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June 2008 New in Review
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PERIODICALS Periodical articles of special interest to nutrition professionals are cited or abstracted in this section. Articles that have been abstracted are marked with a darkened circle (●). Literature abstracts and citations are prepared by the Journal editors. Articles are selected from scientific and professional publications chosen to convey fundamental knowledge in nutritional science and to span the specialty practice fields of readers. A list of the publications reviewed for this section is published each year in the January issue. The current list, which includes contact information for each title, appears on page 172 of the January 2008 issue. Readers who want information about any article or publication appearing in New in Review should use this directory to locate the authors or editors of the original article or publication. ALLERGY Vol 63, March 2008 (www.blackwell-synergy.com/allergy) Œ
The CREATE Project: Development of Certified Reference Materials for Allergenic Products and Validation of Methods for Their Quantification. Van Ree R, Chapman MD, Ferreira F, Vieths S, Bryan D, Cromwell O, Villalba M, Durham SR, Becker WM, Aalbers M, Andre C, Barber D, Bahima AC, Custovic A, Didierlaurent A, Dolman C, Dorpema JW, Di Felice G, Eberhardt F, Caldas EF, Rivs MF, Fiebig H, Focke M, Foisch K, Gadermaier G, Das RG, Mancebo EG, Himly M, Kinaciyan T, Knulst AC, Kroom AM, Lepp U, Marco FM, Mari A,
Moingeon P, Monsalve R, Neubauer A, Notten S, Ooievaar-de Heer P, Pauli G, Pinin C, Purohit A, Quiralte J, Rak S, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Moncin MM, Simpson B, Tsay A, Vailes L, Wallner M, Weber B. 310-326. Prevalence and Cumulative Incidence of Food Hypersensitivity in the First Three Years of Life. Venter C, Pereira B, Voight K, Grundy J, Clayton CB, Higgins B, Arshad SH, Dean T. 354-359.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, THE Vol 87, March 2008 (pubs.nutrition.org) Œ
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Ruminant or Industrial Sources of Trans Fatty Acids: Public Health Issue or Food Label Skirmish? (Editorial). Willett W, Mozaffarian D. 515-516. Early Differences in Fecal Microbiota Composition in Children May Predict Overweight. Kalliomaki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. 534-538. Do Trans Fatty Acids from Industrially Produced Sources and from Natural Sources Have the Same Effect on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Healthy Subjects? Results of the Trans Fatty Acids Collaboration (TRANSFACT) Study. Bezelgues B, Chaumont P, Combe N, Cristiani I, Joffre F, German JB, Dionisi F, Boirie Y, Sebedio JL. 558-566. Study of the Effect of Trans Fatty Acids from Ruminants on Blood Lipids and Other Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. MotardBelanger A, Charest A, Grenier G, Paquin P, Chouinard Y, Lemieux S, Couture P, Lamarche B. 593-599. Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Chronic Disease Risk—A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. (MetaAnalysis). Barclay AW, Petocz P, McMilliam-Price J, Flood VM, Prvan T, Mitchell P, Brand-Miller JC. 627-637.
Gut microbiology and obesity. Indigestible carbohydrates are degraded by the gut and promote more efficient energy utilization. This report was a matched case-control analysis within a larger
© 2008 by the American Dietetic Association
Finnish prospective longitudinal cohort of children from birth to 7 years of age focusing on allergen sensitivity. Body mass index at age 7 was calculated using the International Obesity Task Force Criteria for overweight and obesity in children. A set of 25 overweight children (seven obese) were randomly selected and matched by specified criteria (gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, probiotic intervention, duration of breastfeeding, use of antibiotics, medical history) to a set of normal-weight children. Gut microbiota composition was determined by fecal bacteria cell counts and fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis at 6 and 12 months of age. Groups were compared by Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test for medians of gut flora levels followed by Mann-Whitney U test. Bifidobacterial fecal count was statistically higher in infancy for currently normal weight children compared to children who had become overweight (P⫽0.02). An inverse correlation between fecal bacteria count and breastfeeding duration during infancy was found as breast milk quantity was reduced (P⬍ 0.0001) with no statistical difference between weight groups. Bifidobacterium was the genus with greatest correlation and supports the hypothesis that duration of breastfeeding is inversely related to risk of obesity perhaps by this mechanism. Funding was provided by a cohort of European academic sources. Industrial vs natural trans-fatty acids. Even natural foods, primarily from dairy sources, contain trans-fatty acids but the emphasis has been on the risk from the industrial conversion to hydrogenated fats. The goal of the European collaborative TRANSFACT study was to design a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover human interventional study to examine if trans-fatty acids from different sources cause different serum and cardiovascular risk effects in healthy individuals. A cohort of healthy, normal body weight adults (21 women, 19 men) were recruited (mean age 27.6 years) to participate in a crossover of dietary interventions separated by 1-week washout periods. Natural trans-fatty acid was provided from products (cheese, butter)
Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
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NEW IN REVIEW produced from dairy milk naturally enriched with higher levels of trans-fatty acid through ruminant diet management. Industrial sources were matched to the natural products of butter, cheese, and butter cookies. Food diaries were provided to the study dietitian at three intervals within each study period to assess compliance and maintain stable body weight. Fasting blood lipids were drawn at intervals throughout the study. Data were compared through repeated-measures mixed models with covariates of sex, treatment, and interaction. Both diets provided 67.3%⫾8.8% of the daily caloric intake as lipids from either the natural or industrial fat sources. Compliance was estimated at 75% from dietary records. Men showed no significant effect of different fat composition; women showed significant increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and significant decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the industrial trans-fatty acids. The mechanism for this finding is unclear. Funding was provided by a cohort of European government and private sources. Men and trans-fatty acid source. Higher cardiovascular risk has been linked to higher dietary trans-fatty acid intake. This randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover study enrolled 48 Canadian healthy men to study the effect of four different isoenergetic experimental diets of varying transfatty acid content on cardiovascular risk markers of fasting lipid serum levels. Dairy milk was enriched by feeding cows a high–safflower oil diet to manufacture a ruminant butter four times higher in trans-fatty acids than any commercial butter. Each diet was followed for 1 month with a separation washout period of 3 to 12 weeks of low saturated fat intake. Total daily amount of trans-fatty acid was standardized between experimental diets, and diet composition did not vary (50% carbohydrate, 14% protein, 37% fat). The four diets varied by trans-fatty acid source: 10.2 g or 4.2 g ruminant trans-fatty acid, 10.2 g industrial trans-fatty acid (hydrogenated), and 2.2 g trans-fatty acid control level. Food frequency questionnaires were used to validate intake and standardize calorie requirement to reduce body weight changes. Data were analyzed using a
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repeated-measures analysis of variance with Tukey adjustment. A total of 38 men completed the study (20% dropout rate) with a mean age of 32.8 years, mean 73.8 kg body weight, and 23.6 mean body mass index. The moderate 4.2 g ruminant trans-fatty acid diet had the greatest improvement in blood lipids; the 10.2 g from either source were similar in effect. No changes were statistically significant, implying a neutral effect on serum measures of cardiovascular risk. Funding and food product donations were from Canadian government and industry sources. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol 103, March 2008 (www.blackwell.com/ajg) Œ
Carbohydrate Consumption and Esophageal Cancer: An Ecological Assessment. Thompson CL, Khiani V, Chak A, Berger NA, Li L. 555-561.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol 121, March 2008 (www.amjmed.com) Œ
Potential for Interactions between Dietary Supplements and Prescription Medications. Sood A, Sood RE, Brinker FJ, Mann R, Loehrere LL, Wahner-Roedler DL. 207-211.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Vol 198, March 2008 (www.ajog.org) ●
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Duration of Lactation Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Midlife— SWAN, the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Ram KT, Bobby P, Hailpern SM, Lo JC, Schocekn M, Skurnick J, Santoro N. 268e1268e6. Maternal Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy and the Risk of Miscarriage: A Prospective Cohort Study. Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. 279e1-279e8.
Lactation and metabolic syndrome. Lactation has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, but its effect on development of metabolic syndrome later in life is unknown. The Study of
Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) study is a multicenter national cohort of 3,302 women ages 42-52 years recruited during 19951997 to assess patterns of health as women age and transition through menopause. Diverse ethnicity was accomplished through focused recruiting efforts. This subgroup analysis only included women (n⫽2,516) who completed at least one live birth to examine the relationship between duration of lactation and subsequent later life development of metabolic syndrome. Data were available for socioeconomic status, height, weight, fasting lab values, blood pressure, waist and hip circumference, physical activity and food frequency questionnaires, and pregnancy/birth/lactation records. A statistical model of metabolic syndrome was created using selected body anthropometrics, fasting lipid and glucose profile, and blood pressure. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between lactation and metabolic syndrome verified by two-tailed sensitivity analysis for changing body weight. Characteristics of the cohort were mean baseline age of 46.4 years, mean body mass index of 28.4, median two live births per participant with 64.4% reporting a history of lactation (mean duration 1.16 years). Lactation statistically reduced the incidence of metabolic syndrome (18.3% vs 26.7%, P⬍0.01) but was nonsignificant after the third pregnancy when the protective effect disappeared. Women who breast-fed, however, were more likely to choose other health-promoting activities that may have confounded the findings. Lactation may promote increased metabolic efficiency that extends beyond the immediate lactation period. The SWAN study is funded by a cohort of government grants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Vol 34, March 2008 (www.ajpm.com) Œ
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Review of External Validity Reporting in Childhood Obesity Prevention Research. (Review). Klesges LM, Dzewaltowski DA, Glasgow RE. 216-223. Physical Activity Interventions in Latin America: A Systemic Review. (Review). Hoehner CM, Soares J,
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Perez DP, Ribeiro IC, Joshu CE, Pratt M, Legetic BD, Malta DC, Matsudo VR, Ramos LR, Simoes EJ, Brownson RC. 224e4-233e4. Do Dietary Guidelines Explain the Obesity Epidemic? Woolf SH, Nestle M. 263-265. Dietary Guidelines: The Authors Respond. Marantz PR, Bird ED, Alderman MH. 266. A Call for Higher Standards of Evidence for Dietary Guidelines. Marantz PR, Bird ED, Alderman MH. 234-240.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Vol 98, March 2008 (www.ajph.org) Œ
Public Health Interventions for Addressing Childhood Overweight: Analysis of the Business Case. Finkelstein E, Trogdon J. 411-415.
BIRTH Vol 35, March 2008 (www.blackwellpublishing.com/journals/ birth) Œ
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The Baby Is Breastfeeding—Not the Mother. (Editorial). Righard L. 1-2. Biases in Evaluating Research: Are They All Bad? Enkin MW. 31-32.
BJOG: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY Vol 115, March 2008 (www.blackwell.publishing/bjog) Œ
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Diabetes in Pregnancy: Can We Make a Difference? (Commentary). Modder J. 419-420. Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Randomised and Placebo-Controlled Trial. Agha-Hosseini M, Kashani L, Aleyaseen A, Ghoreishi A, Rahmanpour H, Zarrinara AR, Akhondzadeh S. 515-519.
Saffron and premenstrual syndrome. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has no standardized effective treatment and affects a large proportion of women throughout the world. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined the relationship between a complementary medical use of saffron and relief of PMS symptoms in a cohort of Iranian women (ages 20
to 45 years). Women met PMS criteria as established by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology for at least 6 months prior to the study. Women (n⫽78) completed a daily symptom report of 17 checklist items and four subscales (mood, behavior, pain, physical) using a rating system of 0-4 for intensity along with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for two menstrual cycles. If their score was at least 50 and at least 30% higher during different phases of their cyclical luteal phases, they were invited to be enrolled in the study (n⫽50) and randomized 1:1. Saffron capsules (15 mg Crocus sativus L each morning and night) or matched placebo were given during two subsequent menstrual cycles along with the same symptom report measures. Data were analyzed using a repeatedmeasures analysis of variance using a time-treatment interaction of baseline (two cycles without saffron or placebo) to intervention (two cycles with saffron or placebo). There was no difference between the groups during the qualification period. There was a significant difference in the number of responders showing a 50% reduction in symptoms between the treatment (n⫽19, 76%) and the placebo groups (n⫽2, 8%). Overall significance level was P⬍0.001 between the groups at the endpoint. No funding source was listed. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION Vol 99, March 2008 (www.nutritionsociety.org) ●
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Effect of the LoBAG30 Diet on Blood Glucose in People with Type 2 Diabetes. Nuttall FQ, Schweim K, Hoover H, Gannon MC. 511-519. Effects of Carrot and Tomato Juice Consumption on Faecal Markers Relevant to Colon Carcinogenesis in Humans. Schnabele K, Briviba K, Bub A, Roser S, Pool-Zobel BL, Rechkemmer G. 606-613. Consumption of Fruit and Berries Is Inversely Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis in Elderly Men. Ellingsen I, Hjerkinn EM, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Tonstad S. 674-681.
High-protein diets and HA1C. Reducing carbohydrate can help control blood sugar, but many people find very-lowcarbohydrate (low biologically avail-
able glucose, [LoBAG]) diets to be difficult to maintain. This clinical trial examined the level of LoBAG as 30% carbohydrate as compared to typical levels of 20% on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1C in type 2 diabetics. Eight male participants (mean age 59 years, range 50 to 64 years, mean body mass index 29) with untreated type 2 diabetes were followed under strict diet control until their blood sugar was stabilized for at least 6 weeks prior to enrollment. A 5-week control diet (55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 30% fat) was compared to a 5-week LoBAG study diet (30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40% fat) separated by a 5-week washout period. All food was prepared in a metabolic kitchen. Fasting blood, body weight, height, blood pressure, and urine samples were taken during 24-hour admissions at the start and end of each diet phase. Postprandial curves were calculated along with Student’s t test for pairwise comparisons of baseline and completion. A repeatedmeasures analysis was used for variables over time. Results showed that blood glucose levels could be maintained on the 30% carbohydrate as well or better than the control diet. Fasting glucose levels and 24-hour glucose response curve dropped by more than 40% compared to control diet with no change in serum lipids. Funding was provided by the American Diabetes Association, the Minnesota Beef Council, and the Department of Veterans Affairs. BURNS Vol 34, March 2008 (www.elsevier.com/locate/burns) Œ
Fluid Management in Burn Patients: Results from a European SurveyMore Questions than Answers. Boldt J, Papsdorf M. 328-338.
HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Vol 86, March 2008 (www.hbr.org) Œ
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When Growth Stalls. Olson MS, van Bever D, Verry S. 51-61. Transforming Strategy One Customer at a Time. Harrington RJ, Tjan AK. 62-72. Is Yours a Learning Organization? Garvin DA, Edmondson AC, Gino F. 109-116.
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NEW IN REVIEW HYPERTENSION Vol 51, March 2008 (hyper.ahajournals.org) Œ
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Are Children Doomed by What They Eat and Drink? (Editorial Commentary). Weinberger MH. 615-616. Salt Intake Is Related to Soft Drink Consumption in Children and Adolescents. A Link to Obesity? He FJ, Marrero NM, MacGregor GA. 629-634.
Salt intake and soft drink consumption. Dietary salt intake increases fluid intake in adults, but this relationship has not been studied in children. The 1997 United Kingdom National Diet and Nutrition Survey for young people used a nationally diverse sample of 2,672 children 4 to 18 years of age. This database was used to examine the relationship between salt intake, fluid intake, and soft drink consumption. Available data included weighted dietary records over 7 consecutive days with matched daily activity logs from 1,688 children (50% girls, mean age 11.4 years). Daily intake of salt, fluid, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks was correlated by
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multiple regression with adjustment for body weight, sex, age, and physical activity levels. The mean salt intake of consumed foods (omitting salt added in cooking or at the table) increased by age groups. The mean salt intake was 4.6⫾1.5 g/d at age four and 6.8⫾2.1 g/d at age 18. Fluid intake also increased similarly from 978⫾336 g/d to 1,291⫾648 g/d by age 18. Average soft drink consumption was 56% of fluids ingested with more than 50% from sugar-sweetened sources. Other fluids came from milk (18%), coffee/tea (11%), water (9%), and fruit juice (5%). Salt intake was statistically significantly correlated with fluid consumption (P⬍0.001) even with adjustment for confounding variables. Each 1 g/d salt intake was linked to 100 g/d of fluid with no effect seen with level of physical activity. A similar relationship was found between soft drink consumption and salt intake. A reduction of 1 g/d of salt was estimated to potentially reduce sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption by 27 g/d per child. If dietary salt was reduced by half, more than 81 g/d of soft drinks could be reduced or the equivalent of 2.3 servings (250 mL each) per week.
This observation could have important implications for obesity and hypertension control for children as well as future implications as adults. No funding source was noted. THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Vol 299, March 12, 2008 (jama.ama-assn.org) ●
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Comparison of Strategies for Sustaining Weight Loss. The Weight Loss Maintenance Randomized Controlled Trial. Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, Appel LJ, Hollis JF, Loria CM, Vollmer WM, Gullion CM, Funk K, Smith P, Samuel-Hodge C, Myers V, Lien LF, Laferriere D, Kennedy B, Jerome GJ, Heinith F, Harsha DW, Evans P, Erlinger TP, Dalein AT, Coughlin J, Charleston J, Champagne CM, Bauck A, Ard JD, Aicher K, for the Weight Los Maintenance Collaborative Research Group. 1139-1148. Instant Mobile Communication, Efficiency, and Quality of Life. (Commentary). Spiegelman J, Detsky AS. 1179-1181.
NEW IN REVIEW Vol 299, March 19, 2008 Œ
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Delivery of Genomic Medicine for Common Chronic Adult Diseases: A Systematic Review. (Review). Scheuner MT, Sieverding P, Shekelle PG. 1320-1334. How to Interpret a Genome-Wide Association Study. (Special Communication). Pearson TA, Manolio TA. 1335-1344. Key Internet Genetics Resources for the Clinician. (Special Communication). Uhlmann WR, Guttmacher AE. 1356-1358.
Sustaining weight loss. Maintaining weight loss is a unique and difficult challenge. The Weight Loss Maintenance Trial was a stratified weightloss intervention trial at four United States clinical centers enrolling 1,032 adults (38% African Americans, 63% women, age range 28 to 83 years, mean baseline weight 96.7 kg) with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Phase 1 consisted of a 6-month groupbased Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet intervention with physical activity requirements. Participants who had lost at least 4 kg (mean weight loss 8.5 kg) were randomized to one of three 30month maintenance interventions: self-directed control group, Internetaccess technology group (requirement of weekly log in and weight reporting), or personal monthly contact by a trained coach (case-manager approach with 5 to 15 minutes personal contact by phone per month). Data were available at baseline, 6-month intervals, and conclusion of the trial for body weight, height, food intake by frequency questionnaire, and physical activity by pedometer. Group differences were compared by analysis of covariance to adjust for confounding variables. Subgroup analysis with appropriate multiple comparison tests were completed. More than 70% of participants were able to maintain entry weight and more than 40% maintained at least 4 kg of their initial weight loss. Weight-loss success did not differ by sex, age, ethnicity, or initial body weight. The self-directed group had highest weight regain. At the end of the study, the coached group had a slightly higher weight loss (1.2 kg, P⫽0.003) than the Inter-
net group. Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE Vol 73, March 2008 (www.ift.org) Œ
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Methodological Evaluation of Method for Dietary Heavy Metal Intake. (Review). Zukowska J, Biziuk M. R21-R29. Polyphenols and Antioxidan Properties of Almond Skins: Influence of Industrial Provessing. Garrido I, Monagas M, Gomez-Cordoves C, Bartolome B. C106-C115. Shelf Life Prediction of Bread Sticks Using Oxidation Indices: A Validation Study. Calligaris S, Pieve SD, Kravina G, Manzocco L, Nicoli CM. E51-E56.
JOURNAL OF NUTRITION Vol 138, March 2008 (pubs.nutrition.org) Œ
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Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fiber Consumption and Prevention of Diabetes. (Review). Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AF. 439-442. A Diet Rich in Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Butter Increases Lipid Peroxidation but Does Not Affect Atherosclerotic, Inflammatory, or Diabetic Risk Markers in Healthy Young Men. Raff M, Tholstrup T, Basu S, Nonboe P, Sorensen MT, Straarug EM. 509-514. Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Minority Composition Are Associated with Better Potential Spatial Access to the Ground-Truthed Food Environment in a Large Rural Area. Sharkey JR, Horel S. 620-627.
Rural food availability. Areas of healthy food deprivation have been recently identified in urban areas, but little is known about rural communities. This public health study used data from the 2006 Brazos Valley Food Environment Project, a comprehensive analysis of six rural Texas food counties without public transportation, to examine the distance between neighborhood centers and the nearest commercial food source. Direct observation or “ground-truthing” (GT) was used to measure by latitude and longitude the specific location of each food source using global positioning devices (GPS) val-
idated by physically droving by available highways to each location. Data were analyzed by dividing the residents into 101 census block groups from 2000 US Census summary files and calculating distances to nearest food source. Factor analysis was used to load using an iterated principal factor method, to create a model of linear combinations for each census block group. Median distance was 14.9 km one way to nearest food source with GT and GPS providing both over- and under-estimation of distance when compared with actual physical driving. More than 20% of neighborhoods were at least 17.7 km from the nearest full-service food source and 7.6 km from the nearest convenience store. Distance was not necessarily linked to economic status. Vehicular access is an essential component to access any commercial food source. Funding was provided to the Center for Environmental and Rural Health and the Texas Health Aging Research Network through government grants. JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY Vol 19, March 2008 (www.intl.elsevierhealth.com) Œ
Mechanisms of Colorectal and Lung Cancer Prevention by Vegetables: A Genomic Approach. (Review). Van Breda SG, de Kok TM, van Delft JH. 139-157.
JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS Vol 152, March 2008 (journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ ympd) Œ
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Leptin Levels among Prepubertal Children with Downs Syndrome Compared with Their Siblings. Magge SN, O’Neill KL, Shuls J, Stallings A, Stettler N. 321-326. Beneficial Effects of a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid on Infant Development: Evidence from the Inuit of Arctic Quebec. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Muckle G, Kaplan-Estrin M, Ayotte P, Dewailly E. 356e1364e1. Is It Necessary to Measure Resting Energy Expenditure in Clinical Practice in Children? Shakur YA, Richards H, Pencharz PB. 437-439.
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NEW IN REVIEW LANCET, THE Vol 371, February 23, 2008 (www.thelancet.com) Œ Œ
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Probiotics or Con? (Editorial). 624. Probiotics in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. (Commentary). Sand J, Nordback I. 634-635. Probiotic Prophylaxis in Predicted Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Randomised, Double-Blind, PlaceboControlled Trial. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Bollen TL, van Ramshorst B, Witteman BJ, Rosman C, Ploeg RJ, Brink MA, Schaapherder AF, Dejong CH, Wahab PJ, van Laarhoven CJ, van der Harst E, van Eijck CH, Cuesta MA, Akkermans LM, Gooszen HG, for the Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. 651-659.
Vol 371, March 15, 2008 ●
Laboratory-Based versus Non-laboratory-Based Method for Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: The NHANES I Follow-up Cohort Study. Gaziano TA, Young CR, Fitzmaurice G, Atwood S, Gaziano JM. 923-931.
Probiotic negative effect. Probiotics have been linked primarily to health-promoting events with few side effects. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial was conducted in 15 Dutch academic medical centers to determine the effects of 28 days of continuous prophylactic probiotic therapy in the treatment of infection risk in severe acute pancreatitis defined as abdominal pain with elevated amylase or lipase at least three times normal and a cohort of other acute indicators. Necrotising pancreatitis was excluded. Patients received either a multispecies powdered probiotic powder or placebo twice daily in nasojejunal tube feedings within 72 hours of symptoms. If tube feeding was discontinued, the powder was dissolved in water and given orally. The outcome variable was any type of infection within 90 days of trial onset. Data were also collected on mortality, diarrhea, adverse symptoms, compliance, and culture results. Relative risk between groups was calculated
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followed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves using intention-to-treat. A total of 298 patients were randomized with 152 receiving probiotics and 145 placebo. The monitoring committee ended the study earlier when it was determined the probiotic group was requiring more intensive care intervention. The probiotic group was found to have a significantly higher risk of mortality (relative risk 2.53, P⫽0.01) when compared to placebo. Use of probiotics did not reduce infection but rather increased mortality. More patients in the probiotic group (n⫽9) developed bowel ischemia compared to none in the control group. The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs provided funding; probiotic and placebo was provided by Winclove Bio Industries, Amsterdam. Assessing cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk assessment traditionally includes the analysis of a cohort of laboratory values (ie, fasting lipids) which add both additional cost and logistics of sample collection. This epidemiological analysis used the database from the original National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) collected in 1971-1975 (n⫽14,407, age range 25 to 74 years) and compared cardiovascular events 21 years later as reported from the prospective Follow-up Cohort Study of this group (n⫽6,186). Data were available on cardiovascular events, age, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, total serum lipids, diabetes incidence, and hypertension, and mortality. These data were used to design two cardiovascular risk prediction models (laboratory and non–laboratory-based) using variables from the Framingham risk score. A Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess differences of prediction rates between the two models. Receiver operator curves were created to measure discrimination characteristics of each model. The results showed both models were equally predictive of cardiovascular events with slightly greater reliability for women with the laboratory model. When only mortality was used as an endpoint, there was no difference in either model by sex. The use of a non–laboratory-based predictive model compared to the traditional laboratory-based model appears to be a feasible, easier, and less
costly methodology to use when assessing cardiovascular risk. Funding was through the National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center grant. METABOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL Vol 57, March 2008 (www.elsevier.com/metabolism) Œ
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Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Substrate Oxidation Are not Different Between Lean and Obese Women after Two Different Isocaloric Meals, One Rich in Protein and One Rich in Fat. Tentolouris N, Pavlatos S, Kokkinos A, Perrea D, Pagoni S, Katsilambros N. 313-320. Efficacy of Plant Sterols Is Not Influenced by Dietary Cholesterol Intake in Hypercholesterolemic Individuals. Kassis AN, Vanstone CA, AbuMwels SS, Jones PJ. 339-346. Dietary Glycemic Index, Dietary Glycemic Load, Blood Lipds, and CReactive Protein. Levitan EB, Cook NT, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Rexrode KM, Buring JE, Manson JE, Liu S. 437-443.
Serum cholesterol at baseline. Plant sterols have been shown to lower both total plasma and low-density serum lipid components by reducing dietary cholesterol absorption through competition with cholesterol uptake in the micelles as well as other lessunderstood liver agonist properties. This randomized, double-blind, crossover trial examined the effect of plant sterols on differing levels of baseline serum and dietary cholesterol in a cohort of 22 healthy hypercholesterolemic Canadian men and postmenopausal women (age range 45 to 85 years). Four different 28-day controlled diets were separated by a 4-week washout period. Outcome variables were pre- and postserum fasting lipids and plant sterol levels. Body weight was kept constant by personalized caloric levels estimated by the Mifflin equation. Each diet contained 30% fat, 15% protein, 55% carbohydrate. Diets varied by daily cholesterol (mg per 4,l86 kJ) and plant sterol (mg per kg) content as: 80-0 (control), 80-22, 200-0, 200-22. Subjects ate breakfast on site and took home meals prepared by the metabolic kitchen. No coffee or alco-
NEW IN REVIEW hol was allowed. Data were analyzed by a repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance model using plant sterol, dietary cholesterol, and their interaction as variables. All subjects completed the study without significant weight change. The results showed that varying levels of dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol had no effect on action of plant sterols. Their efficiency remained 4% to 9% on total cholesterol and 8% to 16% on low-density components regardless of ingested cholesterol implying an independent effect not related to dietary level. Funding was provided by the American Egg Board. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING Vol 70, March 2008 (www.elsevier.com) Œ
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Attitudes toward Integration of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Primary Care: Perspectives of Patients, Physicians, and Complementary Practitioners. BenArye E, Frenkel M, Klein A, Scharf M. 395-402. Measuring Quality of Patient Information Documents with an Expanded EQIP Scale. Charvet-Berard AI, Chopard P, Perneger TV. 407-411.
PHYTOMEDICINE Vol 15, March 2008 (www.elsevier.com) Œ
Cholesterol Reduction Using Psyllium Husks-Do Gastrointestinal Adverse Effects Limit Compliance? Uehleke B, Ortiz M, Stange R. 153-159.
QUICK LOOKS Nutraceuticals, Second Edition By: Brian Lockwood; London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press; 2007; $75.00; hardcover; 426 pp; ISBN: 0-85369659-4. Eat Often, Feel Great & Lose Weight By: Denise Dubé, RD; Montreal, QC: AAB Publishing; 2006; $24.95; paperback; 152 pp; ISBN: 0-97814400-7.
SITES IN REVIEW WE CAN! Ways to Enhance Children’s Activity & Nutrition http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/ heart/obesity/wecan/ According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of child overweight in the United States has tripled over the past 30 years. Approximately 9 million youth in our country today have a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile. This unhealthful weight is strongly correlated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, premature heart disease, and other chronic diseases. Long-term energy imbalance resulting from the consumption of too many calories and less active play is the overarching factor fueling the epidemic of child overweight in the United States. We Can! or “Ways to Enhance Children’s Activity & Nutrition” is an obesity education initiative sponsored by the National Institutes for Health in partnership with several organizations such as the American Dietetic Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. This public health program is directed at parents (the gatekeepers of what foods and activities are provided for the family), schools, community organizations, and health professionals. The three-fold goal of this program is to 1) improve food choices, 2) increase physical activity, and 3) reduce screen time among family members, especially those between the ages of 8 and 12 years. The We Can! Web site organizes its materials in three primary sections, Learn It, Live It, and Get Involved. Media announcements, a calendar of events, and other news about the We Can! public health campaign are also posted on the site. An overview of how to achieve a healthy weight by eating right and keeping active is presented in the Learn It and Live It sections. Users can learn about practical ways to eat nutritious foods, reduce screen time, and increase physical activity. Evidence-based supporting materials addressing weight control strategies are also provided for parents, health pro-
fessionals, and community leaders. These downloadable resources (available in English and Spanish) include a 32-page parent handbook, the GOSLOW and WHOA! food guide for children and several types of diet and physical activity tip sheets. Individuals who are interested in launching or financially supporting a We Can! program in their locality can learn about this process by reading the information posted in the Get Involved section of the site. Step-by-step instructions, regional training workshops, and other relevant materials associated with establishing a We Can! community site are outlined. Action for Healthy Kids www.actionforhealthykids.org The mission of Action for Healthy Kids, a consortium of more than 60 government, health, education, nutrition and fitness organizations, is to reduce the incidence of child overweight by promoting nutrition and physical activity in school environments throughout the United States. Countless numbers of school administrators, teachers, parents, and health professionals support, participate in, or oversee programs consistent with Action for Healthy Kids goals at the local school, district, statewide, or national level. Information about becoming a “team member” is posted on its Web site. The prized feature of the Action for Healthy Kids Web site is the online library of resources. This is a goldmine for obtaining materials, curriculums, fact sheets, and toolkits designed to improve child health, nutrition, and fitness in school settings. Users can search this database by topic, audience, target age, material type, or select advanced browser functions. Users can also expand this database through the Action for Healthy Kids online submission process for new materials. A menu of news, research findings, and other information associated with child overweight and school wellness programs are archived on the Action for Healthy Kids Web site. Examples of resources posted in this section include newsletters, press releases, and fact sheets on school policies, nutrition and fitness curriculums, and related statistical information.
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IN THIS ISSUE PERIODICALS
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PERIODICALS Periodical articles of special interest to nutrition professionals are cited or abstracted in this section. Articles that have been abstracted are marked with a darkened circle (●). Literature abstracts and citations are prepared by the Journal editors. Articles are selected from scientific and professional publications chosen to convey fundamental knowledge in nutritional science and to span the specialty practice fields of readers. A list of the publications reviewed for this section is published each year in the January issue. The current list, which includes contact information for each title, appears on page 172 of the January 2008 issue. Readers who want information about any article or publication appearing in New in Review should use this directory to locate the authors or editors of the original article or publication. ALLERGY Vol 63, March 2008 (www.blackwell-synergy.com/allergy) Œ
The CREATE Project: Development of Certified Reference Materials for Allergenic Products and Validation of Methods for Their Quantification. Van Ree R, Chapman MD, Ferreira F, Vieths S, Bryan D, Cromwell O, Villalba M, Durham SR, Becker WM, Aalbers M, Andre C, Barber D, Bahima AC, Custovic A, Didierlaurent A, Dolman C, Dorpema JW, Di Felice G, Eberhardt F, Caldas EF, Rivs MF, Fiebig H, Focke M, Foisch K, Gadermaier G, Das RG, Mancebo EG, Himly M, Kinaciyan T, Knulst AC, Kroom AM, Lepp U, Marco FM, Mari A,
Moingeon P, Monsalve R, Neubauer A, Notten S, Ooievaar-de Heer P, Pauli G, Pinin C, Purohit A, Quiralte J, Rak S, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Moncin MM, Simpson B, Tsay A, Vailes L, Wallner M, Weber B. 310-326. Prevalence and Cumulative Incidence of Food Hypersensitivity in the First Three Years of Life. Venter C, Pereira B, Voight K, Grundy J, Clayton CB, Higgins B, Arshad SH, Dean T. 354-359.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, THE Vol 87, March 2008 (pubs.nutrition.org) Œ
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Ruminant or Industrial Sources of Trans Fatty Acids: Public Health Issue or Food Label Skirmish? (Editorial). Willett W, Mozaffarian D. 515-516. Early Differences in Fecal Microbiota Composition in Children May Predict Overweight. Kalliomaki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. 534-538. Do Trans Fatty Acids from Industrially Produced Sources and from Natural Sources Have the Same Effect on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Healthy Subjects? Results of the Trans Fatty Acids Collaboration (TRANSFACT) Study. Bezelgues B, Chaumont P, Combe N, Cristiani I, Joffre F, German JB, Dionisi F, Boirie Y, Sebedio JL. 558-566. Study of the Effect of Trans Fatty Acids from Ruminants on Blood Lipids and Other Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. MotardBelanger A, Charest A, Grenier G, Paquin P, Chouinard Y, Lemieux S, Couture P, Lamarche B. 593-599. Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Chronic Disease Risk—A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. (MetaAnalysis). Barclay AW, Petocz P, McMilliam-Price J, Flood VM, Prvan T, Mitchell P, Brand-Miller JC. 627-637.
Gut microbiology and obesity. Indigestible carbohydrates are degraded by the gut and promote more efficient energy utilization. This report was a matched case-control analysis within a larger
© 2008 by the American Dietetic Association
Finnish prospective longitudinal cohort of children from birth to 7 years of age focusing on allergen sensitivity. Body mass index at age 7 was calculated using the International Obesity Task Force Criteria for overweight and obesity in children. A set of 25 overweight children (seven obese) were randomly selected and matched by specified criteria (gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, probiotic intervention, duration of breastfeeding, use of antibiotics, medical history) to a set of normal-weight children. Gut microbiota composition was determined by fecal bacteria cell counts and fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis at 6 and 12 months of age. Groups were compared by Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test for medians of gut flora levels followed by Mann-Whitney U test. Bifidobacterial fecal count was statistically higher in infancy for currently normal weight children compared to children who had become overweight (P⫽0.02). An inverse correlation between fecal bacteria count and breastfeeding duration during infancy was found as breast milk quantity was reduced (P⬍ 0.0001) with no statistical difference between weight groups. Bifidobacterium was the genus with greatest correlation and supports the hypothesis that duration of breastfeeding is inversely related to risk of obesity perhaps by this mechanism. Funding was provided by a cohort of European academic sources. Industrial vs natural trans-fatty acids. Even natural foods, primarily from dairy sources, contain trans-fatty acids but the emphasis has been on the risk from the industrial conversion to hydrogenated fats. The goal of the European collaborative TRANSFACT study was to design a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover human interventional study to examine if trans-fatty acids from different sources cause different serum and cardiovascular risk effects in healthy individuals. A cohort of healthy, normal body weight adults (21 women, 19 men) were recruited (mean age 27.6 years) to participate in a crossover of dietary interventions separated by 1-week washout periods. Natural trans-fatty acid was provided from products (cheese, butter)
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NEW IN REVIEW produced from dairy milk naturally enriched with higher levels of trans-fatty acid through ruminant diet management. Industrial sources were matched to the natural products of butter, cheese, and butter cookies. Food diaries were provided to the study dietitian at three intervals within each study period to assess compliance and maintain stable body weight. Fasting blood lipids were drawn at intervals throughout the study. Data were compared through repeated-measures mixed models with covariates of sex, treatment, and interaction. Both diets provided 67.3%⫾8.8% of the daily caloric intake as lipids from either the natural or industrial fat sources. Compliance was estimated at 75% from dietary records. Men showed no significant effect of different fat composition; women showed significant increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and significant decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the industrial trans-fatty acids. The mechanism for this finding is unclear. Funding was provided by a cohort of European government and private sources. Men and trans-fatty acid source. Higher cardiovascular risk has been linked to higher dietary trans-fatty acid intake. This randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover study enrolled 48 Canadian healthy men to study the effect of four different isoenergetic experimental diets of varying transfatty acid content on cardiovascular risk markers of fasting lipid serum levels. Dairy milk was enriched by feeding cows a high–safflower oil diet to manufacture a ruminant butter four times higher in trans-fatty acids than any commercial butter. Each diet was followed for 1 month with a separation washout period of 3 to 12 weeks of low saturated fat intake. Total daily amount of trans-fatty acid was standardized between experimental diets, and diet composition did not vary (50% carbohydrate, 14% protein, 37% fat). The four diets varied by trans-fatty acid source: 10.2 g or 4.2 g ruminant trans-fatty acid, 10.2 g industrial trans-fatty acid (hydrogenated), and 2.2 g trans-fatty acid control level. Food frequency questionnaires were used to validate intake and standardize calorie requirement to reduce body weight changes. Data were analyzed using a
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repeated-measures analysis of variance with Tukey adjustment. A total of 38 men completed the study (20% dropout rate) with a mean age of 32.8 years, mean 73.8 kg body weight, and 23.6 mean body mass index. The moderate 4.2 g ruminant trans-fatty acid diet had the greatest improvement in blood lipids; the 10.2 g from either source were similar in effect. No changes were statistically significant, implying a neutral effect on serum measures of cardiovascular risk. Funding and food product donations were from Canadian government and industry sources. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol 103, March 2008 (www.blackwell.com/ajg) Œ
Carbohydrate Consumption and Esophageal Cancer: An Ecological Assessment. Thompson CL, Khiani V, Chak A, Berger NA, Li L. 555-561.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol 121, March 2008 (www.amjmed.com) Œ
Potential for Interactions between Dietary Supplements and Prescription Medications. Sood A, Sood RE, Brinker FJ, Mann R, Loehrere LL, Wahner-Roedler DL. 207-211.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Vol 198, March 2008 (www.ajog.org) ●
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Duration of Lactation Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Midlife— SWAN, the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Ram KT, Bobby P, Hailpern SM, Lo JC, Schocekn M, Skurnick J, Santoro N. 268e1268e6. Maternal Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy and the Risk of Miscarriage: A Prospective Cohort Study. Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. 279e1-279e8.
Lactation and metabolic syndrome. Lactation has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, but its effect on development of metabolic syndrome later in life is unknown. The Study of
Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) study is a multicenter national cohort of 3,302 women ages 42-52 years recruited during 19951997 to assess patterns of health as women age and transition through menopause. Diverse ethnicity was accomplished through focused recruiting efforts. This subgroup analysis only included women (n⫽2,516) who completed at least one live birth to examine the relationship between duration of lactation and subsequent later life development of metabolic syndrome. Data were available for socioeconomic status, height, weight, fasting lab values, blood pressure, waist and hip circumference, physical activity and food frequency questionnaires, and pregnancy/birth/lactation records. A statistical model of metabolic syndrome was created using selected body anthropometrics, fasting lipid and glucose profile, and blood pressure. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between lactation and metabolic syndrome verified by two-tailed sensitivity analysis for changing body weight. Characteristics of the cohort were mean baseline age of 46.4 years, mean body mass index of 28.4, median two live births per participant with 64.4% reporting a history of lactation (mean duration 1.16 years). Lactation statistically reduced the incidence of metabolic syndrome (18.3% vs 26.7%, P⬍0.01) but was nonsignificant after the third pregnancy when the protective effect disappeared. Women who breast-fed, however, were more likely to choose other health-promoting activities that may have confounded the findings. Lactation may promote increased metabolic efficiency that extends beyond the immediate lactation period. The SWAN study is funded by a cohort of government grants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Vol 34, March 2008 (www.ajpm.com) Œ
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Review of External Validity Reporting in Childhood Obesity Prevention Research. (Review). Klesges LM, Dzewaltowski DA, Glasgow RE. 216-223. Physical Activity Interventions in Latin America: A Systemic Review. (Review). Hoehner CM, Soares J,
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Perez DP, Ribeiro IC, Joshu CE, Pratt M, Legetic BD, Malta DC, Matsudo VR, Ramos LR, Simoes EJ, Brownson RC. 224e4-233e4. Do Dietary Guidelines Explain the Obesity Epidemic? Woolf SH, Nestle M. 263-265. Dietary Guidelines: The Authors Respond. Marantz PR, Bird ED, Alderman MH. 266. A Call for Higher Standards of Evidence for Dietary Guidelines. Marantz PR, Bird ED, Alderman MH. 234-240.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Vol 98, March 2008 (www.ajph.org) Œ
Public Health Interventions for Addressing Childhood Overweight: Analysis of the Business Case. Finkelstein E, Trogdon J. 411-415.
BIRTH Vol 35, March 2008 (www.blackwellpublishing.com/journals/ birth) Œ
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The Baby Is Breastfeeding—Not the Mother. (Editorial). Righard L. 1-2. Biases in Evaluating Research: Are They All Bad? Enkin MW. 31-32.
BJOG: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY Vol 115, March 2008 (www.blackwell.publishing/bjog) Œ
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Diabetes in Pregnancy: Can We Make a Difference? (Commentary). Modder J. 419-420. Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Randomised and Placebo-Controlled Trial. Agha-Hosseini M, Kashani L, Aleyaseen A, Ghoreishi A, Rahmanpour H, Zarrinara AR, Akhondzadeh S. 515-519.
Saffron and premenstrual syndrome. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has no standardized effective treatment and affects a large proportion of women throughout the world. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined the relationship between a complementary medical use of saffron and relief of PMS symptoms in a cohort of Iranian women (ages 20
to 45 years). Women met PMS criteria as established by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology for at least 6 months prior to the study. Women (n⫽78) completed a daily symptom report of 17 checklist items and four subscales (mood, behavior, pain, physical) using a rating system of 0-4 for intensity along with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for two menstrual cycles. If their score was at least 50 and at least 30% higher during different phases of their cyclical luteal phases, they were invited to be enrolled in the study (n⫽50) and randomized 1:1. Saffron capsules (15 mg Crocus sativus L each morning and night) or matched placebo were given during two subsequent menstrual cycles along with the same symptom report measures. Data were analyzed using a repeatedmeasures analysis of variance using a time-treatment interaction of baseline (two cycles without saffron or placebo) to intervention (two cycles with saffron or placebo). There was no difference between the groups during the qualification period. There was a significant difference in the number of responders showing a 50% reduction in symptoms between the treatment (n⫽19, 76%) and the placebo groups (n⫽2, 8%). Overall significance level was P⬍0.001 between the groups at the endpoint. No funding source was listed. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION Vol 99, March 2008 (www.nutritionsociety.org) ●
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Effect of the LoBAG30 Diet on Blood Glucose in People with Type 2 Diabetes. Nuttall FQ, Schweim K, Hoover H, Gannon MC. 511-519. Effects of Carrot and Tomato Juice Consumption on Faecal Markers Relevant to Colon Carcinogenesis in Humans. Schnabele K, Briviba K, Bub A, Roser S, Pool-Zobel BL, Rechkemmer G. 606-613. Consumption of Fruit and Berries Is Inversely Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis in Elderly Men. Ellingsen I, Hjerkinn EM, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Tonstad S. 674-681.
High-protein diets and HA1C. Reducing carbohydrate can help control blood sugar, but many people find very-lowcarbohydrate (low biologically avail-
able glucose, [LoBAG]) diets to be difficult to maintain. This clinical trial examined the level of LoBAG as 30% carbohydrate as compared to typical levels of 20% on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1C in type 2 diabetics. Eight male participants (mean age 59 years, range 50 to 64 years, mean body mass index 29) with untreated type 2 diabetes were followed under strict diet control until their blood sugar was stabilized for at least 6 weeks prior to enrollment. A 5-week control diet (55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 30% fat) was compared to a 5-week LoBAG study diet (30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40% fat) separated by a 5-week washout period. All food was prepared in a metabolic kitchen. Fasting blood, body weight, height, blood pressure, and urine samples were taken during 24-hour admissions at the start and end of each diet phase. Postprandial curves were calculated along with Student’s t test for pairwise comparisons of baseline and completion. A repeatedmeasures analysis was used for variables over time. Results showed that blood glucose levels could be maintained on the 30% carbohydrate as well or better than the control diet. Fasting glucose levels and 24-hour glucose response curve dropped by more than 40% compared to control diet with no change in serum lipids. Funding was provided by the American Diabetes Association, the Minnesota Beef Council, and the Department of Veterans Affairs. BURNS Vol 34, March 2008 (www.elsevier.com/locate/burns) Œ
Fluid Management in Burn Patients: Results from a European SurveyMore Questions than Answers. Boldt J, Papsdorf M. 328-338.
HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Vol 86, March 2008 (www.hbr.org) Œ
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When Growth Stalls. Olson MS, van Bever D, Verry S. 51-61. Transforming Strategy One Customer at a Time. Harrington RJ, Tjan AK. 62-72. Is Yours a Learning Organization? Garvin DA, Edmondson AC, Gino F. 109-116.
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Are Children Doomed by What They Eat and Drink? (Editorial Commentary). Weinberger MH. 615-616. Salt Intake Is Related to Soft Drink Consumption in Children and Adolescents. A Link to Obesity? He FJ, Marrero NM, MacGregor GA. 629-634.
Salt intake and soft drink consumption. Dietary salt intake increases fluid intake in adults, but this relationship has not been studied in children. The 1997 United Kingdom National Diet and Nutrition Survey for young people used a nationally diverse sample of 2,672 children 4 to 18 years of age. This database was used to examine the relationship between salt intake, fluid intake, and soft drink consumption. Available data included weighted dietary records over 7 consecutive days with matched daily activity logs from 1,688 children (50% girls, mean age 11.4 years). Daily intake of salt, fluid, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks was correlated by
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multiple regression with adjustment for body weight, sex, age, and physical activity levels. The mean salt intake of consumed foods (omitting salt added in cooking or at the table) increased by age groups. The mean salt intake was 4.6⫾1.5 g/d at age four and 6.8⫾2.1 g/d at age 18. Fluid intake also increased similarly from 978⫾336 g/d to 1,291⫾648 g/d by age 18. Average soft drink consumption was 56% of fluids ingested with more than 50% from sugar-sweetened sources. Other fluids came from milk (18%), coffee/tea (11%), water (9%), and fruit juice (5%). Salt intake was statistically significantly correlated with fluid consumption (P⬍0.001) even with adjustment for confounding variables. Each 1 g/d salt intake was linked to 100 g/d of fluid with no effect seen with level of physical activity. A similar relationship was found between soft drink consumption and salt intake. A reduction of 1 g/d of salt was estimated to potentially reduce sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption by 27 g/d per child. If dietary salt was reduced by half, more than 81 g/d of soft drinks could be reduced or the equivalent of 2.3 servings (250 mL each) per week.
This observation could have important implications for obesity and hypertension control for children as well as future implications as adults. No funding source was noted. THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Vol 299, March 12, 2008 (jama.ama-assn.org) ●
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Comparison of Strategies for Sustaining Weight Loss. The Weight Loss Maintenance Randomized Controlled Trial. Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, Appel LJ, Hollis JF, Loria CM, Vollmer WM, Gullion CM, Funk K, Smith P, Samuel-Hodge C, Myers V, Lien LF, Laferriere D, Kennedy B, Jerome GJ, Heinith F, Harsha DW, Evans P, Erlinger TP, Dalein AT, Coughlin J, Charleston J, Champagne CM, Bauck A, Ard JD, Aicher K, for the Weight Los Maintenance Collaborative Research Group. 1139-1148. Instant Mobile Communication, Efficiency, and Quality of Life. (Commentary). Spiegelman J, Detsky AS. 1179-1181.
NEW IN REVIEW Vol 299, March 19, 2008 Œ
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Delivery of Genomic Medicine for Common Chronic Adult Diseases: A Systematic Review. (Review). Scheuner MT, Sieverding P, Shekelle PG. 1320-1334. How to Interpret a Genome-Wide Association Study. (Special Communication). Pearson TA, Manolio TA. 1335-1344. Key Internet Genetics Resources for the Clinician. (Special Communication). Uhlmann WR, Guttmacher AE. 1356-1358.
Sustaining weight loss. Maintaining weight loss is a unique and difficult challenge. The Weight Loss Maintenance Trial was a stratified weightloss intervention trial at four United States clinical centers enrolling 1,032 adults (38% African Americans, 63% women, age range 28 to 83 years, mean baseline weight 96.7 kg) with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Phase 1 consisted of a 6-month groupbased Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet intervention with physical activity requirements. Participants who had lost at least 4 kg (mean weight loss 8.5 kg) were randomized to one of three 30month maintenance interventions: self-directed control group, Internetaccess technology group (requirement of weekly log in and weight reporting), or personal monthly contact by a trained coach (case-manager approach with 5 to 15 minutes personal contact by phone per month). Data were available at baseline, 6-month intervals, and conclusion of the trial for body weight, height, food intake by frequency questionnaire, and physical activity by pedometer. Group differences were compared by analysis of covariance to adjust for confounding variables. Subgroup analysis with appropriate multiple comparison tests were completed. More than 70% of participants were able to maintain entry weight and more than 40% maintained at least 4 kg of their initial weight loss. Weight-loss success did not differ by sex, age, ethnicity, or initial body weight. The self-directed group had highest weight regain. At the end of the study, the coached group had a slightly higher weight loss (1.2 kg, P⫽0.003) than the Inter-
net group. Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE Vol 73, March 2008 (www.ift.org) Œ
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Methodological Evaluation of Method for Dietary Heavy Metal Intake. (Review). Zukowska J, Biziuk M. R21-R29. Polyphenols and Antioxidan Properties of Almond Skins: Influence of Industrial Provessing. Garrido I, Monagas M, Gomez-Cordoves C, Bartolome B. C106-C115. Shelf Life Prediction of Bread Sticks Using Oxidation Indices: A Validation Study. Calligaris S, Pieve SD, Kravina G, Manzocco L, Nicoli CM. E51-E56.
JOURNAL OF NUTRITION Vol 138, March 2008 (pubs.nutrition.org) Œ
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Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fiber Consumption and Prevention of Diabetes. (Review). Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AF. 439-442. A Diet Rich in Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Butter Increases Lipid Peroxidation but Does Not Affect Atherosclerotic, Inflammatory, or Diabetic Risk Markers in Healthy Young Men. Raff M, Tholstrup T, Basu S, Nonboe P, Sorensen MT, Straarug EM. 509-514. Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Minority Composition Are Associated with Better Potential Spatial Access to the Ground-Truthed Food Environment in a Large Rural Area. Sharkey JR, Horel S. 620-627.
Rural food availability. Areas of healthy food deprivation have been recently identified in urban areas, but little is known about rural communities. This public health study used data from the 2006 Brazos Valley Food Environment Project, a comprehensive analysis of six rural Texas food counties without public transportation, to examine the distance between neighborhood centers and the nearest commercial food source. Direct observation or “ground-truthing” (GT) was used to measure by latitude and longitude the specific location of each food source using global positioning devices (GPS) val-
idated by physically droving by available highways to each location. Data were analyzed by dividing the residents into 101 census block groups from 2000 US Census summary files and calculating distances to nearest food source. Factor analysis was used to load using an iterated principal factor method, to create a model of linear combinations for each census block group. Median distance was 14.9 km one way to nearest food source with GT and GPS providing both over- and under-estimation of distance when compared with actual physical driving. More than 20% of neighborhoods were at least 17.7 km from the nearest full-service food source and 7.6 km from the nearest convenience store. Distance was not necessarily linked to economic status. Vehicular access is an essential component to access any commercial food source. Funding was provided to the Center for Environmental and Rural Health and the Texas Health Aging Research Network through government grants. JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY Vol 19, March 2008 (www.intl.elsevierhealth.com) Œ
Mechanisms of Colorectal and Lung Cancer Prevention by Vegetables: A Genomic Approach. (Review). Van Breda SG, de Kok TM, van Delft JH. 139-157.
JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS Vol 152, March 2008 (journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ ympd) Œ
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Leptin Levels among Prepubertal Children with Downs Syndrome Compared with Their Siblings. Magge SN, O’Neill KL, Shuls J, Stallings A, Stettler N. 321-326. Beneficial Effects of a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid on Infant Development: Evidence from the Inuit of Arctic Quebec. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Muckle G, Kaplan-Estrin M, Ayotte P, Dewailly E. 356e1364e1. Is It Necessary to Measure Resting Energy Expenditure in Clinical Practice in Children? Shakur YA, Richards H, Pencharz PB. 437-439.
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Probiotics or Con? (Editorial). 624. Probiotics in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. (Commentary). Sand J, Nordback I. 634-635. Probiotic Prophylaxis in Predicted Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Randomised, Double-Blind, PlaceboControlled Trial. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Bollen TL, van Ramshorst B, Witteman BJ, Rosman C, Ploeg RJ, Brink MA, Schaapherder AF, Dejong CH, Wahab PJ, van Laarhoven CJ, van der Harst E, van Eijck CH, Cuesta MA, Akkermans LM, Gooszen HG, for the Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group. 651-659.
Vol 371, March 15, 2008 ●
Laboratory-Based versus Non-laboratory-Based Method for Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: The NHANES I Follow-up Cohort Study. Gaziano TA, Young CR, Fitzmaurice G, Atwood S, Gaziano JM. 923-931.
Probiotic negative effect. Probiotics have been linked primarily to health-promoting events with few side effects. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial was conducted in 15 Dutch academic medical centers to determine the effects of 28 days of continuous prophylactic probiotic therapy in the treatment of infection risk in severe acute pancreatitis defined as abdominal pain with elevated amylase or lipase at least three times normal and a cohort of other acute indicators. Necrotising pancreatitis was excluded. Patients received either a multispecies powdered probiotic powder or placebo twice daily in nasojejunal tube feedings within 72 hours of symptoms. If tube feeding was discontinued, the powder was dissolved in water and given orally. The outcome variable was any type of infection within 90 days of trial onset. Data were also collected on mortality, diarrhea, adverse symptoms, compliance, and culture results. Relative risk between groups was calculated
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followed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves using intention-to-treat. A total of 298 patients were randomized with 152 receiving probiotics and 145 placebo. The monitoring committee ended the study earlier when it was determined the probiotic group was requiring more intensive care intervention. The probiotic group was found to have a significantly higher risk of mortality (relative risk 2.53, P⫽0.01) when compared to placebo. Use of probiotics did not reduce infection but rather increased mortality. More patients in the probiotic group (n⫽9) developed bowel ischemia compared to none in the control group. The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs provided funding; probiotic and placebo was provided by Winclove Bio Industries, Amsterdam. Assessing cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk assessment traditionally includes the analysis of a cohort of laboratory values (ie, fasting lipids) which add both additional cost and logistics of sample collection. This epidemiological analysis used the database from the original National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) collected in 1971-1975 (n⫽14,407, age range 25 to 74 years) and compared cardiovascular events 21 years later as reported from the prospective Follow-up Cohort Study of this group (n⫽6,186). Data were available on cardiovascular events, age, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, total serum lipids, diabetes incidence, and hypertension, and mortality. These data were used to design two cardiovascular risk prediction models (laboratory and non–laboratory-based) using variables from the Framingham risk score. A Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess differences of prediction rates between the two models. Receiver operator curves were created to measure discrimination characteristics of each model. The results showed both models were equally predictive of cardiovascular events with slightly greater reliability for women with the laboratory model. When only mortality was used as an endpoint, there was no difference in either model by sex. The use of a non–laboratory-based predictive model compared to the traditional laboratory-based model appears to be a feasible, easier, and less
costly methodology to use when assessing cardiovascular risk. Funding was through the National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center grant. METABOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL Vol 57, March 2008 (www.elsevier.com/metabolism) Œ
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Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Substrate Oxidation Are not Different Between Lean and Obese Women after Two Different Isocaloric Meals, One Rich in Protein and One Rich in Fat. Tentolouris N, Pavlatos S, Kokkinos A, Perrea D, Pagoni S, Katsilambros N. 313-320. Efficacy of Plant Sterols Is Not Influenced by Dietary Cholesterol Intake in Hypercholesterolemic Individuals. Kassis AN, Vanstone CA, AbuMwels SS, Jones PJ. 339-346. Dietary Glycemic Index, Dietary Glycemic Load, Blood Lipds, and CReactive Protein. Levitan EB, Cook NT, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Rexrode KM, Buring JE, Manson JE, Liu S. 437-443.
Serum cholesterol at baseline. Plant sterols have been shown to lower both total plasma and low-density serum lipid components by reducing dietary cholesterol absorption through competition with cholesterol uptake in the micelles as well as other lessunderstood liver agonist properties. This randomized, double-blind, crossover trial examined the effect of plant sterols on differing levels of baseline serum and dietary cholesterol in a cohort of 22 healthy hypercholesterolemic Canadian men and postmenopausal women (age range 45 to 85 years). Four different 28-day controlled diets were separated by a 4-week washout period. Outcome variables were pre- and postserum fasting lipids and plant sterol levels. Body weight was kept constant by personalized caloric levels estimated by the Mifflin equation. Each diet contained 30% fat, 15% protein, 55% carbohydrate. Diets varied by daily cholesterol (mg per 4,l86 kJ) and plant sterol (mg per kg) content as: 80-0 (control), 80-22, 200-0, 200-22. Subjects ate breakfast on site and took home meals prepared by the metabolic kitchen. No coffee or alco-
NEW IN REVIEW hol was allowed. Data were analyzed by a repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance model using plant sterol, dietary cholesterol, and their interaction as variables. All subjects completed the study without significant weight change. The results showed that varying levels of dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol had no effect on action of plant sterols. Their efficiency remained 4% to 9% on total cholesterol and 8% to 16% on low-density components regardless of ingested cholesterol implying an independent effect not related to dietary level. Funding was provided by the American Egg Board. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING Vol 70, March 2008 (www.elsevier.com) Œ
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Attitudes toward Integration of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Primary Care: Perspectives of Patients, Physicians, and Complementary Practitioners. BenArye E, Frenkel M, Klein A, Scharf M. 395-402. Measuring Quality of Patient Information Documents with an Expanded EQIP Scale. Charvet-Berard AI, Chopard P, Perneger TV. 407-411.
PHYTOMEDICINE Vol 15, March 2008 (www.elsevier.com) Œ
Cholesterol Reduction Using Psyllium Husks-Do Gastrointestinal Adverse Effects Limit Compliance? Uehleke B, Ortiz M, Stange R. 153-159.
QUICK LOOKS Nutraceuticals, Second Edition By: Brian Lockwood; London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press; 2007; $75.00; hardcover; 426 pp; ISBN: 0-85369659-4. Eat Often, Feel Great & Lose Weight By: Denise Dubé, RD; Montreal, QC: AAB Publishing; 2006; $24.95; paperback; 152 pp; ISBN: 0-97814400-7.
SITES IN REVIEW WE CAN! Ways to Enhance Children’s Activity & Nutrition http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/ heart/obesity/wecan/ According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of child overweight in the United States has tripled over the past 30 years. Approximately 9 million youth in our country today have a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile. This unhealthful weight is strongly correlated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, premature heart disease, and other chronic diseases. Long-term energy imbalance resulting from the consumption of too many calories and less active play is the overarching factor fueling the epidemic of child overweight in the United States. We Can! or “Ways to Enhance Children’s Activity & Nutrition” is an obesity education initiative sponsored by the National Institutes for Health in partnership with several organizations such as the American Dietetic Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. This public health program is directed at parents (the gatekeepers of what foods and activities are provided for the family), schools, community organizations, and health professionals. The three-fold goal of this program is to 1) improve food choices, 2) increase physical activity, and 3) reduce screen time among family members, especially those between the ages of 8 and 12 years. The We Can! Web site organizes its materials in three primary sections, Learn It, Live It, and Get Involved. Media announcements, a calendar of events, and other news about the We Can! public health campaign are also posted on the site. An overview of how to achieve a healthy weight by eating right and keeping active is presented in the Learn It and Live It sections. Users can learn about practical ways to eat nutritious foods, reduce screen time, and increase physical activity. Evidence-based supporting materials addressing weight control strategies are also provided for parents, health pro-
fessionals, and community leaders. These downloadable resources (available in English and Spanish) include a 32-page parent handbook, the GOSLOW and WHOA! food guide for children and several types of diet and physical activity tip sheets. Individuals who are interested in launching or financially supporting a We Can! program in their locality can learn about this process by reading the information posted in the Get Involved section of the site. Step-by-step instructions, regional training workshops, and other relevant materials associated with establishing a We Can! community site are outlined. Action for Healthy Kids www.actionforhealthykids.org The mission of Action for Healthy Kids, a consortium of more than 60 government, health, education, nutrition and fitness organizations, is to reduce the incidence of child overweight by promoting nutrition and physical activity in school environments throughout the United States. Countless numbers of school administrators, teachers, parents, and health professionals support, participate in, or oversee programs consistent with Action for Healthy Kids goals at the local school, district, statewide, or national level. Information about becoming a “team member” is posted on its Web site. The prized feature of the Action for Healthy Kids Web site is the online library of resources. This is a goldmine for obtaining materials, curriculums, fact sheets, and toolkits designed to improve child health, nutrition, and fitness in school settings. Users can search this database by topic, audience, target age, material type, or select advanced browser functions. Users can also expand this database through the Action for Healthy Kids online submission process for new materials. A menu of news, research findings, and other information associated with child overweight and school wellness programs are archived on the Action for Healthy Kids Web site. Examples of resources posted in this section include newsletters, press releases, and fact sheets on school policies, nutrition and fitness curriculums, and related statistical information.
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