Lateglacial to Early Holocene recursive aridity events in the SE Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: The Salines playa lake case study

Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e14

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Lateglacial to Early Holocene recursive aridity events in the SE Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: The Salines playa lake case study Francesc Burjachs a, b, d, *, Samantha E. Jones b, Santiago Giralt c,
ndez-Lo
pez de Pablo b, d Javier Ferna
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ICREA, Institucio  de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolucio
Social, Zona Educacional 4 e Campus Sescelades URV (edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain IPHES, Institut Catala c ICTJA-CSIC, Institute of Earth Sciences ‘Jaume Almera’, C/ Lluís Sol
e i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain d  ria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain URV, Area de Prehisto a

b

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Available online xxx

Twelve pollen-inferred aridity major and minor events (S1 to S12) have been identified at Salines playa lake (SE Iberian Peninsula, 475 m asl, 38
300 0200 N 00
530 1800 W) from the Lateglacial to the Early Holocene (Boreal). These dry events consist of an increase in the aridity quotient calculated as a function of selected pollen taxa at 13.4, 13, 12.55, 12.2, 11.9, 11.45, 11, 10.6, 10.3, 10, 9.5 and 8.3 ka cal BP. These dry events correspond to the previous identified cold spells such as the Younger Dryas, as well as the 8, 7, 6 and 5 Bond events, and 11.4 and 9.3 events. This climate record highlights the complex glacial-interglacial transition in extra-tropical latitudes, with centennial-scale abrupt climate fluctuations, a signature scarcely recorded in other palaeoecological records of the SE Iberian Peninsula. This work has major implications for the study of human socio-ecological systems and resilience in SE Iberia during the Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic periods. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Arid events Pollen analysis Mineralogy MesolithiceEpipaleolithic Lateglacial-Holocene SE Iberian Peninsula

1. Introduction Over the past years, human palaeoecology has highlighted the regionally variable impacts of Lateglacial and Early Holocene abrupt
lez-Sampe
riz climate crises on prehistoric hunter-gatherers (Gonza
ndez-Lo
pez de Pablo and Jochim, 2010; Crombe
et al., 2009; Ferna et al., 2011; Robinson et al., 2013; Wicks and Mithen, 2014). In this regard, two major methodological challenges arise when studying past socio-ecological systems: first, the chronological correlation between different sources of palaeoenvironmental evidence with records of human activity and land use; and second, the distinction between processes of gradual and punctuated environmental change in regional and micro-regional scenarios (Robinson et al., 2013). In the Iberian Mediterranean region, the recovery of temperatures during the Lateglacial interstadials and the Early Holocene led to two major processes of gradual environmental change: the replacement of the open Lateglacial woodland formations by temperate forests (Burjachs et al., 1997; Moreno et al., 2014); and

* Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (F. Burjachs).

sea level rise, with the flooding of terminal Pleistocene coastal plains (Goy and Zazo, 1988; Zazo et al., 1994, 2003, 2013; Goy et al., 1996). Both changes were translated into an increasing importance of forest adapted ungulate species (red deer, roe deer and wild boar) in the Early Holocene that paralleled a decrease of leporids (Aura et al., 2009). In this context, the impacts of Early Holocene abrupt climate events on Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers are much less understood. Much of the literature focuses on the Younger
lezDryas (Aura et al., 2011) and the 8.2 ka cold events (Gonza
riz et al., 2009; Fern

pez de Pablo and Jochim, Sampe andez-Lo
s-Sa
nchez et al., 2012), mainly due to the fact that 2010; Corte these events are easier to identify in many palaeoclimate records. However, the identification of climate events both at regional and local scales faces some methodological challenges. For instance, many of the palaeoecological reconstructions from archaeological
n-Marco, 2003, deposits are based on charcoal analyses (Carrio
et al., 2007, 2009, 2012a, 2012b, 2010; Aura et al., 2005; Allue
n et al., 2012) whose chronological resolution is 2013; Carrio contingent to erosive and stratigraphic discontinuities and hiatuses. This problem challenges the obtaining of continuous and robust climate reconstructions from the archaeological record and prompts the implementation of new research lines for correlating

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Please cite this article in press as: Burjachs, F., et al., Lateglacial to Early Holocene recursive aridity events in the SE Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: The Salines playa lake case study, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.117

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records of human activity with continuous palaeoenvironmental archives. 1.1. Archaeological settings The central Mediterranean region of the Iberian Peninsula provides a privileged archaeological record for the study of humanenvironmental interactions from the Lateglacial to the middle Holocene. In this area, the current regional sequence is divided into 4 major archaeological taxonomical units according to the technotypological evolution of the lithic assemblages (Martí-Oliver et al., 2009; Aura et al., 2011): a) the Epimagdalenian (c. 12.9e11.4 ky cal BP), characterised by micro-bladelet debitage and the dominance of backed bladelets and endscrapers amongst the retouched tools; b) the Epipalaeolithic with Sauveterrian microliths (c. 11.1e10.4 ky cal BP) such as triangles and crescents smaller than 10 mm; c) the Early Mesolithic (c. 10.1e8.6 ky cal BP), characterised by flake reduction strategies and a reduced set of formal tools dominated by notches and denticulates; and d) the Late Mesolithic (c. 8.5e8 ky cal BP) with bladelet debitage and geometric microliths (mainly trapezes with abrupt retouch) of Tardenoisian tradition. Generally speaking, the Epimagdalenian and Epipalaeolithic with Sauveterrian microliths display traits of cultural and technological continuity regarding the previous Late Upper Magdalenian. The ibex and deer hunting, with a noticeable contribution of leporids among the small prey, is clearly prevalent during both periods
rez, 2013). In contrast, the Early (Aura et al., 2009; Morales-Pe Mesolithic represents an abrupt change in lithic technology and subsistence strategies, signified by the increasing hunting of other ungulate species (in addition to deer and ibex) such as the wild boar, chamois and roe deer. The patterns of exploitation of small prey also changed during the Early Mesolithic, with a significant decrease in leporids and a persistent use of edible land snails
ndez-Lo
pez de Pablo et al., 2011). (Ferna Whether the observed changes in the composition of faunal assemblages between the Epipalaeolithic and the Early Mesolithic were driven by Early Holocene environmental changes, such as the increase in temperature and the expansion of thermophilous woodland, or alternatively, by an increase in hunting pressure due to demographic factors, still remains an open question. In fact, both hypotheses are not completely mutually exclusive. Recent studies report the appearance of cemeteries in the study area during the Early Mesolithic (Gibaja et al., 2015) and the presence of funerary sites in both inland and coastal areas, yielding different palaeodietary signals inferring a reliance upon marine proteins (SalazarGarcía et al., 2014). Therefore, the current archaeological record suggests an increase in the socially mediated territorial behaviour during the Early Mesolithic expressed by the persistent use of funerary areas. Such behaviour is also supported by the funerary
ndez-Lo
pez de Pablo evidences dated to the Late Mesolithic (Ferna ria, 2014). et al., 2013; Ola Thus, the analysis of a continuous sedimentary record, such as Salines playa lake, holds a significant potential for the study of socio-ecological systems at regional scale for two reasons: (i) it provides an independent line of evidence to determine how the events of climate and environmental deterioration affected the primary biomass; and (ii) it allows us to determine the prevailing palaeoenvironmental conditions under which the most significant changes in the archaeological record appeared. In addition, understanding how abrupt climate events have impacted hydrological systems and surrounding vegetation cover can provide essential information regarding human resilience, especially regarding changes in ecosystem carrying capacity. This fact is a critical issue in the Mediterranean façade of the Iberian Peninsula owing to the recurrent and persistent dry periods that

have shaped the landscape for the last millennia (Jalut et al., 2000;
n et al., 2004; Gonza
lez-Sampe
riz et al., 2009; Vegas et al., Carrio 2010; Aranbarri et al., 2014). In this paper, we present the first results of a multi-disciplinary research program (POSTGLACIAL-MED, Spanish MINECO) aimed at studying humaneenvironmental interactions during the Lateglacial and Early Holocene periods on the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. In this case study, we will focus on the re-evaluation of the Salines playa lake record which was the subject of previous  et al., 1994, 1998; Queralt et al., multi-proxy investigations (Julia 1997; Giralt et al., 1999). The multi-disciplinary investigations by  et al. (1998) included mineral, pollen, Giralt et al. (1999) and Julia isotope and ostracod analyses of this sedimentary record between 280 and 470 cm depth, to examine in detail the climate variability during the PleistoceneeHolocene transition. The present work incorporates a new aridity quotient based on pollen data that will be compared with new charcoal data using a revised bayesian chronological model to determine the signatures of subtle climate events not previously identified. 2. Site description Lake Salines is a playa lake (Briere, 2000) inside an endorheic basin (475 m asl), covering an area of approximately 1.6 km2, situated between and extending up to the foot of the Mesozoic ranges of Sierra de Salines and Cabrera in the SE Iberian Peninsula (Fig. 1). The Salines playa lake has a catchment area of about 71 km2. The mean annual precipitation is 350 mm and the mean temperature is about 14
C with abrupt daily and seasonal fluctuations. The annual evapo-transpiration rate measured in pan evapometers is about 1500 mm (Giralt et al., 1999). The lake was used as a salt-mineral resource over the last 400 years, although the main salt extraction was carried out during the nineteenth century. Later, it underwent a fall in its water level due to groundwater exploitation, when five wells were drilled to extract 12,000 m3/day, between 1940 and 1950. This has resulted in the current dryness. Nevertheless, on occasions, it refills during rainy periods. The landscape of this area of the SE Iberian Peninsula consists of open to shrub vegetation with some patches of woodland which can be found on the surrounding hills. The dominant tree species consist of Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster and Rhamnus oleoides. Shrubland species consist of Quercus coccifera, Juniperus oxycedrus, J. phoenicea, Pistacia terebinthus, Daphne gnidium, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Stipa tenacissima (Rigual, 1984) and Tetraclinis articulata, an endemic species. 3. Materials and methods 3.1. Drill site Three cores SAL-1, SAL-2 and SAL-3 were drilled in Salines playa lake in January, 1993. A 45.70 m continuous core, 10 cm in diameter, was obtained in PVC pipes with a rotopercussion corer. All cores were taken from the central part of the lake (Fig. 1). Afterwards, the cores were stored in a cool room (þ4
C) prior to analysis. The cores were split longitudinally for description and sampling. The detailed lithological description of all cores allowed us to construct a composite core with almost no sediment losses. The data presented here corresponds to the upper 5.50 m of that composite sequence. 3.2. Palynology In total 98 samples of ~10 g sediment for pollen analysis were extracted from the inner part of the cores at intervals that ranged

Please cite this article in press as: Burjachs, F., et al., Lateglacial to Early Holocene recursive aridity events in the SE Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: The Salines playa lake case study, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.117

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Fig. 1. Map of the study area: The Salines and Villena paleolakes records and surrounding Mesolithic open air and cave sites.

between 10 and 5 cm. The pollen sampling was conducted at regular 10 cm intervals although intermediate samples were obtained when the palynological diagram required. The preparation procedure of pollen samples included: (1) treatment with 10% HCl to break down the sediment and to remove carbonates, (2) sieving to remove coarse detritus (mesh size: 200 mm), (3) treatment with 10% hot KOH to remove soluble humic acids, (4) separation of palynological material with flotation in dense liquor 2.1 g/cm3 (Thoulet liquor; Goeury and de Beaulieu, 1979), and (5) filtration with fibreglass and treatment with 70% HF to remove fibre and silicates (1 h minimum). All steps were followed by washes in H2O distilled water and centrifuging. The final residue of each sample was mounted in preparation for biological microscopy in diluted glycerine (Burjachs et al., 2003). Counting was performed at 600 (or 1000) magnification to a minimum pollen sum of 300 (average of 543) terrestrial pollen grains. The local taxa (Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Cyperaceae, TyphaeSparganium, Persicaria maculosa-type and Ruppia) were excluded from the pollen sum for the calculation of relative frequencies. The homogeneous and stratigraphically-constrained

pollen zones were established using the cluster analysis of the Tilia software (Grimm, 1991e2011) (Fig. 3). This cluster analysis used the constrained incremental sum of squares (CONISS) clustering (Grimm, 1987).

3.3. Mineralogy and charcoal For mineralogical analysis the samples were ground by hand using a small agate mill. X-ray diffractions were performed with an automatic Siemens D-500 X-ray diffractometer under the following working conditions: Cu ka radiation, 40 kV, 30 mA and graphite monochromator. The quantification of the different mineral composition followed the standard procedure (Chung, 1974a, 1974b) are expressed in percentage with respect to the dry crystalline sample. On the basis of a large number of measurements, replicate analyses for contiguous samples indicated a precision of ±1%, whereas in extreme cases, a precision of about 3% (Giralt, 1998). The millimetric charcoal was counted during ostracoda an, 1997). This proxy has been widely employed alyses (Roca and Julia

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Fig. 2. Bayesian chronological ageedepth model for the Salines playa lake sequence. Light green represents the distributions for the single calibrated dates; in dark green, the marginal posterior distributions considering the depth model. The depth model curves are envelopes for the 95% (light blue) and 68% (dark blue) highest probability density ranges. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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as indicative of local wildfires since their large size prevents their dispersion on large distances (e.g. Higuera et al., 2010). 3.4. Radiocarbon record The radiocarbon record of Salines playa lake is composed of 10
n et al., 2012). For the purposes of this paper, we have dates (Carrio focused on the chrono-stratigraphic sequence between the depths of 550 and 165 cm, as they provide the chronological framework for investigating both hydrological and vegetation changes along the Lateglacial and Early Holocene periods (Table 1).

5

to establish patters of alternation between arid and moister conditions (e.g. El-Moslimany, 1990; Singh et al., 1990). The Aridity Quotient is based on pollen taxa belonging to Artemisia (A), Chenopodiaceae (Ch), Ephedra (Eph), Poaceae (P) and Cyperaceae (Cy), and it is calculated by using the following formula: (A þ Ch þ Eph)/(P þ Cy). Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are interpreted as halophytes in the Salines playa lake, and therefore, their values respond to salinity and lower lake levels. Ephedra spp is a classic steppe taxon. The denominator of this ratio is composed of Poaceae and Cyperaceae taxa because both have an association with wet con-

Table 1 AMS Radiocarbon record from Salines playa lake. Depth (cm)

Uncalibrated age BP

88 165 175 271 344 430 510

2830 7400 7660 8570 8800 10120 11500

± ± ± ± ± ± ±

60 60 50 70 60 60 110

Calibrate age (cal BP) 95.4% range OxCal 4.2-Intcal13 8065e8385 8375e8544 9442e9685 9633e10690 11407e12011 13091e13543

All radiocarbon dates were calibrated using Oxcal 4.2 (Bronk Ramsey, 2011) and the Intcal13 calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2013). To improve the chronological resolution, we constrained the calibrated age distributions against the stratigraphic sequence using a Bayesian Sequence model (Bronk Ramsey, 2008). In this model, the prior information is the order of deposition and the depth of the dated samples, whereas the dating information is introduced in the form of probability distribution functions (PDFs) representing the likelihood that anyone sample has a particular age (Bronk Ramsey, 2008). The Bayesian algorithms implemented in OxCal, sample all possible results producing posterior probability densities, considering the deposition model and the age measurements. Amongst the different depositional models currently available in Oxcal, we used the so-called P_sequence in which deposition is assumed to be random giving approximate proportionality to depth (Bronk Ramsey, 2008). The radiocarbon results are listed in Table 1 and graphically displayed in an ageedepth graph in Fig. 2. The visual inspection of the age depth graph reveals a coherent ordering of samples regarding the depths in which they were recovered. This internal consistency is reported in the model's agreement indexes (Amodel ¼ 97.4 and Aoverall ¼ 96.9), the individual agreement index (A) of the dated samples (A ranges between 79.1 and 104.4) all of them well above the critical threshold of the 60%, and the convergence index values (C) well above the 95%. The stratigraphically constrained 95.4 CI calibrated age ranges were introduced into Tilia software (Grimm, 1991e2011) to produce polynomial interpolation ages. 3.5. Aridity quotient In this work we have established a new environmental variable called Aridity Quotient that has allowed us to evaluate the importance of the hydrological changes that affected the vegetation during the glacialeinterglacial transition. The Aridity Quotient quantitatively and qualitatively measures the ratio between halophytes and wet pollen taxa for particular saline lakes. The purpose of the Aridity Quotient is to detect both pronounced and subtle signatures of aridity using different pollen taxa with marked resistance differences to droughts. The Aridity Quotient is based on previous works undertaken in arid or semi-arid regions that aimed

d13C ‰

Material

Sample ID

25.1 25.8 27.0

pollen pollen charcoal wood pollen charcoal pollen

Beta-72194 Beta-67373 Beta-70900 Beta-62417 Beta-67374 Beta-70899 Beta-90850

25.7 27.6 27.3

ditions. Virtually all species of Cyperaceae correspond to freshwater on the Iberian Peninsula; whereas the family Poaceae, although it is known to have a wide ecological range, regional pollen records for the Iberian Peninsula also indicate that this family is associated
n and Dupre
, 1996; Stevenson, with moisture (rainfall) (e.g. Carrio
, 2003; Pantaleo
n-Cano et al., 2003; 2000; Burjachs and Allue ~ oz-Sobrino et al., 2013; Aranbarri et al., 2015). Mun The selected taxa for the Aridity Quotient present a continuous curve and have good pollen dispersal. The taxa Asteraceae family correlates with Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae, while Apiaceae correlates with Cyperaceae and Typha-Sparganium, but these have not been used due to its entomophilous pollination. 4. Results and interpretation Presented here for the first time are the complete set of results from the palynological analysis obtained from the intermediate sequence (PleistoceneeHolocene transition, 13.5e7.8 ka cal BP, Fig. 3) of Salines playa lake, in order to determine the phases of vegetation change and their climatic implications on Epipaleolithic/ Mesolithic settlements in the region. Cluster analysis (CONISS) responds highly synchronously with global climatic periods already established (Rasmussen et al., 2014). 4.1. Lateglacial The base of the diagram corresponds to the Lateglacial stadials and interstadials between 13.5 and 11.7 ka cal BP, with good pollen preservation. Vegetation patterns in chronozones GI-1c1, GI-1b, GI-1a and GS1 (Younger Dryas) show a linear trend towards the forest recovery (%AP), together with the predominant Pleistocene Pinus (Fig. 3a). Advances (interstadial) and retreats (stadial) of thermophilic taxa display subtle variations in the relative frequencies. Thus, it can be inferred that during these interstadial and stadial events a semiopen landscape (~50% AP), typical of the Lateglacial, and steppe landscape (consisting of Ephedra, Cistaceae, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae) persisted. According to the Aridity quotient, five arid events (S1 to S5, at 13.4, 13, 12.6, 12.2 and 11.9 ka cal BP) can be established within this chronological interval (Figs. 3e5).

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Fig. 4. Regional aridity events (S) reconstructed in Salines between 13.5 and 7.8 ka cal BP. Correlation curves between the Aridity Quotient (see chapter 3.5.); percentages of moist pollinic taxa (Alnus, Acer, Fraxinus, Sambucus, Tilia, Ulmus, Salix, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Typha, Sparganium, Polypodium, Ophioglossum, monolete spores and triletes spores); d18O isotopic curves from GISP2 (Rasmussen et al., 2014), STT in Albor
an (Cacho et al., 2006); thermic or Mediterranean taxa (evergreen Quercus, OleaePhillyrea, Pistacia, Chamaerops); charcoal particles; dolomite; lacustrine evolution according to ostracods analysis; climatic periods; and cultural phases. Arid events are marked by horizontal bands. Also are indicated S1 to S12 arid events detailed in the text, Bond events (Bond et al., 1997) and other known events through GICC05 core (Rasmussen et al., 2007, 2014).

Although subtle changes in aridity occur no major changes are observed in vegetation during the GS-1, rather a progressive trend towards recovery of forests. However, this event is divided into two subzones, marked by a momentary decrease in Cupressaceae, the beginning of the expansion of deciduous Quercus (Fig. 3a) and the beginning of the decline in Chenopodiaceae (Fig. 3b). 4.2. Early Holocene The upper half of the pollen diagram corresponds to the early Holocene, covering the Preboreal and Boreal Salines zones (11.7e7.8 ka cal BP) according to CONISS analysis. During the Preboreal zone the general trend is a progressive expansion of woodland, characterized by pioneers Cupressaceae (cf. Juniperus, cf. Tetraclinis), evergreen and deciduous Quercus, Alnus and Corylus, and by a decline in Pinus. Betula and Corylus may have

assumed the role of pioneer species in the regional mountain areas. During the advance of Mediterranean woodland, steppe taxa such as Ephedra distachya-type, Artemisia, Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae underwent a noticeable decline. However, other shrubs and herbaceous taxa maintained their values (Ephedra fragilis-type, Cistaceae) or increased them (Pistacia, Poaceae, Lygeum, Plantago). The Preboreal zone includes three arid events (S6 to S8, at 11.5, 11 and 10.6 ka cal BP), one of them (S7: transition between the lower and upper Preboreal zone) coincide with vegetation changes identified in the cluster analysis (Fig. 3). One last arid event (S9) corresponds to the transition between the Preboreal and Boreal zones. Following the cluster analysis, the Preboreal zone can be further divided into two subzones. The lower zone is characterized by a higher proportion of Cupressaceae, Ephedra fragilis-type and deciduous Quercus, with a progressive decrease in Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae. In contrast, the upper zone shows a rise in

Fig. 3. a: Pollen diagram of Salines: trees and shrubs. Horizontal bands correspond to ‘S’ arid events: blue bands correspond to Bond events (Bond et al., 1997), yellow bands are other arid events, as described in Fig. 4 and 5. The black dots mark rates below 1%. The gray plots correspond to an exaggeration of the real values (black). b: Pollen diagram of Salines: herbs. Horizontal bands correspond to ‘S’ arid events: blue bands correspond to Bond events (Bond et al., 1997), yellow bands are other arid events, as described in Fig. 4 and 5. The black dots mark rates below 1%. The gray plots correspond to an exaggeration of the real values (black). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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evergreen Quercus, Vitis, Plantago and Cyperaceae but disappearance in Ephedra distachya-type. However both subzones show common vegetation dynamic patterns, particularly prominent in the upper zone, with reductions in Cupressaceae, Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae associated with rises in both Quercus types and vice versa. In the upper zone, between 10.6 and 10.3 ka cal BP, following a pronounced decline in Chenopodiaceae, a pronounced reduction in Quercus types and Pistacia occurs, Betula and Ephedra distachya disappear, whilst Chenopodiaceae and Cyperaceae increase. Alnus and Tamarix also briefly disappear but slightly after the Quercus types decline. The Boreal zone, between 10.3 and 8.3 ka cal BP, is characterized by the final installation of Mediterranean woodland, reaching values of 80% AP. Cupressaceae and steppe taxa decline, whilst trees and thermophilic shrubs (evergreen Quercus, OleaePhillyrea, Pistacia, Viburnum) are prominent throughout most of this zone. Note the pronounced representation of Corylus and re-expansion of Pinus which were significantly lower during the Preboreal zone. Three aridity events (S10 to S12) have been identified in this chronozone. The last one (S12) corresponds with the 8.2 cold climatic event. 5. Discussion 5.1. The record sites in the SE Iberian Peninsula There are very few records from natural deposits, recording the palaeoenvironmental dynamics witnessed by the postglacial
et al., 1988; hunteregatherers in the Iberian Peninsula (Dupre ~ als and Fumanal, 1995; Carrio
n et al., 2010). Most of the curVin rent littoral marine deposits are generally younger than ~8000 BP
n et al., 2012), as this date coincides with the years (Elx in Carrio stabilization of the current sea level. Exceptionally Antas and San
n-Cano et al., Rafael, deposits located in the Bay of Almería (Pantaleo 2003), an area affected by neotectonics (Goy and Zazo, 1986), may reach 11.5 cal ka BP. Attempts have been made to analyse the pollen from deep sea sediments but mainly with unsatisfactory results due to pollen bias (Targarona et al., 1996) although some exceptions
nchez-Gon ~ i et al., 2002; Fletcher and S
~ i, occur (Sa anchez-Gon 2008). With regards to continental deposits the only available data sets
s-3 (Carrio
n and van Geel, 1999), Siles for this area include Navarre
n, 2002) and Padul (Florschütz et al., 1971; Pons and Reille, (Carrio 1988). Other deposits do not provide data for the Lateglacial such
et al., 1996), Torreblanca as Laguna de San Benito (Dupre
ndez-Amor and Florschutz, 1961a, 1961b; Dupre
et al., 1994), (Mene ~ ada de la Cruz (Carrio
n et al., 2001a), Ojos de Villaverde (Carrio
n Can
n et al., 2003), Baza (Carrio
n et al., et al., 2001b), G
ador (Carrio
n et al., 2004) and Zon ~ ar (Martín-Puertas 2007), El Sabinar (Carrio et al., 2008). Hence the importance of lacustrine records with a continuous rate of sedimentation throughout this final period of hunteregatherers, such as at the Salines playa lake. 5.2. Palaeovegetational remarks In the SE Iberian Peninsula, the pioneering role of Quercus spp from the Lateglacial interstadials (Fig. 3a) shows a similar pattern at Padul (Granada) (Florschütz et al., 1971; Pons and Reille, 1988),
n-Cano et al., 2003). In the Antas and San Rafael (Almería) (Pantaleo

9

~ ada de la Cruz, El Sabinar, Siles, G
mountains of this area (Can ador,
s-3), pinewoods, an Baza, Villaverde) and further north (Navarre inheritance from the Pleistocene, remain until the Middle Holocene (Atlantic period), and dominate before the establishment of Quercus. Abies was also present during this period: the endemic Spanish
tica Range fir (A. pinsapo) originates from the foothills of the Penibe (Sierra Nevada), which in this case denote a broader distribution than today (Linares and Carreira, 2006; Navarro-Cerrillo et al., 2006). Cupressaceae (cf. Juniperus, cf. Tetraclinis) however, is dominant during the Preboreal, and is characteristic of this period. During the interstadial GI-1c and part of the Holocene Preboreal period, mesic and pioneer Corylus appears in the diagram, reaching its peak during the Boreal, although in much smaller percentages
rez-Obiol and Julia , 1994). than in northern Iberia (Pe Other mesophilic taxa, including Acer and Tilia, as well as riparian Fraxinus, Ulmus and Vitis, scarce in our region of study today,
n should have been more frequent during the early Holocene (Carrio et al., 2012) but their distributions are variable. Acer for example, is more prominent during the interstadials GI-1a and YD, Fraxinus and Ulmus during the Boreal, Vitis is variable and Tilia only shows a singular occurrence. Also, it should be noted the importance of Ephedra spp for these semi-arid areas of the SE Iberian Peninsula. E. distachya-type was dominant during the last glacial events, while the strong presence of E. fragilis-type lasted until late Boreal. Important percentages are further highlighted for the shrub layer (Pistacia, Cistaceae, Thymelaeaceae), usually underrepresented in pollen analysis. These taxa, however, reach a significant representation at Salines during the Early Holocene. Pistacia, particularly, is prevalent during the Boreal period. The herbaceous plants Artemisia and ChenopodiaceaeeAmaranthaceae, which take affinity with Armeria, Limonium and Ruppia (Fig. 3b), seem to respond to water salinity from the Salines lake. However, other taxa recorded, such as Cyperaceae, Typha, Sparganium, and Persicaria maculosa-type, prefer freshwater conditions. One explanation for this could be that Cyperaceae, Typha, Sparganium, and Persicaria maculosa-type are surviving around freshwater upwellings fed by local springs. Finally, it should be noted the importance of Lygeum, another species characteristic of this area, particularly during the Preboreal period. The Cerealia-type is well represented during the Preboreal (Fig. 3b), although it should not be considered as a domestic crop, but a xeric, dune species of Poaceae (Edwards and Hirons, 1984; O'Connell, 1987; Tweddle et al., 2005; Behre, 2007). The vegetation dynamics of this region appear different from
rez-Obiol and Juli the NE Iberian Peninsula (e.g. Pe a, 1994) and southern France (e.g. Jalut, 1977; Heinz, 1991; Jalut et al., 1998) with a time lag observed in the dynamics of forest recovery, being earlier in the south than in the north (Burjachs et al., 1997). 5.3. Palaeoclimatic reconstruction and arid events Recent palaeoenvironmental studies in the Mediterranean region provide increasing evidence that climatic changes were driven more as a function of rainfall than temperature (e.g. Jalut et al., 2000; Welker et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014). Twelve periods of aridity (S1 to S12) have been determined between 13.5 and 7.8 ka cal BP in the Salines playa lake. Figs. 4 and 5 visually correlate the

Fig. 5. Correlation between different proxies by the Salines sequence between 0 and 13.5 ka cal BP (0e550 cm depth). This includes mineral content (gypsum, dolomite), the aridity quotient, microalgae, Pseudoschizaea and Pteridophyta. Pseudoschizaea is an undefined non pollen palynomorphe (NPP). The freshwater microalgae category consists of Zygnema, Spirogyra, Botryococcus and Debarya. The Pteridophyta category comprises monolete and trilete Pteridophyta spores, Polypodium and Ophioglossum. Key to the lithology: 1) Clay with large gypsum crystals, 2) Alternating bands of finely laminated carbonated clays, clays and sands at centimetre intervals, 3) Alternating laminated carbonate clays, clays and carbonated sands. 4) Distorted clays by small crystals of gypsum, 5) Carbonated clays with large crystals of gypsum, 6) Laminated clays, 7) Clays with sub-vertical traces, probably due to bioturbation, 8) Clays with laminated planes of parallel lenticular small gypsum crystals (Giralt et al., 1999).

Please cite this article in press as: Burjachs, F., et al., Lateglacial to Early Holocene recursive aridity events in the SE Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: The Salines playa lake case study, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.117

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F. Burjachs et al. / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e14

pollen-inferred Salines aridity events with other representative palaeoclimatic records. The first aridity (S1) event took place during 13.4 ka al BP and corresponds with the interstadial GI-1c1 (Rasmussen et al., 2014), lower precipitation (shown in the ‘moist taxa’ in Fig. 4, and by an absence of micro-algae and Pteridophyta in Fig. 5). This aridity event is correlated with a hypersaline phase, inferred by the absence of , 1997) as well as by ostracods assemblages (zone 1 in Roca and Julia an increase in endogenic calcium percentages (Giralt et al., 1999). The second aridity event, S2 (~13 ka cal BP), occurred during the interstadial GI-1a in which lacustrine conditions remained hypersaline (absence of ostracoda, microalgae, Pteridophyta) and where sedimentation mostly consisted of endogenic dolomite (Figs. 4 and 5). Cedrus pollen is recorded in the lake, and probably originated from the North African Atlas (Beaulieu and Reille, 1973; Magri and
nchez-Gon ~ i et al., 1999), in the case that this species Parra, 2002; Sa is not native (Postigo et al., 2010). During the GS-1 (Younger Dryas) chronozone, our results suggest a complex climate pattern evolution, with three consecutive aridity events. The first of these (S3, ~12.6 ka cal BP) corresponds to an isotopic coldest phase recorded in the GISP2 record (Fig. 4), and is shown at Salines by an increase in aridity (Figs. 4 and 5), through the absence of microalgae, Pteridophyta and a peak of Pseudoschizaea (Fig. 5), which may either indicate seasonal rainfall with
n-Cano et al., 1996; Lo
pez-Merino et al., 2012), soil erosion (Pantaleo
n, 2002) (Fig. 5). or lake desiccation (Carrio S4 (~12.2 ka cal BP) and S5 (~11.9 ka cal BP) are short, subtle aridity events, which correlate with an overall downturn of temperature (GISP-2 in Fig. 4). These aridity events however, may not have had a substantial impact on lake level. Even though there is a subtle decrease in the moist taxa curve, the presence of microalgae and Pteridophyta indicate a gradual increase of spring water. This is consistent with the general trend of increased humidity observed between the S2 and S6 arid events (Fig. 4). S5 also coincides with the first peak in charcoal, suggesting that woodland cover and thermal conditions had become established to allow the develop
sito, ment of typical Mediterranean fire regimes (Burjachs and Expo 2014). Despite the progressive recovery of vegetation, the mineralogical compositions of the sediments and absence of ostracods suggest that the lacustrine conditions remained hyper-saline, with the deposition of endogenic dolomite throughout the whole GS-1. The arid event S6 took place shortly after the beginning of the Holocene (~11.45 ka cal BP). It displays a good chronological correlation with the Preboreal Oscillation (11.4 event) cold event in the d18O Greenland ice-cores records (Rasmussen et al., 2014). This Salines aridity peak is represented by a decline in the moist taxa associated with a dolomite peak (Fig. 4). However the thermic taxa increased, contrary to the global oxygen isotope values, but ac
n (Fig. 4). The hypersaline lake conditions cording to STT in Albora that predominated by this time suggest that the onset of the Holocene was marked by an increase of air temperatures rather than a rise of regional hydrological availability. Arid event S7 records one of the most pronounced aridity quotient peaks for the Holocene period (~11 cal ka BP). This aridity event correlates well with the chronology of the Bond 8 event (Bond et al., 1997) and is expressed by a decrease in thermal pollen counts (Fig. 4) and by a brief retreat of Cupressaceae and Lygeum (Fig. 3a). There is however, a contradiction with the mineral data in that the mineralogical composition of the sediments suggests that the lake turned to lower salinity conditions, most probably by increasing its water volume which led to a water body that fluctuated between permanent and ephemeral. The reason for this remains undetermined, perhaps a subject for future investigation. Event S8 (~10.6 ka cal BP) appears to be a minor event, and is represented by a slight decrease in rainfall (as identified by a decline

in moist taxa), which could represent an accentuation of Mediterranean climate with minor distribution of rainfall throughout the year. In terms of vegetation, this arid phase is characterized by the decline in Cupressaceae and deciduous Quercus. There are also punctual indicators of salinity, such as Limonium and Ruppia (Fig. 3b). The presence of Cedrus pollen, which originates from the
nchez-Gon ~i Atlas Range in North Africa (Beaulieu and Reille, 1973; Sa et al., 1999; Magri and Parra, 2002), is related to a period of heavy rainfall as suggested by a peak in Pseudoschizaea (Fig. 5). Event S9 (~10.3 ka cal BP) correlates with the Bond 7 event (Bond et al., 1997). In this event, aridity indicators are not very pronounced, with a gradual trend towards increasing aridity, extending from the previous peak (S8) until the next maximum peak (S10). However, there is a significant decrease in moist and thermic taxa, coinciding with peaks in dolomite sedimentation. This arid event marks the final dominance of Cupressaceae, a further decline in Artemisia and the beginning of a continuous curve in Pistacia and Corylus. The cluster analysis suggests that this event S9 (Fig. 3) would mark the transition between two different climatic periods (PreborealeBoreal) for the SE of the Iberian Peninsula. Event S10 (~10 ka cal BP) is a marked regional event, which coincides with a significant increase in temperature (thermic taxa), decreased rainfall (moist taxa, Fig. 4), a peak in dolomite, continuous fire curve (charcoal) and a hypersaline phase (lack of ostracods, Fig. 5). The vegetation record marks the decline of Betula in regional hills, the final decline of Cupressaceae and Artemisia and a momentary reversal of Poaceae. Event S11 (~9.5 ka cal BP) corresponds to Bond 6 (Bond et al., 1997) known as the 9.3 event (Rasmussen et al., 2014). This short arid event, although marked by permanent water in the lake, is represented by a decline in thermic and moist taxa, a slight decline in AP pollen, small peaks in both Ephedra and peaks of gypsum, Pseudoschizaea, low percentages of Pteridophyta and absence of freshwater microalgae (Fig. 5). Finally, event S12 (~8.3 ka cal BP) should be related to Bond 5, known as the 8.2 ka cal BP event (e.g. Berger and Guilaine, 2009; Daley et al., 2011; Jambrina-Enríquez et al., 2014). Again, at Salines this event appears to be characterized by arid conditions with a significant decrease in moist taxa, similar to those recorded during the last stadials of the Lateglacial and by an increase in aridity indicators (Fig. 4). Moreover, the increase in thermal taxa suggests temperatures did not decrease sufficiently to have affected the Mediterranean vegetation. The chronology of these aridity events do not follow a regular pattern but most of these events appear to occur every 300e400 years, suggesting centennial scale cyclicity in the development of arid conditions (Table 2). Table 2 Correlation of arid events recorded from Salines with the cold Bond events (Bond et al., 1997), events recorded in Albor
an Sea (Cacho et al., 2001) and in the GICC05 cores (Rasmussen et al., 2007, 2014). Salines

Time span (ka)

Bond

Event

Age

Since the previous

Event

S S S S S S S S S S S S

8.30 9.50 10.00 10.30 10.60 11.00 11.45 11.90 12.20 12.55 13.00 13.40

1.20 0.50 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.30 0.35 0.45 0.40

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Albor
an Age

Event

GICC05 Age

5 6

8.20 9.50

AC3

8.24

7

10.30

AC4

10.28

8

11.10

AC5

11.01

AC6

11.70

AYD

12.47

8.20 9.95

11.40

YD

12.50

GI-1a GI-1c1

Please cite this article in press as: Burjachs, F., et al., Lateglacial to Early Holocene recursive aridity events in the SE Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: The Salines playa lake case study, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.117

F. Burjachs et al. / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e14

5.4. Palaeoclimatic summary and implications for the study of human socio-ecological systems and resilience Our study indicates different degrees of severity in the identified aridity events. During the Lateglacial, the general trend between S2 and S5 shows a decline in aridity although there are some minor to intermediate aridity oscillations (S3 and S4, Fig. 5). Then, from the beginning of the Holocene double dynamics are observed (Figs. 5 and 4): on the one hand, between S5 and S7 there is a trend towards an increase in wetness but on the other hand between events S7 and S10 there is also a trend towards increased dryness. However, within both trends we observe a variable number of minor to intermediate fluctuations. Finally, between S11 (Bond 6) and S12 (Bond 5), the Salines record witnessed the development of a long cycle without minor oscillations that culminates with the 8.2 ka cal BP event. It seems clear, that the pattern of aridity fluctuations recorded in the Salines record would have impacted on the primary produc
Valley, affecting tivity and water availability in the Upper Vinalopo the Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic populations inhabiting this area. At a local scale (Fig. 1), two open-air archaeological sites e Arenal de la Virgen and Casa Corona-have yielded chrono-stratigraphic evidences of Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic habitation features and
ndez-Lo
pez de funerary structures around the Villena Lake (Ferna Pablo et al., 2011, 2013, 2014). As part of a new research program, new fieldwork is being undertaken and a new program of radiocarbon dating has been developed to correlate the sequence of human occupations with local and regional environmental changes. Palaeo-atmospheric reconstructions based on stable isotope d18O analysis of land snails from combustion structures indicate significant differences in the relative humidity between the Younger Dryas (79e81%) and the Early Holocene (87e88%) (Yanes et al., 2013). These preliminary data suggests the resilience of Mediterranean postglacial foragers to Early Holocene aridity crises even though the impact on mobility and demography should be addressed in future works at regional scale. 6. Final remarks During the GS-1 (Younger Dryas), the Salines record exhibits a high temporal resolution in good agreement with the d18O oscillations, documented at the GISP-2 and the SST reconstructions of the Albor
an Sea (Cacho et al., 2001; Rasmussen et al., 2014). Twelve periods of aridity have been determined through the lacustrine sequence at Salines, five of which coincide with the Global Bond events (YD to 5) or recognized 11.4, 9.3 and 8.2 events (Rasmussen et al., 2014). The ratio of aridity, extrapolated from pollen taxa, correspond with a decline in the d18O ratio, indicative in the case of Salines of drier conditions. However, the progressive increase in tree cover (13e36%, excluding Pinus) is not correlated with the
rez-Obiol and Julia , 1994; records of the NE Iberian Peninsula (e.g. Pe Jalut and Turu, 2009) which show a decline in AP percentages. From the beginning of the Holocene, the subtle aridity events (S6, S8 and S10) do not correlate with the Bond events. This is because they do not correspond with colder conditions in this area but rather with peaks of thermic taxa (Fig. 4). However S6 correlates with “Preboreal Oscillation” (11.4 event, Rasmussen et al., 2014) and S10 with the 9.95 anomaly (Rasmussen et al., 2007). This difference compared with the latest Pleistocene events mark the beginning of a new holocenic dynamic when dryness happens to relate to increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation (moist taxa). Coinciding with this new dynamic starts the continuous curve of wildfires (charcoal in Fig. 4). The Salines playa lake cores have revealed a micro-regional scenario of changing conditions in aridity, vegetation cover and

11

water availability from the end of the Lateglacial to the Middle Holocene. As commented above, some of the Salines aridity events show a good correlation with the Bond events (YD to 5), the cold
n Sea (AYD to AC3) and Greenland events documented at the Albora ice cores (GICC05, Table 2). However, there are other Salines aridity events (S4 and S8) that do not chronologically correlate with other global and regional records. As discussed earlier, they seem to correspond with more subtle changes in aridity expressed by an increase in thermic taxa rather than pronounced changes in climate. Overall, the Salines playa lake shows a high sensitivity for documenting abrupt changes at regional and micro-regional scales. However, there are some limitations that need to be addressed in future investigations. First, a better chronological resolution is desired to improve our understanding about the chronological patterning of the aridity events. This necessarily implies the implementation of finer grained sampling strategies as well as the construction of better chronological models. A new site 10 km away, at the Villena paleolake, is currently under investigation by one of us (S.E.J) which is being examined at high resolution using multi-proxy data. This new research could correct some chronological biases and help to support the results identified in the Salines record, particularly regarding subtle aridity events. The aridity results from the Salines record also have wider implications for understanding human responses to climate change. It is likely that human socio-ecological systems and resilience in SE Iberia, during the Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic periods, would have been affected by the pattern of aridity fluctuations. In particular, these aridity events would have impacted on the pri
mary productivity and water availability in the Upper Vinalopo Valley. As mentioned earlier there is chrono-stratigraphic evidence of open-air Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic sites close to Salines, which are currently under renewed investigation. Preliminary data from the archaeological sites suggests the resilience of Mediterranean postglacial foragers to Early Holocene aridity crises; however, the impact on mobility and demography should be addressed in future works at regional scale. Unfortunately, the Salines lack palaeoenvironmental data at the time of the MesolithiceNeolithic transition (ca. 8e7.4 ka cal BP), due to the low rate of sedimentation. This opens up the possibility of undertaking further studies in paleolakes in this area, in order to fill this important gap. Acknowledgments We thank Spanish MINECO (HAR2013-41197-P), European Union (EV5V-CT91-0037), Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 900)
n y Cajal e grant number: RYC-2011-09363 and projects; Ramo Marie Curie Actions d Intra-European Fellowship (IEF) Grant number: 628589 for supporting this project. We would also like to
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