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Lack of Growth Response of Turkey Poults to Certain Antibiotics and Bacteriostatic Agents12
179
RESEARCH NOTES
LACK OF GROWTH RESPONSE OF TURKEY POULTS TO CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS AND BACTERIOSTATIC AGENTS 1 ' 2 JOEL R. STERN, JOHN McN.
SIEBTJRTH AND JAMES MCGINNIS
Department of Poultry Science, The State College of Washington, Pullman (Received for publication September 17,1951)
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredient Ground yellow corn
Dehydrated alfalfa Herring fish meal Soybean oil meal (44% protein) Dicalcium phosphate A and D cone. (5,000 I.U.A, 1,000 U.D/g.) Salt Dried brewers' yeast Riboflavin cone. Choline chloride MnSOi 8 g. per 100 lbs.
Percent 42.7 2.5 10 37.8 1.25 2.5 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.1
heated battery brooders when one day old. A basal diet which was regarded as adequate with regard to protein, minerals and known vitamins was prepared; 1
Scientific Paper No. 1061, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State College of Washington, Pullman. 2 This investigation was supported (in part) by a research grant from the Division of Research Grants and Fellowships from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service.
its composition is shown in Table 1. The various materials under study were then mixed into the basal diet at various levels and the experimental diets thus prepared were fed to duplicate groups of 12 poults each. Groups were weighed weekly and the three feeding trials, which were run consecutively, ended at 26 days for trial 1 and 28 days for trials 2 and 3. The results of this experiment are summarized in Table 2. I t is obvious that, in each trial, the only marked growth response was produced by penicillin. None of the other antibiotics or bacteriostatic agents gave as great a growth response, and actidione, which is toxic, decreased body weights considerably. The materials TABLE 2.- -Mean weight of poults and percent
increase over basal Supplement to Basal
T L . vv.,a
*
P.P.M. None — Neomycin 2 Neomycin 5 Neomycin 25 PVP Iodine* 10 PVP Iodine' 50 PVP Iodine' 200 Procaine Penicillin 5 Tyrocidin 5 Tyrocidin 10 Tyrocidin 25 Tyrothricin 5 Tyrothricin 10 Tyrothricin 25 Acri flavin 5 Acriflavin 20 Acri flavin 50 Actidione 10 Actidione 50 Actidione 100 Crystal violet 10 Crystal violet 100 Gramicidin 5 Gramicidin 10 Gramicidin 25 Gramicidin . 100
Trial 1' Mean Wt. %
3fo — 3
382 385 433 403 360 433
4 17 9 3 17
484
31
Trial 2* Mean Wt. %
g 495
g 422
561 494 449 438 433 461 455 435 455 440
Trial 3» Mean Wt. %
33 17 6 4 3 9 8 3 8 4
490 535
9 8
634
28
443 -11 283 - 4 3 197 - 6 0 484 2 466 6 •>. 487 494 0 475 4 513 4
'Polyvinyl pyrrolidone iodine; 11% available iodine. 24 poults per treatment.
2
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 6, 2016
Penicillin, aureomycin, terramycin and streptomycin have been found to stimulate early growth of turkey poults (Stokstad and Jukes, 1950; McGinnis et al., 1951). Recent experiments conducted to. determine whether other antibiotics and bacteriostatic agents would stimulate poult growth to the same degree as the above materials have shown that the substances newly tested do not have this property. Broad Breasted Bronze poults were distributed at random into electrically
180
RESEARCH NOTES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Merck and Co., Inc., Charles Pfizer & Co., Inc., General Aniline and Film Co., and the S. B. Penick Co., for supplying many of the materials used in this study. REFERENCES Baron, A. L., 1949. Handbook of Antibiotics. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York. McGinnis, J., J. R. Stern, R. L. Wilcox, and J. S. Carver. 1951. The effect of different antibiotics on the growth of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 30: 492-496. Stokstad, E. L. R., and T. H. Jukes. 1950. Growth promoting effect of aureomycin on turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 29:611-612.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE BROAD BREASTED BRONZE TOMS 1 ' 2 I. L. KOSIN, M. S. MITCHELL AND W. T. BURROWS
The State College of Washington, Pullman (Received for publication September 24, 1951)
The observed seasonal variations in turkey spermatozoa, in an investigation conducted in 1948 and 1949 (Wakely and Kosin, 1951) have led to further studies at this Station on the role of temperature in the reproductive complex of male and female turkeys. The preliminary investigation conducted in 1949-50 (Burrows and Kosin, 1950) at this Station showed that the preconditioning of the Broad Breasted Bronze toms, by keeping them at 65°F. prior to and during the breeding season, improved their fertilizing capacity. Furthermore, the hatchability of 1
Scientific Paper No. 1063, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, The State College of Washington, Pullman. * The study reported here was supported, in part, by funds provided under The Research and Marketing Act of 1946, and conducted at the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station as a sub-project of the Western Regional Poultry Breeding Project.
fertile eggs laid by the Broad Breasted Bronze hens, inseminated with the semen from these preconditioned toms, was also improved when compared with the hatchability of eggs laid by hens artificially mated to control (not preconditioned) toms. The second study was started in the fall of 1950, when one group of Broad Breasted Bronze toms received their premating heat conditioning for five weeks in an insulated pen, where the temperature was maintained at 65°F. The control toms were left in an outdoor pen. Artificial light was provided to both pens at the rate of 13 hours per day. The hens to which these toms were to be mated were divided, at random, just prior to mating, into two major groups according to the temperature environment in which they were to be kept during the breeding season. Forty-eight hens, split into two
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 6, 2016
fed in this experiment are active in vitro against a very extensive range of microflora (Baron, 1949). It is, therefore, surprising that in no case was there a stimulus to rapid, early growth, although it is possible that the levels chosen were not optimal for growth stimulation. Assuming that the mechanism of the growth-promoting action of penicillin, aureomycin, terramycin, and streptomycin is by modification of the intestinal microflora, it would seem that these substances have an effect which is not equalled by those antibiotics which do not stimulate growth as greatly.
RESEARCH NOTES
LACK OF GROWTH RESPONSE OF TURKEY POULTS TO CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS AND BACTERIOSTATIC AGENTS 1 ' 2 JOEL R. STERN, JOHN McN.
SIEBTJRTH AND JAMES MCGINNIS
Department of Poultry Science, The State College of Washington, Pullman (Received for publication September 17,1951)
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredient Ground yellow corn
Dehydrated alfalfa Herring fish meal Soybean oil meal (44% protein) Dicalcium phosphate A and D cone. (5,000 I.U.A, 1,000 U.D/g.) Salt Dried brewers' yeast Riboflavin cone. Choline chloride MnSOi 8 g. per 100 lbs.
Percent 42.7 2.5 10 37.8 1.25 2.5 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.1
heated battery brooders when one day old. A basal diet which was regarded as adequate with regard to protein, minerals and known vitamins was prepared; 1
Scientific Paper No. 1061, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State College of Washington, Pullman. 2 This investigation was supported (in part) by a research grant from the Division of Research Grants and Fellowships from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service.
its composition is shown in Table 1. The various materials under study were then mixed into the basal diet at various levels and the experimental diets thus prepared were fed to duplicate groups of 12 poults each. Groups were weighed weekly and the three feeding trials, which were run consecutively, ended at 26 days for trial 1 and 28 days for trials 2 and 3. The results of this experiment are summarized in Table 2. I t is obvious that, in each trial, the only marked growth response was produced by penicillin. None of the other antibiotics or bacteriostatic agents gave as great a growth response, and actidione, which is toxic, decreased body weights considerably. The materials TABLE 2.- -Mean weight of poults and percent
increase over basal Supplement to Basal
T L . vv.,a
*
P.P.M. None — Neomycin 2 Neomycin 5 Neomycin 25 PVP Iodine* 10 PVP Iodine' 50 PVP Iodine' 200 Procaine Penicillin 5 Tyrocidin 5 Tyrocidin 10 Tyrocidin 25 Tyrothricin 5 Tyrothricin 10 Tyrothricin 25 Acri flavin 5 Acriflavin 20 Acri flavin 50 Actidione 10 Actidione 50 Actidione 100 Crystal violet 10 Crystal violet 100 Gramicidin 5 Gramicidin 10 Gramicidin 25 Gramicidin . 100
Trial 1' Mean Wt. %
3fo — 3
382 385 433 403 360 433
4 17 9 3 17
484
31
Trial 2* Mean Wt. %
g 495
g 422
561 494 449 438 433 461 455 435 455 440
Trial 3» Mean Wt. %
33 17 6 4 3 9 8 3 8 4
490 535
9 8
634
28
443 -11 283 - 4 3 197 - 6 0 484 2 466 6 •>. 487 494 0 475 4 513 4
'Polyvinyl pyrrolidone iodine; 11% available iodine. 24 poults per treatment.
2
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 6, 2016
Penicillin, aureomycin, terramycin and streptomycin have been found to stimulate early growth of turkey poults (Stokstad and Jukes, 1950; McGinnis et al., 1951). Recent experiments conducted to. determine whether other antibiotics and bacteriostatic agents would stimulate poult growth to the same degree as the above materials have shown that the substances newly tested do not have this property. Broad Breasted Bronze poults were distributed at random into electrically
180
RESEARCH NOTES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Merck and Co., Inc., Charles Pfizer & Co., Inc., General Aniline and Film Co., and the S. B. Penick Co., for supplying many of the materials used in this study. REFERENCES Baron, A. L., 1949. Handbook of Antibiotics. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York. McGinnis, J., J. R. Stern, R. L. Wilcox, and J. S. Carver. 1951. The effect of different antibiotics on the growth of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 30: 492-496. Stokstad, E. L. R., and T. H. Jukes. 1950. Growth promoting effect of aureomycin on turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 29:611-612.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE BROAD BREASTED BRONZE TOMS 1 ' 2 I. L. KOSIN, M. S. MITCHELL AND W. T. BURROWS
The State College of Washington, Pullman (Received for publication September 24, 1951)
The observed seasonal variations in turkey spermatozoa, in an investigation conducted in 1948 and 1949 (Wakely and Kosin, 1951) have led to further studies at this Station on the role of temperature in the reproductive complex of male and female turkeys. The preliminary investigation conducted in 1949-50 (Burrows and Kosin, 1950) at this Station showed that the preconditioning of the Broad Breasted Bronze toms, by keeping them at 65°F. prior to and during the breeding season, improved their fertilizing capacity. Furthermore, the hatchability of 1
Scientific Paper No. 1063, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, The State College of Washington, Pullman. * The study reported here was supported, in part, by funds provided under The Research and Marketing Act of 1946, and conducted at the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station as a sub-project of the Western Regional Poultry Breeding Project.
fertile eggs laid by the Broad Breasted Bronze hens, inseminated with the semen from these preconditioned toms, was also improved when compared with the hatchability of eggs laid by hens artificially mated to control (not preconditioned) toms. The second study was started in the fall of 1950, when one group of Broad Breasted Bronze toms received their premating heat conditioning for five weeks in an insulated pen, where the temperature was maintained at 65°F. The control toms were left in an outdoor pen. Artificial light was provided to both pens at the rate of 13 hours per day. The hens to which these toms were to be mated were divided, at random, just prior to mating, into two major groups according to the temperature environment in which they were to be kept during the breeding season. Forty-eight hens, split into two
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 6, 2016
fed in this experiment are active in vitro against a very extensive range of microflora (Baron, 1949). It is, therefore, surprising that in no case was there a stimulus to rapid, early growth, although it is possible that the levels chosen were not optimal for growth stimulation. Assuming that the mechanism of the growth-promoting action of penicillin, aureomycin, terramycin, and streptomycin is by modification of the intestinal microflora, it would seem that these substances have an effect which is not equalled by those antibiotics which do not stimulate growth as greatly.