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La diffusion dans les metaux
BOOK REVIEWS
331
13.
The Statistical Blechanical Theory of Irreversible Processess in Solutions of I\Iacromolecules-.J. RIWX~N and J. G. KIRKWOOD. 14. The Viscosity of Colloidal Suspensions and 1\larromolecular Solutions-H. L. &ISCH and ROBF,RT SIMIIA. 15. Streaming and Stress Birefringence-A4. h’rERIJN. Non-Newtonian Flow of Liquids and Solids--J. G. OI.DROYD. 16. B. LINDSAY. 17. llcoustics and the Liquid State-R. A detailed subject index of forty-six pages is given. Each chapter is a review article by a rerognised authority in the relevant field. The number of chapters and the wide field covered precludes detailed comment on each chapter. Attention will be directed to the basic conception of the series, the composition of this first volume and its potential usefulness. In his preface the Editor notes the broad range of activities touched by rheology. The series is visualised as providing ‘ the novice with a very general introduction to many topics and the advanced reader a ready means of comparing the viewpoint of the contributing authors and of It was hoped originally that a universal studying new material in fields related to rheology. nomenclature would be adopted throughout the series but it was concluded in the attempt that the time was not ripe for such an undertaking. The general field of rheology tends to be fairly sharply divided into separate topics-elasticity, plasticit.y, etc. This is due to the necessity for simplication to make mathematical problems amenable to solution rather than to a lack of awareness of the complex nature of material behaviour. Moreover the various topics, even within their restricted ranges of validity, are sufficiently involved as to provide more than enough scope for research workers ; they are in fact sub-divided into nrain lines of attack. In these circumstances there is a strong tendency for compartmentation of techniques as distinct from a failure to appreciate the broad aims and progress of other topics. The present volume in particular should be of considerable value in providing a convenient integrated source book in this context, both in cataloguing methods and in indicating where they may be pursued in greater detail. It is not clear that anything other than a very brand unity of rheology exists and the reviewer finds it difhcult to imagine how the Editor expects his hope ‘ that this book will be instrumental in bringing about a better understanding of the essential unity of rheology ’ is to be fulfilled. The experienced worker in some section of the field will be aware of the related topics and the initiate to the field will find it very difllcult to prevent, the trees obscuring the wood. The pattern of connexion between the principal topics extant in rheology is too complex to expect a single thread to link the chapters of this book. The Editor has commenced his book with two mathematical introductory chapters covering phenomenological macrorheology and finite plastic deformation followed by a group of contributions on the deformation of solids. The remaining chapters deal with a diversity of topics ranging from finite elastic deformation to acoustics and the liquid state. Alterrmtive arrangements or emphasis rould be suggested but with no clear superiority to this present treatment. The Editor is to be congratulated on persuading his distinguished colleagues to make their contributions to the series. The standards of printing and binding are high and this first volume is a worthwhile addition to the literature in the field. J. F. W. BISHOP.
La Diffusion dans Les Metaux. Edited by J. D. FAST, H. G. VAN BUEREN and J. PHILIBERT. Bibliotheque Technique Philips (Cleaver-Hume Press, London), 1957. 130 pp., 37s. Gd. FOR some years a small group of French, Belgian and Dutch metallurgists, together with a few from other countries, have met to discuss problems of metal physics. In 1956 the meeting was held at Eindhoven and the subject discussed was diffusion in metals. The particular importance of diffusion has led the organisers of the conference to break their normal practice by publishing its proceedings in the book reviewed here. Certainly, the interest and attractiveness of the eleven papers brought together in the book fully justifies this decision, The opening paper, by A. D. LECLAIRE, reviews the thermodynamic and statistical theory underlying the diffusion process, and also outlines interesting recent work
Roox RIwrFms
333
on correlation effects in vwancy diffusion, a subject that is taken up in greater detail in the next paper, by K. COMPAAN and Y. HAVEN. 1’. LACoMBI~ surveys in detail theoretical and experimental work on diffusion in grain b~)und~~ri~s,and in the foliowing paper he joins C. LEYYONIF. in presenting recent experiments on grain boundary diffusion in a-iron. Four papers, by Tn. I~NJMANN, J. PHILIBERT, Y. ADDA, A. BOLK, and T. J. TIEDEMA, discuss diffusiou in various alloys, and the Kirkendall effect. J. L. MEIJERIN~ gives a useful survey of the interstitial diffusion of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, in several metals, and A. VAN WEIRINGF.N describes a promising new method for determining the solubility and diffusion of helium in silicon and germanium. Finally C, W. BERGIIOUT explains how certain anomalies in the diffusion of vacancies in quenched metals can be understood in terms of the effect of stresses on the mobility of vacancies. Au enjoyable and useful book for those interested in metal physics. A, E-1.COTTRELL
PAPERS
TO BE PUBLIS~~ED IN FUTURE
ISSUES
331
13.
The Statistical Blechanical Theory of Irreversible Processess in Solutions of I\Iacromolecules-.J. RIWX~N and J. G. KIRKWOOD. 14. The Viscosity of Colloidal Suspensions and 1\larromolecular Solutions-H. L. &ISCH and ROBF,RT SIMIIA. 15. Streaming and Stress Birefringence-A4. h’rERIJN. Non-Newtonian Flow of Liquids and Solids--J. G. OI.DROYD. 16. B. LINDSAY. 17. llcoustics and the Liquid State-R. A detailed subject index of forty-six pages is given. Each chapter is a review article by a rerognised authority in the relevant field. The number of chapters and the wide field covered precludes detailed comment on each chapter. Attention will be directed to the basic conception of the series, the composition of this first volume and its potential usefulness. In his preface the Editor notes the broad range of activities touched by rheology. The series is visualised as providing ‘ the novice with a very general introduction to many topics and the advanced reader a ready means of comparing the viewpoint of the contributing authors and of It was hoped originally that a universal studying new material in fields related to rheology. nomenclature would be adopted throughout the series but it was concluded in the attempt that the time was not ripe for such an undertaking. The general field of rheology tends to be fairly sharply divided into separate topics-elasticity, plasticit.y, etc. This is due to the necessity for simplication to make mathematical problems amenable to solution rather than to a lack of awareness of the complex nature of material behaviour. Moreover the various topics, even within their restricted ranges of validity, are sufficiently involved as to provide more than enough scope for research workers ; they are in fact sub-divided into nrain lines of attack. In these circumstances there is a strong tendency for compartmentation of techniques as distinct from a failure to appreciate the broad aims and progress of other topics. The present volume in particular should be of considerable value in providing a convenient integrated source book in this context, both in cataloguing methods and in indicating where they may be pursued in greater detail. It is not clear that anything other than a very brand unity of rheology exists and the reviewer finds it difhcult to imagine how the Editor expects his hope ‘ that this book will be instrumental in bringing about a better understanding of the essential unity of rheology ’ is to be fulfilled. The experienced worker in some section of the field will be aware of the related topics and the initiate to the field will find it very difllcult to prevent, the trees obscuring the wood. The pattern of connexion between the principal topics extant in rheology is too complex to expect a single thread to link the chapters of this book. The Editor has commenced his book with two mathematical introductory chapters covering phenomenological macrorheology and finite plastic deformation followed by a group of contributions on the deformation of solids. The remaining chapters deal with a diversity of topics ranging from finite elastic deformation to acoustics and the liquid state. Alterrmtive arrangements or emphasis rould be suggested but with no clear superiority to this present treatment. The Editor is to be congratulated on persuading his distinguished colleagues to make their contributions to the series. The standards of printing and binding are high and this first volume is a worthwhile addition to the literature in the field. J. F. W. BISHOP.
La Diffusion dans Les Metaux. Edited by J. D. FAST, H. G. VAN BUEREN and J. PHILIBERT. Bibliotheque Technique Philips (Cleaver-Hume Press, London), 1957. 130 pp., 37s. Gd. FOR some years a small group of French, Belgian and Dutch metallurgists, together with a few from other countries, have met to discuss problems of metal physics. In 1956 the meeting was held at Eindhoven and the subject discussed was diffusion in metals. The particular importance of diffusion has led the organisers of the conference to break their normal practice by publishing its proceedings in the book reviewed here. Certainly, the interest and attractiveness of the eleven papers brought together in the book fully justifies this decision, The opening paper, by A. D. LECLAIRE, reviews the thermodynamic and statistical theory underlying the diffusion process, and also outlines interesting recent work
Roox RIwrFms
333
on correlation effects in vwancy diffusion, a subject that is taken up in greater detail in the next paper, by K. COMPAAN and Y. HAVEN. 1’. LACoMBI~ surveys in detail theoretical and experimental work on diffusion in grain b~)und~~ri~s,and in the foliowing paper he joins C. LEYYONIF. in presenting recent experiments on grain boundary diffusion in a-iron. Four papers, by Tn. I~NJMANN, J. PHILIBERT, Y. ADDA, A. BOLK, and T. J. TIEDEMA, discuss diffusiou in various alloys, and the Kirkendall effect. J. L. MEIJERIN~ gives a useful survey of the interstitial diffusion of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, in several metals, and A. VAN WEIRINGF.N describes a promising new method for determining the solubility and diffusion of helium in silicon and germanium. Finally C, W. BERGIIOUT explains how certain anomalies in the diffusion of vacancies in quenched metals can be understood in terms of the effect of stresses on the mobility of vacancies. Au enjoyable and useful book for those interested in metal physics. A, E-1.COTTRELL
PAPERS
TO BE PUBLIS~~ED IN FUTURE
ISSUES