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Lack of Response to Supplementation of a Purified Diet with Menhaden Fish Solubles1
1060
RESEARCH NOTES
than in males, but the reverse was truee made on each individual for accuracy of with Bird's instrument. The differences be- measurement. One measurement of shank tween sexes were 0.23 and 0.44 cm., respec- length and body depth should be sufficient. tively, for the calipers and Bird's instrument. These results agree with those of REFERENCES Johnson and Asmundson (1957). Since the Bird, S., 1945. Measuring roundness of breast in calipers measure breast width at a constant*• live turkeys. U. S. Egg Poultry Magazine, 51: point (3.81 cm. dorsal to the keel), and1 206-209, 235. since the female body depth is less than1 El-Ibiary, H. M., and M. A. Jull, 1948. Criteria and genetic variation of live body conformation that of males, the breast width of females. in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 27: 40-52. would be measured by calipers at a wider Jaap, R. G., 1938. Estimating the influence of hepoint than that of males. This probably acredity on the tarsometatarsal length of the docounted for the different relationship bemestic turkey. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci. 18. tween sexes with the two different methodsj Johnson, A. S., and V. S. Asmundson, 1957. Genetic and environmental factors affecting size of of measurement. body and body parts of turkeys. 1. The heritaThe repeatability values obtained indibility and interrelationships of body weight and cate that two or more determinations of live body measurements. Poultry Sci. 36: 296keel length and breast width should be•• 301.
LACK OF RESPONSE TO SUPPLEMENTATION OF A PURIFIED DIET WITH MENHADEN FISH SOLUBLES1 W . C. StJPPLEE University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (Received for publication May 26, 1966)
Prior to 1958, the writer conducted a number of chick tests in which purified type diets were supplemented with crude products as sources of unidentified growth factor activity. The tests were discontinued because growth with the purified basal diets was comparable to that obtained with practical type rations, and growth responses attributable to supplementation were negligible or of questionable significance. More recently two tests were conducted to determine if environmental or other aspects of our facilities had altered in such 1 Scientific Article No. A1281 Contribution No. 3815 of the Maryland Experiment Station (Department of Poultry Science).
manner as to result in more significant responses to supplementation. EXPERIMENTAL
Samples of menhaden fish solubles were obtained from four plants, representing northern production prior to July 15 of the 1963 season, and composited for testing. Arbor Acre male chicks were fed the respective basal diets (Table 1) for 2 days in experiment 1 and for 1 day in experiment 2 and distributed in groups of 11 chicks each. In experiment 1, four groups were fed the basal diet for 26 days and four groups the basal with 3 % fish solubles replacing the caloric equivalent (productive energy basis) of soy protein. In experiment 2, four groups
1061
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Composition of the basal diets
TABLE 2.—Growth responses of chicks fed a purified diet supplemented with menhaden fish solubles
Parts
Glucose hydrate (Cerelose) Isolated soy protein (ADM C-l) Corn oil, refined DL-Methionine Glycine Ethoxyquin Minerals Vitamins Antibiotic
Basal diet 1
Basal diet 2
57.00
57.00
31.00 5.00 0.60 0.75 0.06 +13 +5
31.00 5.00 0.60 0.75 0.02 +24 + None
+
Supplied (% of diet): CaHP0 4 -H 2 0, 3.57; CaC0 3 , 1.25; KCl, 0.77; Na 2 HP0 4 , 0.73; NaCI, 0.3; MgS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.25; ZnCOs, 0.02; MnS0 4 -H 2 0, 0.03; FeS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.025; CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 0.003; KI0 3 , 0.002; NaBr, 0.002; Na 2 Mo0 4 • 2H 2 0, 0.001; CoS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.0002; Na 2 Se0 3 , 0.00006. 2 Supplied (% of diet): Same as 1, except: CaHP0 4 -2H 2 0, 3.01; CaCOs, 0.75; K 2 HP0 4 , 0.89; Na 2 HP0 4 , none; KCl, none. 3 Supplied (mgm. per 100 gms. of diet): menadione sodium bisulfite, 0.6; p-aminobenzoic acid, 0.5; biotin, 0.08; folacin, 1.0; pyridoxine HC1, 3.0; niacin, 7.0; D-calcium pantothenate, 4.0; riboflavin, 2.0; thiamine, 2.0; cyanocobalamin, 0.003; inositol, 100.0; choline chloride, 200.0; d-alpha-tocopherol acetate, 6.17. Also a concentrate (200,000 I.C.U./ gm.) to supply 220 I.C.U. of vitamin D, and a concentrate (325,000 I.U./gm.) to supply 1,080 I.U. vitamin A per 100 gm. 4 Same as 3 except: d-alpha-tocopherol acetate, 4.4 mgm.; and a concentrate (325,000 I.U./gm.) to supply 907 I.U. vitamin A per 100 gm. diet. 5 Zinc bacitracin, 11 p.p.m.
were fed basal 2 for 28 days and four groups basal 2 with 4% fish solubles replacing the caloric equivalent of cerelose. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth was similar with the basal and supplemented diets (Table 2), although in both tests there was a slight numerical growth advantage in favor of the basal-fed chicks. In experiment 2, with no antibiotic in the diet, 5 of 44 chicks died in the basalfed groups as compared to 1 death and 2 runty survivors in the supplemented groups. Whether the lower mortality in the
Treatment
( [g™
Mortality 2
Re s se ( PJ
Basal Diet 1 +3%F.S.4
Experiment 1 565 2/44 550 0/44
— (-)2.65
Basal Diet 2 +4%F.S.4
Experiment 2 518 5/44 501 3 1/44
— (-)3.3
1
Average of 4 groups, each treatment. Mortality in all instances occurred prior to 10th day of treatment. 3 Two of these chicks were runty; average gain without these runts was 514 gm. 4 F.S. = menhaden fish solubles supplied through the courtesy of Mr. J. Steele Culbertson of the National Fisheries Institute and Mr. Ferris Altherr of J. Howard Smith, Inc. 2
supplemented groups reflected a protective antibiotic-like action by the fish solubles, or was simply an instance of biological variability characteristic of chick tests is open to question. Growth of the supplemented chicks was still numerically lower, however, when the two runty chicks were eliminated in calculating the average gain (footnote 3, Table 2). The primary purpose of this communication is to further document instances where excellent growth was obtained with purified diets which could scarcely have contained a significant quantity of "fish factor" and growth was not improved by supplementation with a recognized source of this factor. The data emphasize the possibility that unidentified growth responses in many instances, at least, are not due to currently unknown essential nutrient entities but, rather, that such responses result from properties, (modification of the intestinal flora, chelating or other types of complexing effects etc.) which, in certain circumstances, obviously not pertaining in the tests reported here, improve the utilization of known nutrients in the ration.
RESEARCH NOTES
than in males, but the reverse was truee made on each individual for accuracy of with Bird's instrument. The differences be- measurement. One measurement of shank tween sexes were 0.23 and 0.44 cm., respec- length and body depth should be sufficient. tively, for the calipers and Bird's instrument. These results agree with those of REFERENCES Johnson and Asmundson (1957). Since the Bird, S., 1945. Measuring roundness of breast in calipers measure breast width at a constant*• live turkeys. U. S. Egg Poultry Magazine, 51: point (3.81 cm. dorsal to the keel), and1 206-209, 235. since the female body depth is less than1 El-Ibiary, H. M., and M. A. Jull, 1948. Criteria and genetic variation of live body conformation that of males, the breast width of females. in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 27: 40-52. would be measured by calipers at a wider Jaap, R. G., 1938. Estimating the influence of hepoint than that of males. This probably acredity on the tarsometatarsal length of the docounted for the different relationship bemestic turkey. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci. 18. tween sexes with the two different methodsj Johnson, A. S., and V. S. Asmundson, 1957. Genetic and environmental factors affecting size of of measurement. body and body parts of turkeys. 1. The heritaThe repeatability values obtained indibility and interrelationships of body weight and cate that two or more determinations of live body measurements. Poultry Sci. 36: 296keel length and breast width should be•• 301.
LACK OF RESPONSE TO SUPPLEMENTATION OF A PURIFIED DIET WITH MENHADEN FISH SOLUBLES1 W . C. StJPPLEE University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (Received for publication May 26, 1966)
Prior to 1958, the writer conducted a number of chick tests in which purified type diets were supplemented with crude products as sources of unidentified growth factor activity. The tests were discontinued because growth with the purified basal diets was comparable to that obtained with practical type rations, and growth responses attributable to supplementation were negligible or of questionable significance. More recently two tests were conducted to determine if environmental or other aspects of our facilities had altered in such 1 Scientific Article No. A1281 Contribution No. 3815 of the Maryland Experiment Station (Department of Poultry Science).
manner as to result in more significant responses to supplementation. EXPERIMENTAL
Samples of menhaden fish solubles were obtained from four plants, representing northern production prior to July 15 of the 1963 season, and composited for testing. Arbor Acre male chicks were fed the respective basal diets (Table 1) for 2 days in experiment 1 and for 1 day in experiment 2 and distributed in groups of 11 chicks each. In experiment 1, four groups were fed the basal diet for 26 days and four groups the basal with 3 % fish solubles replacing the caloric equivalent (productive energy basis) of soy protein. In experiment 2, four groups
1061
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Composition of the basal diets
TABLE 2.—Growth responses of chicks fed a purified diet supplemented with menhaden fish solubles
Parts
Glucose hydrate (Cerelose) Isolated soy protein (ADM C-l) Corn oil, refined DL-Methionine Glycine Ethoxyquin Minerals Vitamins Antibiotic
Basal diet 1
Basal diet 2
57.00
57.00
31.00 5.00 0.60 0.75 0.06 +13 +5
31.00 5.00 0.60 0.75 0.02 +24 + None
+
Supplied (% of diet): CaHP0 4 -H 2 0, 3.57; CaC0 3 , 1.25; KCl, 0.77; Na 2 HP0 4 , 0.73; NaCI, 0.3; MgS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.25; ZnCOs, 0.02; MnS0 4 -H 2 0, 0.03; FeS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.025; CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 0.003; KI0 3 , 0.002; NaBr, 0.002; Na 2 Mo0 4 • 2H 2 0, 0.001; CoS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.0002; Na 2 Se0 3 , 0.00006. 2 Supplied (% of diet): Same as 1, except: CaHP0 4 -2H 2 0, 3.01; CaCOs, 0.75; K 2 HP0 4 , 0.89; Na 2 HP0 4 , none; KCl, none. 3 Supplied (mgm. per 100 gms. of diet): menadione sodium bisulfite, 0.6; p-aminobenzoic acid, 0.5; biotin, 0.08; folacin, 1.0; pyridoxine HC1, 3.0; niacin, 7.0; D-calcium pantothenate, 4.0; riboflavin, 2.0; thiamine, 2.0; cyanocobalamin, 0.003; inositol, 100.0; choline chloride, 200.0; d-alpha-tocopherol acetate, 6.17. Also a concentrate (200,000 I.C.U./ gm.) to supply 220 I.C.U. of vitamin D, and a concentrate (325,000 I.U./gm.) to supply 1,080 I.U. vitamin A per 100 gm. 4 Same as 3 except: d-alpha-tocopherol acetate, 4.4 mgm.; and a concentrate (325,000 I.U./gm.) to supply 907 I.U. vitamin A per 100 gm. diet. 5 Zinc bacitracin, 11 p.p.m.
were fed basal 2 for 28 days and four groups basal 2 with 4% fish solubles replacing the caloric equivalent of cerelose. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth was similar with the basal and supplemented diets (Table 2), although in both tests there was a slight numerical growth advantage in favor of the basal-fed chicks. In experiment 2, with no antibiotic in the diet, 5 of 44 chicks died in the basalfed groups as compared to 1 death and 2 runty survivors in the supplemented groups. Whether the lower mortality in the
Treatment
( [g™
Mortality 2
Re s se ( PJ
Basal Diet 1 +3%F.S.4
Experiment 1 565 2/44 550 0/44
— (-)2.65
Basal Diet 2 +4%F.S.4
Experiment 2 518 5/44 501 3 1/44
— (-)3.3
1
Average of 4 groups, each treatment. Mortality in all instances occurred prior to 10th day of treatment. 3 Two of these chicks were runty; average gain without these runts was 514 gm. 4 F.S. = menhaden fish solubles supplied through the courtesy of Mr. J. Steele Culbertson of the National Fisheries Institute and Mr. Ferris Altherr of J. Howard Smith, Inc. 2
supplemented groups reflected a protective antibiotic-like action by the fish solubles, or was simply an instance of biological variability characteristic of chick tests is open to question. Growth of the supplemented chicks was still numerically lower, however, when the two runty chicks were eliminated in calculating the average gain (footnote 3, Table 2). The primary purpose of this communication is to further document instances where excellent growth was obtained with purified diets which could scarcely have contained a significant quantity of "fish factor" and growth was not improved by supplementation with a recognized source of this factor. The data emphasize the possibility that unidentified growth responses in many instances, at least, are not due to currently unknown essential nutrient entities but, rather, that such responses result from properties, (modification of the intestinal flora, chelating or other types of complexing effects etc.) which, in certain circumstances, obviously not pertaining in the tests reported here, improve the utilization of known nutrients in the ration.