- Email: [email protected]
Ivo Babuška – Mathematician and engineer
Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 196 (2007) iii–v www.elsevier.com/locate/cma
Preface
Ivo Babusˇka – Mathematician and engineer
From prague to Maryland and to Texas Prague beginnings Scientific programs worldwide are encouraging interdisciplinary work at increasing frequency. Researchers from traditionally disjoint disciplines are motivated to collaborate on challenging scientific and technological projects to break long-standing barriers and promote new ways of thinking. The ongoing computer and information technology revolution is changing the ways we think, learn and communicate. Very few people worldwide deserve the label of a truly interdisciplinary thinker and leader more than Prof. Ivo Babusˇka of the University of Texas. Ivo’s career started with double Ph.D. degrees, one in Technical Science, in 1951, and four years later, one in mathematics. In 1960, Ivo was awarded the title of the Doctor of Science by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in recognition of his international reputation. The enormous energy and leadership qualities of Prof. Babusˇka were visible in the early years of his career. In 1955, together with V. Vycislo and K. Rektorys, he published his first book on The Mathematical Theory of Plane Elasticity (revised German edition in 1960); he served as the Department Head in the Institute of Mathematics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and, in 1956 he founded the prominent and well-known journal on Applied Mathematics (Applikace Matematiky). Over 50 years later, Ivo is still very proud of his engineering work related to the construction of the dam on the river Vltava, about 50 miles from Prague. Maryland In 1968, upon the historical eruption and collapse of Prague, Ivo and his family moved their home to Maryland and began permanent residence in the United States. During his 27 year career at the University of Maryland, Prof. Babusˇka established himself as the unquestionable leader of the international finite element community. In his landmark paper in 1971, Ivo introduced the discrete inf–sup
0045-7825/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2007.05.001
condition, generalizing the results of J. Cea and R. Varga, and setting the theoretical framework for stability and convergence analysis of arbitrary linear problems. Three years later, F. Brezzi reinforced the formalism for problems with constraints, and the name of the famous discrete BB condition was coined. Along with Jim Bramble, Jim Douglas and Bruce Kellogg, Ivo started the Finite Element Circus. These informal, low profile (and cost) meetings, took place twice a year and have been critical in forming the national Finite Element community, and in providing a forum for many young mathematicians and engineers to learn of the most recent developments in this field. In 1972, Academic Press published the over 300 page monograph of Babusˇka and K. Aziz on Survey Lectures on the Mathematical Foundations of the Finite Element Method. This book remains one of the most frequently read and cited books on the subject. Ivo has had a unique ability to foresee the development of the field of finite elements. He has been the force behind many developments in this field. His work with W. Rheinboldt on a-posteriori error estimation has essentially started the field on adaptive finite element methods. In a landmark paper in 1979 with B. Kellogg and J. Pitka¨ranta, the effect of h-adaptivity on the convergence rates for problems with singularities was explained. In the late seventies, Barna Szabo convinced Ivo to reexamine the then established concept of higher order methods, and the p-version of the Finite Element Method was born. The p-method turned out to be much less sensitive to incompressibility constraints (work with M. Vogelius) and locking effects in the analysis of thin-walled structures. The monograph on the p-method with B. Szabo (1991) reaches far outside of the constraints of the mathematical community and has become a standard reference for engineers practicing higher order methods. His work on h- and p-methods culminated in the ultimate concept of optimal discretization – the hp methods. In a series of fundamental works with M. Dorr, W. Gui, B. Guo, M. Suri, Ch. Schwab and others, Babusˇka derived hp error estimates and introduced the concept of geometrically refined meshes, demonstrating the possibility of
iv
Preface / Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 196 (2007) iii–v
exponential convergence for elliptic problems with singular solutions. Ivo has been very active in promoting the new ideas. His participation has been instrumental in the success of the first conferences devoted to adaptive methods and a-posteriori error estimation: in Lisbon (1984), Austin (1989) and Cracow (1991). In 1990, Babusˇka and John Osborn published, within the Handbook on Numerical Analysis, edited by J.L. Lions and Philippe Ciarlet, a long overdue monograph on convergence analysis for finite element discretization of elliptic eigenvalue problems. The text became instantly a classic bridging an essential gap in the FE literature. Being devoted to the analysis of finite elements, Ivo has been very open to new ideas of discretization. In 1983, Babusˇka and J. Osborn opened a new perspective with the idea of a generalized Finite Element Method, expanded further in the work with G. Caloz and J. Osborn (1994) and with M. Melenk on the Partition of Unity Method (PUM) (1996, 1997). Recently, he published a series of papers on this and related subjects based on his work with F. Strouboulis. Prof. Babusˇka has been the spokesman for the effects of unresolved singularities and terms of lower order (work with F. Ihlenburg). The term of the ‘‘pollution error’’ coined by him, has become widely used and accepted by the whole international FE community.
Along with J. Tinsley Oden, Ivo’s current involvement concentrates on Verification and Validation (V&V) issues. He continues to look ahead to new developments and ideas critical for his beloved Finite Elements, and the field of numerical simulations in general.
Texas
Celebrations of 80th birthday
In 1995, Prof. Babusˇka retired from the University of Maryland and started a new life in Texas. His enthusiasm and infinite energy became a well-known feature of the Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics and, after the expansion in 2003, the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences. Shortly after his arrival at TICAM, Ivo started the TICAM forum (now the ICES forum). Those fortnightly informal lectures about mathematics communicate the main ideas without the burden of hard technical details, and have become popular among the students and faculty. Ivo was also instrumental in helping to start in 1995 the Texas chapter of the FE Circus, renamed a few years later as the Finite Element Rodeo. With the location of the meeting circulating between Austin, College Station, Houston and Dallas, the meeting provides a resourceful forum for graduate students, visitors and faculty, binding the Texas FE community. With years, the scientific output of Babusˇka not only does not diminish but is growing. With an average output exceeding over 10 publications per year, Ivo’s record is almost impossible to match. His collaboration with several younger colleagues and visitors stimulates much new work and research. Among his important contributions, one should mention the treatise with Fanis Strouboulis on a-posteriori error estimation (2001), and the book with I. Hlavacek and J. Chleboum on worst-case scenario in problems with uncertain data (2004).
Shortly after the Texas team had agreed to undertake the task of organizing the 8th US Congress on Computational Mechanics, Prof. Babusˇka graciously agreed to celebrate his 80th birthday as a part of the congress activities. The celebrations included 10 minisymposia organized in Ivo’s honor:
Awards The scientific work and leadership of Prof. Ivo Babusˇka has been reflected with many prestigious awards and recognitions over the past years. One has to list at least the most important ones: • Four Honoris Causa doctorates (University of Westminster 1994, Brunel University 1994, Charles University 1997, Helsinki University of Technology 2000). • Membership in European Academy of Sciences (2003), US National Academy of Engineering (2005), and the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas (2005). • Medal de Scientia Humanitate Optime Meritis awarded by the Czech Academy of Sciences (2005). • IACM Newton–Gauss medal (2006). In 2003, the asteroid #36060 is renamed after Babusˇka and becomes instantly Ivo’s planned residence for the next life.
1. Advances in the Mathematics of Finite Elements (organizers: Susanne Brenner, Richard Falk). 2. A Posteriori Error Estimation and Adaptive Procedures from 1976 to 2005 (organizers: Brian Carnes, Jim Stewart, Kevin Copps, Fanis Strouboulis, Carsten Carstensen). 3. Aspects of hp-FEM: Singularities, Solvers and Thin Structures (organizers: Mark Ainsworth, Alexander Duester, Joachim Schoeberl). 4. Automating Finite Element Computation: Will You Sign the Blueprints? (organizers: Robert Kirby, Ridgway Scott). 5. Homogenization (organizers: Gregory Rodin, Leonid Berlyand, Robert Lipton). 6. Uncertainties, Verification and Validation (organizers: Roger Ghanem, John Red-Horse, Raul Tempone, William Oberkampf, Jan Chleboun). 7. Mathematics of Meshless Methods, Generalized Finite Element Methods and Related Methods (organizers: Uday Banerjee, John Osborn).
Preface / Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 196 (2007) iii–v
8. Superconvergence in Finite Elements (organizers: Zhimin Zhang, Qun Lin). 9. The hp-Version of the Boundary Element Method – the Mathematical Foundation (organizers: Ernst Stephan, Norbert Heuer). 10. Verification and Validation Procedures in Solid Mechanics (organizers: Barna Szabo, Alexander Duester). The organizers, listed above, included a majority of Ivo’s former students, colleagues and collaborators. The celebrations began with a banquet in honor of Prof. Babusˇka, attended by over 175 of his colleagues and friends. Numerous speeches offered by Tinsley Oden, John Whiteman, Erwin Stein, Leszek Demkowicz, Juhani Pitkaranta, Benqi Guo, Jan Chleboun, Michael Bieterman, John Lavery, Michael Vogelius, Barna Szabo, Borje Anderson, Rick Falk, Lars Wahlbin, Bruce Kellogg, Manil Suri, Karel Sageth and John Osborn illuminated Ivo’s impact on the community and different periods of his incredibly rich scientific life. In the end, Ivo himself offered a very personal account of his life and scientific activities, which we include in this volume. This special issue All participants of minisymposia organized in Ivo’s honor have been invited to submit original papers corresponding to their presentations. After a thorough re-
v
view process which took over a year, 40 papers have been accepted for the publication in the Special Issue of Computer Methods in Mechanics and Engineering in honor of 80th birthday of Prof. Babusˇka that we proudly present to the reader. The contributions reflect well Prof. Babusˇka’s interdisciplinary work and the minisymposia organized in his honor, spanning across theoretical aspects and practical computations. We have decided to group the publications in the following four categories: • Mathematical Postprocessing, A Posteriori Error Estimation, Mesh and Model Adaptivity. • Mathematics of Finite Elements and Novel Discretization Techniques. • Finite Element Modeling of Physical and Mechanical Processes. • Stochasticity and Uncertainty Analysis.
L. Demkowicz B. Guo J. Osborn M. Vogelius The University of Texas at Austin, ICES, 201 E. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712, United States E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Demkowicz) Available online 10 May 2007
Preface
Ivo Babusˇka – Mathematician and engineer
From prague to Maryland and to Texas Prague beginnings Scientific programs worldwide are encouraging interdisciplinary work at increasing frequency. Researchers from traditionally disjoint disciplines are motivated to collaborate on challenging scientific and technological projects to break long-standing barriers and promote new ways of thinking. The ongoing computer and information technology revolution is changing the ways we think, learn and communicate. Very few people worldwide deserve the label of a truly interdisciplinary thinker and leader more than Prof. Ivo Babusˇka of the University of Texas. Ivo’s career started with double Ph.D. degrees, one in Technical Science, in 1951, and four years later, one in mathematics. In 1960, Ivo was awarded the title of the Doctor of Science by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in recognition of his international reputation. The enormous energy and leadership qualities of Prof. Babusˇka were visible in the early years of his career. In 1955, together with V. Vycislo and K. Rektorys, he published his first book on The Mathematical Theory of Plane Elasticity (revised German edition in 1960); he served as the Department Head in the Institute of Mathematics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and, in 1956 he founded the prominent and well-known journal on Applied Mathematics (Applikace Matematiky). Over 50 years later, Ivo is still very proud of his engineering work related to the construction of the dam on the river Vltava, about 50 miles from Prague. Maryland In 1968, upon the historical eruption and collapse of Prague, Ivo and his family moved their home to Maryland and began permanent residence in the United States. During his 27 year career at the University of Maryland, Prof. Babusˇka established himself as the unquestionable leader of the international finite element community. In his landmark paper in 1971, Ivo introduced the discrete inf–sup
0045-7825/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2007.05.001
condition, generalizing the results of J. Cea and R. Varga, and setting the theoretical framework for stability and convergence analysis of arbitrary linear problems. Three years later, F. Brezzi reinforced the formalism for problems with constraints, and the name of the famous discrete BB condition was coined. Along with Jim Bramble, Jim Douglas and Bruce Kellogg, Ivo started the Finite Element Circus. These informal, low profile (and cost) meetings, took place twice a year and have been critical in forming the national Finite Element community, and in providing a forum for many young mathematicians and engineers to learn of the most recent developments in this field. In 1972, Academic Press published the over 300 page monograph of Babusˇka and K. Aziz on Survey Lectures on the Mathematical Foundations of the Finite Element Method. This book remains one of the most frequently read and cited books on the subject. Ivo has had a unique ability to foresee the development of the field of finite elements. He has been the force behind many developments in this field. His work with W. Rheinboldt on a-posteriori error estimation has essentially started the field on adaptive finite element methods. In a landmark paper in 1979 with B. Kellogg and J. Pitka¨ranta, the effect of h-adaptivity on the convergence rates for problems with singularities was explained. In the late seventies, Barna Szabo convinced Ivo to reexamine the then established concept of higher order methods, and the p-version of the Finite Element Method was born. The p-method turned out to be much less sensitive to incompressibility constraints (work with M. Vogelius) and locking effects in the analysis of thin-walled structures. The monograph on the p-method with B. Szabo (1991) reaches far outside of the constraints of the mathematical community and has become a standard reference for engineers practicing higher order methods. His work on h- and p-methods culminated in the ultimate concept of optimal discretization – the hp methods. In a series of fundamental works with M. Dorr, W. Gui, B. Guo, M. Suri, Ch. Schwab and others, Babusˇka derived hp error estimates and introduced the concept of geometrically refined meshes, demonstrating the possibility of
iv
Preface / Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 196 (2007) iii–v
exponential convergence for elliptic problems with singular solutions. Ivo has been very active in promoting the new ideas. His participation has been instrumental in the success of the first conferences devoted to adaptive methods and a-posteriori error estimation: in Lisbon (1984), Austin (1989) and Cracow (1991). In 1990, Babusˇka and John Osborn published, within the Handbook on Numerical Analysis, edited by J.L. Lions and Philippe Ciarlet, a long overdue monograph on convergence analysis for finite element discretization of elliptic eigenvalue problems. The text became instantly a classic bridging an essential gap in the FE literature. Being devoted to the analysis of finite elements, Ivo has been very open to new ideas of discretization. In 1983, Babusˇka and J. Osborn opened a new perspective with the idea of a generalized Finite Element Method, expanded further in the work with G. Caloz and J. Osborn (1994) and with M. Melenk on the Partition of Unity Method (PUM) (1996, 1997). Recently, he published a series of papers on this and related subjects based on his work with F. Strouboulis. Prof. Babusˇka has been the spokesman for the effects of unresolved singularities and terms of lower order (work with F. Ihlenburg). The term of the ‘‘pollution error’’ coined by him, has become widely used and accepted by the whole international FE community.
Along with J. Tinsley Oden, Ivo’s current involvement concentrates on Verification and Validation (V&V) issues. He continues to look ahead to new developments and ideas critical for his beloved Finite Elements, and the field of numerical simulations in general.
Texas
Celebrations of 80th birthday
In 1995, Prof. Babusˇka retired from the University of Maryland and started a new life in Texas. His enthusiasm and infinite energy became a well-known feature of the Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics and, after the expansion in 2003, the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences. Shortly after his arrival at TICAM, Ivo started the TICAM forum (now the ICES forum). Those fortnightly informal lectures about mathematics communicate the main ideas without the burden of hard technical details, and have become popular among the students and faculty. Ivo was also instrumental in helping to start in 1995 the Texas chapter of the FE Circus, renamed a few years later as the Finite Element Rodeo. With the location of the meeting circulating between Austin, College Station, Houston and Dallas, the meeting provides a resourceful forum for graduate students, visitors and faculty, binding the Texas FE community. With years, the scientific output of Babusˇka not only does not diminish but is growing. With an average output exceeding over 10 publications per year, Ivo’s record is almost impossible to match. His collaboration with several younger colleagues and visitors stimulates much new work and research. Among his important contributions, one should mention the treatise with Fanis Strouboulis on a-posteriori error estimation (2001), and the book with I. Hlavacek and J. Chleboum on worst-case scenario in problems with uncertain data (2004).
Shortly after the Texas team had agreed to undertake the task of organizing the 8th US Congress on Computational Mechanics, Prof. Babusˇka graciously agreed to celebrate his 80th birthday as a part of the congress activities. The celebrations included 10 minisymposia organized in Ivo’s honor:
Awards The scientific work and leadership of Prof. Ivo Babusˇka has been reflected with many prestigious awards and recognitions over the past years. One has to list at least the most important ones: • Four Honoris Causa doctorates (University of Westminster 1994, Brunel University 1994, Charles University 1997, Helsinki University of Technology 2000). • Membership in European Academy of Sciences (2003), US National Academy of Engineering (2005), and the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas (2005). • Medal de Scientia Humanitate Optime Meritis awarded by the Czech Academy of Sciences (2005). • IACM Newton–Gauss medal (2006). In 2003, the asteroid #36060 is renamed after Babusˇka and becomes instantly Ivo’s planned residence for the next life.
1. Advances in the Mathematics of Finite Elements (organizers: Susanne Brenner, Richard Falk). 2. A Posteriori Error Estimation and Adaptive Procedures from 1976 to 2005 (organizers: Brian Carnes, Jim Stewart, Kevin Copps, Fanis Strouboulis, Carsten Carstensen). 3. Aspects of hp-FEM: Singularities, Solvers and Thin Structures (organizers: Mark Ainsworth, Alexander Duester, Joachim Schoeberl). 4. Automating Finite Element Computation: Will You Sign the Blueprints? (organizers: Robert Kirby, Ridgway Scott). 5. Homogenization (organizers: Gregory Rodin, Leonid Berlyand, Robert Lipton). 6. Uncertainties, Verification and Validation (organizers: Roger Ghanem, John Red-Horse, Raul Tempone, William Oberkampf, Jan Chleboun). 7. Mathematics of Meshless Methods, Generalized Finite Element Methods and Related Methods (organizers: Uday Banerjee, John Osborn).
Preface / Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 196 (2007) iii–v
8. Superconvergence in Finite Elements (organizers: Zhimin Zhang, Qun Lin). 9. The hp-Version of the Boundary Element Method – the Mathematical Foundation (organizers: Ernst Stephan, Norbert Heuer). 10. Verification and Validation Procedures in Solid Mechanics (organizers: Barna Szabo, Alexander Duester). The organizers, listed above, included a majority of Ivo’s former students, colleagues and collaborators. The celebrations began with a banquet in honor of Prof. Babusˇka, attended by over 175 of his colleagues and friends. Numerous speeches offered by Tinsley Oden, John Whiteman, Erwin Stein, Leszek Demkowicz, Juhani Pitkaranta, Benqi Guo, Jan Chleboun, Michael Bieterman, John Lavery, Michael Vogelius, Barna Szabo, Borje Anderson, Rick Falk, Lars Wahlbin, Bruce Kellogg, Manil Suri, Karel Sageth and John Osborn illuminated Ivo’s impact on the community and different periods of his incredibly rich scientific life. In the end, Ivo himself offered a very personal account of his life and scientific activities, which we include in this volume. This special issue All participants of minisymposia organized in Ivo’s honor have been invited to submit original papers corresponding to their presentations. After a thorough re-
v
view process which took over a year, 40 papers have been accepted for the publication in the Special Issue of Computer Methods in Mechanics and Engineering in honor of 80th birthday of Prof. Babusˇka that we proudly present to the reader. The contributions reflect well Prof. Babusˇka’s interdisciplinary work and the minisymposia organized in his honor, spanning across theoretical aspects and practical computations. We have decided to group the publications in the following four categories: • Mathematical Postprocessing, A Posteriori Error Estimation, Mesh and Model Adaptivity. • Mathematics of Finite Elements and Novel Discretization Techniques. • Finite Element Modeling of Physical and Mechanical Processes. • Stochasticity and Uncertainty Analysis.
L. Demkowicz B. Guo J. Osborn M. Vogelius The University of Texas at Austin, ICES, 201 E. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712, United States E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Demkowicz) Available online 10 May 2007