA. Fig.2 indicated the mycelial growths of C.gloeosporioides more decreased at elevated concentration of acetic acid, whereas lactic acids affected to a lesser extent as shown in Fig.3. The inhibition activity of irradiated oligochitosan
Fig. 3. Effect of lactic acid at different concentration on the growth of C. gloeosporioides.
277
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Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
Fig.4. Antifungal activity of irradiated oligochitosan mixed with PDA at chitosan concentration of 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% against C.gloeosporioides during a 7 days incubation.
blended with PDA at different irradiated oligochitosan concentrations against C. gloesporioides during a 7 days incubation showed in Fig.4. Irradiated oligochitosan concentrations of 0.001 to 0.01% in PDA did not show any inhibition activity against C.gloeosporioides. The concentration of 0.05 and 0.1% irradiated oligochitosan had low inhibition activity (about 12.7% and 11.3%, respectively). For the concentration of 0.5% and 1%, it had a high inhibition activity about 42.9% and 65.2%, respectively. The results indicated that the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides was inhibited or retarded when the growth media of fungi are amended with 0.05% irradiated oligochitosan or more. The irradiated oligochitosan had potential to use as alternative for the delay of anthracnose diseases in chilli. 4. Conclusion Chitosan was degraded by gamma irradiation in solid state to obtain the irradiated oligochitosan. With increasing dose, the molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan decreased. Lactic acid was used to dissolve the irradiated oligochitosan instead of acetic acid because the C.gloeosporioides growths were considerably inhibited by acetic acids. The inhibition activity was dependent upon the irradiated oligochitosan concentrations, and higher concentration resulted in higher antifungal activity. In our study demonstrated that irradiated oligochitosan has potential for use in controlling C.gloeosporioides causing chili anthracnose. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ms.Sililuk Chukaew and Ms.Somporn Polkratok, staffs of Nuclear Research and Development Group, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology, who had contributed to this work. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Pakdeevaraporn P, Wasee S, Taylor PWJ, Mongkolporn O. Inheritance of resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum Capsici in Capsicum. Plant Breeding 2005;124(2):206-8. Beever RE, Laracy EP, Pak HA. Strains of Botrytis cinerea resistant to dicarboximide and benzimidazole fungicides in New Zealand vineyards. Plant Pathol 1989;38:427-37. Raposo R, Gomez V, Urrutia T, Melgarejo P. Fitness of Botrytis Cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance. Phytopathology 2000;90:1246-9. Bartlett DW, Clough JM, Godwin JR, Hall AA, Hamer M, Parr-Dobrzanski B. The strobilurin fungicides. Pest Manag Sci 2002;58:649-62. Ait Barka E, Eullaffroy P, Cle´ment C, Vernet G. Chitosan improves development, and protects Vitis vinifera L. against Botrytis Cinerea. Plant Cell Rep 2004;22:608-14. Junguang X, Xiaoming Z, Xiuwen H, Yuguang D. Antifungal activity of oligochitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2007;87: 220–8.
Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279 [7] [8]
Heng Y, Xiaoming Z, Yuguang D. Oligochitosan: A plant diseases vaccine—A review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2010; 82:1–8. Sonntag V, Bothe E, Ulanski P, Deeble DJ. Pulse radiolysis in model studies toward radiation processing. Physics and Chemistry 1995;46:527–32. [9] Tahtat D, Mahlous M, Benamer S, Khodja AN, Youcef SL. Effect of molecular weight on radiation chemical degradation yield of chain scission of J-irradiated chitosan in solid state and in aqueous solution. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2012;81: 659–65.
279
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
11th Eco-Energy and Materials Science and Engineering (11th EMSES)
Irradiated Oligochitosan Against Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides In Chili Prartana Kewsuwana*, Sawittree Rujitanapanichb, Tharntip Bhasabutrac, Vichai Puripunyavanicha, Aporn Busamongkola, Uthaiwan Injareana, Pipat Pichetponga a Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok 26120 Thailand Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bang Khen ,Bangkok 10220 Thailand 10220 c Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Chatuchak 10220 Thailand 10220
b
Abstract This study aimed to prepare oligochitosan by gamma radiation. Irradiated oligochitosan was prepared in solid state in air at room temperature. The molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan in relation to different irradiation doses were analyzed and assess the efficiency of irradiated oligochitosan on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) causing chili anthracnose in Thailand. The viscosity average molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan was carried out by using Ubbelohde viscosmeter. Gamma irradiation led to significant reduction of the viscosity-average molecular weight (Mv) of chitosan. The apparent Mv of oligochitosan decreased with increasing radiation dose. Lactic acid was used as a solvent instead of acetic acid which is a common solvent due to the inhibition ability of acetic acid against C. gloeosporioides. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) incorporated with oligochitosan at different concentrations (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0%) was used as treatments for in vitro tests. The result shows that PDA mixed with 0.05 – 1% irradiated oligochitosan were inhibited or retarded the growth of C. gloeosporioides. Published Elsevier Ltd. 2014Elsevier The Authors. ©©2014 Ltd. This is an openby access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). (RMUTT).under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT) Peer-review Keywords: Irradiated oligochitosan; Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides; Chili; Gamma Radiation
1. Introduction Anthracnose is one of the most important diseases on chili in Thailand. It is caused by three Colletotrichum species, including C.gloeosporioides, C.acutatum and C.capsici. It was reported that one of the major casual
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 6-684-005-5768; fax:. E-mail address: [email protected].
1876-6102 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT) doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.158
Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
275
organisms of chili anthracnose in Thailand is C.gloeosporioides [1]. It causes extensive pre- and postharvest damage to the chili fruit in the rainy and warm seasons. Typical anthracnose symptoms on chili fruit include sunken necrotic tissues, with concentric rings of acervuli. Even small anthracnose lesions on chili fruits reduce their marketable value. Widespread use of agrochemicals has certainly decreased the outbreak of fungal diseases, but at the same time has contributed to the development of resistant pathogens [2,3]. Moreover, such chemicals can be lethal to beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere and useful soil insects, and they may also enter the food chain and accumulate in the human body as undesirable chemical residues [4]. Therefore, many researchers have tried to develop new and effective antimicrobial reagents that do not stimulate resistance and are less expensive. Chitosan is nature polymer, and consists of polymers of E-(1, 4)-glucosamine subunits. It is environmentally safe, nontoxic and biodegradable. Recent studies have shown that chitosan is not only effective in halting the growth of the pathogen, but also induces marked morphological changes, structural alterations and molecular disorganization of the fungal cells [5]. It has been commonly recognized that antifungal activity of chitosan depends on its molecular weight, deacetylation degree, pH of chitosan solution and the target organism. It found that oligochitosan was more effective than chitosan in inhibiting mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici and its inhibition on different stages in life cycle of P. capsici [6]. It was also reported that oligochitosan acts on plants like common vaccines act on human and animals [7]. In general, there are many methods for the preparation of chitosan with low molecular weight such as by acidic hydrolysis, enzymatic treatment or gamma radiation. However, radiation can provide a useful tool for degradation of chitosan because no other chemical reagents are introduced and there is not a need to control the temperature, environment or additives. The application of irradiated oligochitosan in chili plant has seldom been reported. The purpose of the current research reported the preparation of oligochitosan by gamma irradiation and the possibility of using irradiated oligochitosan to control or inhibit C.gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in chili. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Preparation of irradiated oligochitosan by gamma irradiation Commercial chitosan from shrimp shell was purchased from local company in Thailand and used without further purification. Chitosan powder packaged in polyethylene bags was irradiated at doses of 0 – 350 kilo Gray (kGy) by gamma ray from 60Co Gammacell-220 at the dose rate of 10 kGy/h. 2.2 Characterization of molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan by intrinsic viscosity The irradiated oligochitosan sample was dried at temperature 40 qC in vacuum oven until constant weight. The viscometric measurements were performed in 0.2 M acetic acid/ 0.15 M ammonium acetate. Weigh carefully ca. 0.1 g of dry chitosan (the exact weight) and transfer it into a 100 ml volumetric flask. Add ca. 80 ml of solvent; close the flask with a stopper. Stir gently for 24 hours at room temperature. Fill the flask with solvent to the mark and shake gently. The irradiated oligochitosan solution was filtered through Minisart NML (Cat.No. 16555) of Sartorius. Then, the 10 ml of filtered chitosan solution was filled into the Ubbelohde viscosmeter 531 10/I of Schott Instruments through the filling tube. The flow time was measured at 25 qC. The average of these five flow times was calculated. Dilute the original solution by adding a 10 ml of 0.2 M acetic acid/ 0.15 M ammonium acetate solvent. Wait 15 minutes for complete equilibration of temperature and concentration. Repeat the flow time measurement by adding subsequent 10 ml of solvent until the total volume of 60 ml of the solution was reached. The [K] of irradiated oligochitosan in solvent were calculated. If values of the K and Į constants are known, the value of [K] could be recalculated into the Mv using the Mark-Houwink equation as shown below: [K] = K . Mv
D
(1)
For the chitosan in 0.2 M acetic acid / 0.15 M ammonium acetate solvent at 25.0 qC the constants are K = 9.66 u 10-5 dm3/g and D = 0.742.
276
Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
2.3 Microorganism C.gloeosporioides was kindly provided by Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Chatuchak, Thailand. The pure culture isolate was grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 30 qC for up to 7 days prior to use. 2.4 Antifungal assay The effects of irradiated oligochitosan concentrations on the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides were assessed in vitro using potato dextrose agar (PDA) mixed with eight concentrations of irradiated oligochitosan to give a final concentration of 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1%. Briefly, the irradiated chitosan solution was prepared by dissolving irradiated oligochitosan 90% deacetylated in 0.7% CH3CH(OH)COOH with continuous stirring at room temperature and adjusting the pH to 5.6 using 1N and 3N NaOH. Then, each irradiated oligochitosan solution was added to the PDA medium after autoclaving and poured into 90 mm Petri dishes. Mycelial discs (6mm in diameter) of C.gloeosporioides grown on PDA plates were cut from the margins of the colony and placed in the centre of each PDA plate containing different concentrations of irradiated oligochitosan. The plates were incubated at 30qC until the mycelium of C.gloeosporioides reached the edges of the control plate (without added the samples). The antifungal activity was calculated as follows: Antifungal activity (%) = (1 –
Dt ) x 100 Dc
(2)
where Dt is the diameter of the growth zone in the test plate and Dc is the diameter of growth zone in the control plate. Each treatment was performed nine plates, and the data were averaged. 3. Results In this study, chitosan was irradiated by gamma radiation in solid state. This process is suitable for large scale application. After irradiation, the Mv of resultant oligochitosan was analyzed by intrinsic viscosity method. Changes in molecular weight with irradiation dose are given in Fig. 1. With increasing dose up to 100 kGy, the molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan decreased remarkably and then gradually levelled off as the dose increased further. No significant change in molecular weight was observed for the dose from 100 to 350 kGy. Rapid decrease in Mv clearly indicated the degradation of chitosan by radiation.
Fig. 1. Mv of chitosan vs irradiation dose.
Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
A0
A2
A1
A3
Fig.2. Mycelial growth of C.gloeosporioides on PDA mixed with different acetic acid content. A0: PDA Control A1: PDA+0.02% CH3COOH A2: PDA+0.1% CH3COOH A3: PDA+0.2% CH3COOH
In general, mechanism of radiation degradation was reported in aqueous state. Hydroxyl radicals in aqueous state were responsible for degradation process [8]. Hydroxyl radicals are a powerful oxidative agent that reacts with the glucosidic bond of chitosan by abstraction of carbon-bound hydrogen resulting the breakage of chitosan molecules. The higher irradiation dose, the greater the reduction of Mw occur. The degradation of chitosan is due to the formation of hydroxyl radical (xOH) through the radiolysis of water and H2O2 as follows J H2O o H2, H2O2, eaq, xH, xOH, H3O+ But in solid state irradiation, chain scissions are mainly due to the direct effect of ionizing radiation. The degradation occurs through the formation of macro radicals that produce low molecular weight polymeric chains. Chitosan copolymer consist of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine units linked by E (1–4) glycosidic bonds, when subjected to gamma irradiation, chain scissions occur through the breakage of E (1–4) glycosidic bonds. Actually, acetic acid is the most common solvent used in dissolving chitosan. In this study, it was found that acetic acid inhibited the growth of C.gloeosporioides. Therefore, the antifungal activity of acetic and lactic acids on the C.gloeosporioides growth was performed with the PDA media. The acetic acid in the concentration of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% acetic acid and lactic acid in the concentration of 0.2, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.7% were mixed with PDA. Fig.2 indicated the mycelial growths of C.gloeosporioides more decreased at elevated concentration of acetic acid, whereas lactic acids affected to a lesser extent as shown in Fig.3. The inhibition activity of irradiated oligochitosan
Fig. 3. Effect of lactic acid at different concentration on the growth of C. gloeosporioides.
277
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Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279
Fig.4. Antifungal activity of irradiated oligochitosan mixed with PDA at chitosan concentration of 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% against C.gloeosporioides during a 7 days incubation.
blended with PDA at different irradiated oligochitosan concentrations against C. gloesporioides during a 7 days incubation showed in Fig.4. Irradiated oligochitosan concentrations of 0.001 to 0.01% in PDA did not show any inhibition activity against C.gloeosporioides. The concentration of 0.05 and 0.1% irradiated oligochitosan had low inhibition activity (about 12.7% and 11.3%, respectively). For the concentration of 0.5% and 1%, it had a high inhibition activity about 42.9% and 65.2%, respectively. The results indicated that the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides was inhibited or retarded when the growth media of fungi are amended with 0.05% irradiated oligochitosan or more. The irradiated oligochitosan had potential to use as alternative for the delay of anthracnose diseases in chilli. 4. Conclusion Chitosan was degraded by gamma irradiation in solid state to obtain the irradiated oligochitosan. With increasing dose, the molecular weight of irradiated oligochitosan decreased. Lactic acid was used to dissolve the irradiated oligochitosan instead of acetic acid because the C.gloeosporioides growths were considerably inhibited by acetic acids. The inhibition activity was dependent upon the irradiated oligochitosan concentrations, and higher concentration resulted in higher antifungal activity. In our study demonstrated that irradiated oligochitosan has potential for use in controlling C.gloeosporioides causing chili anthracnose. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ms.Sililuk Chukaew and Ms.Somporn Polkratok, staffs of Nuclear Research and Development Group, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology, who had contributed to this work. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Pakdeevaraporn P, Wasee S, Taylor PWJ, Mongkolporn O. Inheritance of resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum Capsici in Capsicum. Plant Breeding 2005;124(2):206-8. Beever RE, Laracy EP, Pak HA. Strains of Botrytis cinerea resistant to dicarboximide and benzimidazole fungicides in New Zealand vineyards. Plant Pathol 1989;38:427-37. Raposo R, Gomez V, Urrutia T, Melgarejo P. Fitness of Botrytis Cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance. Phytopathology 2000;90:1246-9. Bartlett DW, Clough JM, Godwin JR, Hall AA, Hamer M, Parr-Dobrzanski B. The strobilurin fungicides. Pest Manag Sci 2002;58:649-62. Ait Barka E, Eullaffroy P, Cle´ment C, Vernet G. Chitosan improves development, and protects Vitis vinifera L. against Botrytis Cinerea. Plant Cell Rep 2004;22:608-14. Junguang X, Xiaoming Z, Xiuwen H, Yuguang D. Antifungal activity of oligochitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2007;87: 220–8.
Prartana Kewsuwan et al. / Energy Procedia 56 (2014) 274 – 279 [7] [8]
Heng Y, Xiaoming Z, Yuguang D. Oligochitosan: A plant diseases vaccine—A review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2010; 82:1–8. Sonntag V, Bothe E, Ulanski P, Deeble DJ. Pulse radiolysis in model studies toward radiation processing. Physics and Chemistry 1995;46:527–32. [9] Tahtat D, Mahlous M, Benamer S, Khodja AN, Youcef SL. Effect of molecular weight on radiation chemical degradation yield of chain scission of J-irradiated chitosan in solid state and in aqueous solution. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2012;81: 659–65.
279