List of Figures

List of Figures

Figure 2.1

Anterior view of the cranium providing approximate area of interest of macromorphoscopic traits in the midfacial skeleton

Figure 2.2

Lateral view of the cranium providing approximate area of interest of macromorphoscopic traits

10

Figure 2.3

Inferior view of the cranium providing approximate area of interest of macromorphoscopic traits in the palate

12

Figure 3.1

A detail from E.A. Hooton’s unpublished Plate 14 illustrating his scoring strategy for the ANS trait

14

Figure 3.2

Diagrammatic representation of ANS 1. Arrow indicates reference area. ANS, anterior nasal spine

17

Figure 3.3

Variant of ANS 1. ANS, anterior nasal spine

17

Figure 3.4

Variant of ANS 1. ANS, anterior nasal spine

18

Figure 3.5

Variant of ANS 1. ANS, anterior nasal spine

18

Figure 3.6

Variant of ANS 1. ANS, anterior nasal spine

18

Figure 3.7

Variant of ANS 1. ANS, anterior nasal spine

19

Figure 3.8

Diagrammatic representation of ANS 2. Arrow indicates reference area. ANS, anterior nasal spine

20

Figure 3.9

Variant of ANS 2. ANS, anterior nasal spine

20

Figure 3.10

Variant of ANS 2. ANS, anterior nasal spine

20

Figure 3.11

Variant of ANS 2. ANS, anterior nasal spine

21

Figure 3.12

Variant of ANS 2. ANS, anterior nasal spine

21

Figure 3.13

Variant of ANS 2. ANS, anterior nasal spine

21

Figure 3.14

Diagrammatic representation of ANS 3. ANS, anterior nasal spine

22

Figure 3.15

Variant of ANS 3. ANS, anterior nasal spine

22

Figure 3.16

Variant of ANS 3. ANS, anterior nasal spine

23

Figure 3.17

Variant of ANS 3. ANS, anterior nasal spine

23

Figure 3.18

Variant of ANS 3. ANS, anterior nasal spine

23

Figure 3.19

Variant of ANS 3. ANS, anterior nasal spine

24

Figure 4.1

Diagrammatic representation of INA 1. Note: Arrows indicate transition from nasal cavity floor to vertical maxilla. INA, inferior nasal aperture

30

Figure 4.2

Variant of INA 1. INA, inferior nasal aperture

30

Figure 4.3

Variant of INA 1. INA, inferior nasal aperture

30

Figure 4.4

Variant of INA 1. Note: Lateral grooves along the most inferior aspect of nasal aperture (subnasal grooves) should not be considered when assessing INA. INA, inferior nasal aperture

31

Figure 4.5

Variant of INA 1. Note: Lateral grooves along the most inferior aspect of nasal aperture (subnasal grooves) should not be considered when assessing INA. INA, inferior nasal aperture

31

Figure 4.6

Variant of INA 1. INA, inferior nasal aperture

31

Figure 4.7

Variant of INA 1. Note: Relative insertion of vomer is particularly clear in this example. INA, inferior nasal aperture

32

Figure 4.8

Diagrammatic representation of INA 2. Note: Arrows indicate transition from nasal cavity floor to vertical maxilla. INA, inferior nasal aperture

33

Figure 4.9

Variant of INA 2. Note: Position of initial slope (relative to vomer insertion) is more anterior than the position observed in Fig. 4.7. INA, inferior nasal aperture

33

xi

9

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.10

Variant of INA 2. INA, inferior nasal aperture

33

Figure 4.11

Variant of INA 2. Note: Lateral grooves along the most inferior aspect of nasal aperture (subnasal grooves) should not be considered when assessing INA. INA, inferior nasal aperture

34

Figure 4.12

Variant of INA 2. INA, inferior nasal aperture

34

Figure 4.13

Variant of INA 2. INA, inferior nasal aperture

34

Figure 4.14

Variant of INA 2. INA, inferior nasal aperture

35

Figure 4.15

Variant of INA 2. INA, inferior nasal aperture

35

Figure 4.16

Diagrammatic representation of INA 3. Note: Arrows indicate transition from nasal cavity floor to vertical maxilla. INA, inferior nasal aperture

36

Figure 4.17

Variant of INA 3. Note: Abrupt transition from nasal floor to vertical maxilla creating an approximately 90 angle. INA, inferior nasal aperture

36

Figure 4.18

Variant of INA 3. INA, inferior nasal aperture

36

Figure 4.19

Variant of INA 3. INA, inferior nasal aperture

37

Figure 4.20

Variant of INA 3. INA, inferior nasal aperture

37

Figure 4.21

Variant of INA 3. INA, inferior nasal aperture

37

Figure 4.22

Variant of INA 3. INA, inferior nasal aperture

38

Figure 4.23

Diagrammatic representation of INA 4. Note: Arrows indicate transition from nasal cavity floor to vertical maxilla. INA, inferior nasal aperture

39

Figure 4.24

Variant of INA 4. INA, inferior nasal aperture

39

Figure 4.25

Variant of INA 4. Note: This is one of the best examples of INA 4. The relative depth of the hard palate is most clear in this image. INA, inferior nasal aperture

39

Figure 4.26

Variant of INA 4. INA, inferior nasal aperture

40

Figure 4.27

Variant of INA 4. INA, inferior nasal aperture

40

Figure 4.28

Variant of INA 4. INA, inferior nasal aperture

40

Figure 4.29

Variant of INA 4. INA, inferior nasal aperture

41

Figure 4.30

Diagrammatic representation of INA 5. Note: Arrows indicate transition from nasal cavity floor to vertical maxilla. INA, inferior nasal aperture

42

Figure 4.31

Variant of INA 5. Note: How the nasal floor is not visible in INA 5. INA, inferior nasal aperture

42

Figure 4.32

Variant of INA 5. INA, inferior nasal aperture

42

Figure 4.33

Variant of INA 5. INA, inferior nasal aperture

43

Figure 4.34

Variant of INA 5. INA, inferior nasal aperture

43

Figure 4.35

Variant of INA 5. INA, inferior nasal aperture

43

Figure 4.36

Variant of INA 5. INA, inferior nasal aperture

44

Figure 5.1

Approximations of the relative measures for IOB, from top to bottom: IOB 5 1 (narrow); IOB 5 2 (medium); and IOB 5 3 (broad). IOB, interorbital breadth

46

Figure 5.2

Diagrammatic representation of IOB 1. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference. IOB, interorbital breadth

50

Figure 5.3

Variant of IOB 1. IOB, interorbital breadth

50

Figure 5.4

Variant of IOB 1. IOB, interorbital breadth

50

Figure 5.5

Variant of IOB 1. IOB, interorbital breadth

50

Figure 5.6

Variant of IOB 1. IOB, interorbital breadth

51

Figure 5.7

Variant of IOB 1. IOB, interorbital breadth

51

Figure 5.8

Variant of IOB 1. IOB, interorbital breadth

51

Figure 5.9

Diagrammatic representation of IOB 2. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference. IOB, interorbital breadth

52

LIST OF FIGURES

xiii

Figure 5.10

Variant of IOB 2. IOB, interorbital breadth

52

Figure 5.11

Variant of IOB 2. IOB, interorbital breadth

52

Figure 5.12

Variant of IOB 2. IOB, interorbital breadth

52

Figure 5.13

Variant of IOB 2. IOB, interorbital breadth

53

Figure 5.14

Variant of IOB 2. IOB, interorbital breadth

53

Figure 5.15

Variant of IOB 2. IOB, interorbital breadth

53

Figure 5.16

Diagrammatic representation of IOB 3. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference

54

Figure 5.17

Variant of IOB 3. IOB, interorbital breadth

54

Figure 5.18

Variant of IOB 3. IOB, interorbital breadth

54

Figure 5.19

Variant of IOB 3. IOB, interorbital breadth

54

Figure 5.20

Variant of IOB 3. IOB, interorbital breadth

55

Figure 5.21

Variant of IOB 3. IOB, interorbital breadth

55

Figure 5.22

Variant of IOB 3. IOB, interorbital breadth

55

Figure 6.1

Diagrammatic representation of MT 0. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference (ruler). MT, malar tubercle

62

Figure 6.2

Variant of MT 0. Note: The pronounced tubercle on the inferior aspect of the right zygomatic is not an MT. MT, malar tubercle

62

Figure 6.3

Variant of MT 0. Slight asymmetry is typical. The side with the greatest expression is recorded. In this example, neither side evinces a tubercle breaking the reference plane. MT, malar tubercle

62

Figure 6.4

Diagrammatic representation of MT 1. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference (ruler). MT, malar tubercle

63

Figure 6.5

Variant of MT 1. Slight asymmetry is typical. The side with the greatest expression is recorded. In this example, the right side is scored 1. MT, malar tubercle

63

Figure 6.6

Variant of MT 1. MT, malar tubercle

63

Figure 6.7

Variant of MT 1. Slight asymmetry is typical. The side with the greatest expression is recorded. In this example, the right side is scored 1. MT, malar tubercle

64

Figure 6.8

Variant of MT 1. MT, malar tubercle

64

Figure 6.9

Variant of MT 1. Slight asymmetry is typical. The side with the greatest expression is recorded. In this example, both left and right sides are scored 1. MT, malar tubercle

64

Figure 6.10

Variant of MT 1. Slight asymmetry is typical. The side with the greatest expression is recorded. In this example, both left and right sides are scored 1. MT, malar tubercle

65

Figure 6.11

Diagrammatic representation of MT 2. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference (ruler). MT, malar tubercle

66

Figure 6.12

Variant of MT 2. The deep incurvature of the zygomaticomaxillary complex, in this example, is scored 2 on both sides. MT, malar tubercle

66

Figure 6.13

Variant of MT 2. Note: The atypical double MT on the left side. Both sides, in this example, would be scored 2. MT, malar tubercle

66

Figure 6.14

Variant of MT 2. MT, malar tubercle

67

Figure 6.15

Variant of MT 2. Slight asymmetry is typical. The side with the greatest expression is recorded. In this example, the left side is scored 2. MT, malar tubercle

67

Figure 6.16

Variant of MT 2. MT, malar tubercle

67

Figure 6.17

Variant of MT 2. Note: Bilateral, symmetrical maxillary depression exaggerating the MT. MT, malar tubercle

68

Figure 6.18

Diagrammatic representation of MT 3. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference (ruler). MT, malar tubercle

69

Figure 6.19

Variant of MT 3. Note: The deep incurvature and the pronounced MT are paradigmatic of Rhine’s (1990) zygomatic hook. MT, malar tubercle

69

Figure 6.20

Variant of MT 3. Note: Bilateral symmetrical maxillary depression exaggerating the MT. Slight asymmetry is typical. The side with the greatest expression is recorded. In this example, the left side is scored 3. MT, malar tubercle

69

xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6.21

Variant of MT 3. Slight asymmetry is typical. The side with the greatest expression is recorded. In this example, the left side is scored 3. MT, malar tubercle

70

Figure 6.22

Variant of MT 3. MT, malar tubercle

70

Figure 6.23

Variant of MT 3. Note: Rugosity marking an inferior aspect of the zygomaticomaxillary region is not considered when scoring MT. MT, malar tubercle

70

Figure 6.24

Close-up view of MT 3. The deep incurvature and exaggerated superior position of the zygomatic results in an exaggerated MT. MT, malar tubercle

71

Figure 7.1

Diagrammatic representation of NAS 1. Dashed line indicates the approximate location of greatest breadth (alare). NAS, nasal aperture shape

77

Figure 7.2

Variant of NAS 1. Note: although left lateral aspect is damaged, the approximate location of greatest breadth does not change. NAS, nasal aperture shape

77

Figure 7.3

Variant of NAS 1. NAS, nasal aperture shape

78

Figure 7.4

Variant of NAS 1. Note: slight asymmetry is not uncommon. NAS, nasal aperture shape

78

Figure 7.5

Variant of NAS 1. Note: slight taphonomic damage does not affect the score for NAS. NAS, nasal aperture shape

79

Figure 7.6

Variant of NAS 1. Note: slight asymmetry is not uncommon. NAS, nasal aperture shape

79

Figure 7.7

Variant of NAS 2. Note: one of the best examples of NAS 1. NAS, nasal aperture shape

80

Figure 7.8

Diagrammatic representation of NAS 2. Dashed line indicates the approximate location of greatest breadth (alare). NAS, nasal aperture shape

81

Figure 7.9

Variant of NAS 2. Note: asymmetrical manifestation: higher expression (NAS 2) on the right side is recorded. NAS, nasal aperture shape

81

Figure 7.10

Variant of NAS 2. Note: subnasal grooves (see Chapter 4: Inferior Nasal Aperture) exaggerate total height of the nasal cavity. NAS, nasal aperture shape

82

Figure 7.11

Variant of NAS 2. Note: “Squaring-off” of the nasal cavity. NAS, nasal aperture shape

82

Figure 7.12

Variant of NAS 2. Note: slight asymmetry is not uncommon. NAS, nasal aperture shape

83

Figure 7.13

Variant of NAS 2. NAS, nasal aperture shape

83

Figure 7.14

Variant of NAS 2. NAS, nasal aperture shape

84

Figure 7.15

Diagrammatic representation of NAS 3. Dashed line indicates the approximate location of greatest breadth (alare). NAS, nasal aperture shape

85

Figure 7.16

Variant of NAS 3. Note: although nasal bones are damaged inferiorly, the greatest lateral breadth can still be observed at the approximate location of the midline. NAS, nasal aperture shape

85

Figure 7.17

Variant of NAS 3. Note: subnasal grooves (see Chapter 4: Inferior Nasal Aperture) should not be considered when scoring NAS. NAS, nasal aperture shape

86

Figure 7.18

Variant of NAS 3. Note: slight asymmetry is not uncommon. NAS, nasal aperture shape

86

Figure 7.19

Variant of NAS 3. NAS, nasal aperture shape

87

Figure 7.20

Variant of NAS 3. NAS, nasal aperture shape

87

Figure 7.21

Variant of NAS 3. Note: although this nasal cavity is markedly narrower than many of the examples above, the greatest lateral extent of the nasal opening is in the midline (NAS 3). NAS, nasal aperture shape

88

Figure 8.1

Approximation of the 1/5, 1/4/, and 1/3 ratios of total facial width to nasal opening

90

Figure 8.2

Diagrammatic representation of NAW 1. NAW, nasal aperture width

95

Figure 8.3

Variant of NAW 1. NAW, nasal aperture width

95

Figure 8.4

Variant of NAW 1. NAW, nasal aperture width

96

Figure 8.5

Variant of NAW 1. NAW, nasal aperture width

96

Figure 8.6

Variant of NAW 1. NAW, nasal aperture width

96

Figure 8.7

Variant of NAW 1. NAW, nasal aperture width

97

Figure 8.8

Variant of NAW 1. NAW, nasal aperture width

97

LIST OF FIGURES

xv

Figure 8.9

Diagrammatic representation of NAW 2. NAW, nasal aperture width

98

Figure 8.10

Variant of NAW 2. NAW, nasal aperture width

98

Figure 8.11

Variant of NAW 2. NAW, nasal aperture width

99

Figure 8.12

Variant of NAW 2. NAW, nasal aperture width

99

Figure 8.13

Variant of NAW 2. NAW, nasal aperture width

99

Figure 8.14

Variant of NAW 2. NAW, nasal aperture width

100

Figure 8.15

Variant of NAW 2. NAW, nasal aperture width

100

Figure 8.16

Diagrammatic representation of NAW 3. NAW, nasal aperture width

101

Figure 8.17

Variant of NAW 3. NAW, nasal aperture width

101

Figure 8.18

Variant of NAW 3. NAW, nasal aperture width

102

Figure 8.19

Variant of NAW 3. NAW, nasal aperture width

102

Figure 8.20

Variant of NAW 3. NAW, nasal aperture width

102

Figure 8.21

Variant of NAW 3. NAW, nasal aperture width

103

Figure 8.22

Variant of NAW 3. Note: later (sharp) border of maxillae should be considered when assessing NAW. NAW, nasal aperture width

103

Figure 9.1

Proper use of the contour gauge to assess nasal bone contour (NBC). Note: the gauge is held perpendicular to the orbits, approximately 1 cm below nasion.

105

Figure 9.2

Diagrammatic representation of NBC 0. Red line indicates the plane of reference. NBC, nasal bone contour

110

Figure 9.3

Variant of NBC 0. NBC, nasal bone contour

110

Figure 9.4

Variant of NBC 0. NBC, nasal bone contour

111

Figure 9.5

Variant of NBC 0. NBC, nasal bone contour

111

Figure 9.6

Variant of NBC 0. NBC, nasal bone contour

111

Figure 9.7

Variant of NBC 0. NBC, nasal bone contour

112

Figure 9.8

Variant of NBC 0. NBC, nasal bone contour

112

Figure 9.9

Diagrammatic representation of NBC 1. Red line indicates the plane of reference. NBC, nasal bone contour

113

Figure 9.10

Variant of NBC 1. NBC, nasal bone contour

113

Figure 9.11

Variant of NBC 1. NBC, nasal bone contour

114

Figure 9.12

Variant of NBC 1. NBC, nasal bone contour

114

Figure 9.13

Variant of NBC 1. NBC, nasal bone contour

114

Figure 9.14

Variant of NBC 1. NBC, nasal bone contour

115

Figure 9.15

Variant of NBC 1. NBC, nasal bone contour

115

Figure 9.16

Diagrammatic representation of NBC 2. Red line indicates the plane of reference. NBC, nasal bone contour

116

Figure 9.17

Variant of NBC 2. NBC, nasal bone contour

116

Figure 9.18

Variant of NBC 2. NBC, nasal bone contour

117

Figure 9.19

Variant of NBC 2. NBC, nasal bone contour

117

Figure 9.20

Variant of NBC 2. NBC, nasal bone contour

117

Figure 9.21

Variant of NBC 2. NBC, nasal bone contour

118

Figure 9.22

Variant of NBC 2. NBC, nasal bone contour

118

Figure 9.23

Diagrammatic representation of NBC 3. Red line indicates the plane of reference. NBC, nasal bone contour

119

Figure 9.24

Variant of NBC 3. NBC, nasal bone contour

119

Figure 9.25

Variant of NBC 3. NBC, nasal bone contour

120

Figure 9.26

Variant of NBC 3. NBC, nasal bone contour

120

xvi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 9.27

Variant of NBC 3. NBC, nasal bone contour

120

Figure 9.28

Variant of NBC 3. NBC, nasal bone contour

121

Figure 9.29

Variant of NBC 3. NBC, nasal bone contour

121

Figure 9.30

Diagrammatic representation of NBC 4. Red line indicates the plane of reference. NBC, nasal bone contour

122

Figure 9.31

Variant of NBC 4. NBC, nasal bone contour

122

Figure 9.32

Variant of NBC 4. NBC, nasal bone contour

123

Figure 9.33

Variant of NBC 4. NBC, nasal bone contour

123

Figure 9.34

Variant of NBC 4. NBC, nasal bone contour

123

Figure 9.35

Variant of NBC 4. NBC, nasal bone contour

124

Figure 9.36

Variant of NBC 4. NBC, nasal bone contour

124

Figure 10.1

Martin and Saller’s (1957) illustrations providing the various shapes of the nasal bones

125

Figure 10.2

Diagrammatic representation of NBS 1. NBS, nasal bone shape

130

Figure 10.3

Variant of NBS 1. NBS, nasal bone shape

130

Figure 10.4

Variant of NBS 1. NBS, nasal bone shape

130

Figure 10.5

Variant of NBS 1. NBS, nasal bone shape

131

Figure 10.6

Variant of NBS 1. NBS, nasal bone shape

131

Figure 10.7

Variant of NBS 1. NBS, nasal bone shape

131

Figure 10.8

Variant of NBS 1. NBS, nasal bone shape

132

Figure 10.9

Diagrammatic representation of NBS 2. NBS, nasal bone shape

133

Figure 10.10

Variant of NBS 2. NBS, nasal bone shape

133

Figure 10.11

Variant of NBS 2. NBS, nasal bone shape

134

Figure 10.12

Variant of NBS 2. NBS, nasal bone shape

134

Figure 10.13

Variant of NBS 2. NBS, nasal bone shape

134

Figure 10.14

Variant of NBS 2. NBS, nasal bone shape

135

Figure 10.15

Variant of NBS 2. NBS, nasal bone shape

135

Figure 10.16

Diagrammatic representation of NBS 3. NBS, nasal bone shape

136

Figure 10.17

Variant of NBS 3. NBS, nasal bone shape

136

Figure 10.18

Variant of NBS 3. NBS, nasal bone shape

137

Figure 10.19

Variant of NBS 3. NBS, nasal bone shape

137

Figure 10.20

Variant of NBS 3. NBS, nasal bone shape

137

Figure 10.21

Variant of NBS 3. NBS, nasal bone shape

138

Figure 10.22

Variant of NBS 3. NBS, nasal bone shape

138

Figure 10.23

Diagrammatic representation of NBS 4. NBS, nasal bone shape

139

Figure 10.24

Variant of NBS 4. NBS, nasal bone shape

139

Figure 10.25

Variant of NBS 4. NBS, nasal bone shape

140

Figure 10.26

Variant of NBS 4. NBS, nasal bone shape

140

Figure 10.27

Variant of NBS 4. NBS, nasal bone shape

140

Figure 10.28

Variant of NBS 4. NBS, nasal bone shape

141

Figure 10.29

Variant of NBS 4. NBS, nasal bone shape

141

Figure 10.30

Unique (idiosyncratic) expression of nasal bone shape

142

Figure 10.31

Unique (idiosyncratic) expression of nasal bone shape. Note the fusion of the nasal suture

142

LIST OF FIGURES

xvii

Figure 11.1

Illustrating the distinction between NO [(A) white arrow] and an extension of the maxilla [(B) gray arrow]

143

Figure 11.2

Diagrammatic representation of NO 0. NO, nasal overgrowth

148

Figure 11.3

Variant of NO 0. NO, nasal overgrowth

148

Figure 11.4

Variant of NO 0. NO, nasal overgrowth

149

Figure 11.5

Variant of NO 0. Note: although the inferior aspect of the nasal bone is separated from the maxilla, there is no extension beyond. NO, nasal overgrowth

149

Figure 11.6

Variant of NO 0. Note: the extension of the superior aspect of the nasal bones is not considered when scoring NO. NO, nasal overgrowth

150

Figure 11.7

Variant of NO 0. NO, nasal overgrowth

150

Figure 11.8

Variant of NO 0. Note: although the inferior aspect of the nasal bone is separated from the maxilla, there is no extension beyond. NO, nasal overgrowth

150

Figure 11.9

Diagrammatic representation of NO 1. NO, nasal overgrowth

151

Figure 11.10

Variant of NO 1. NO, nasal overgrowth

151

Figure 11.11

Variant of NO 1. NO, nasal overgrowth

152

Figure 11.12

Variant of NO 1. NO, nasal overgrowth

152

Figure 11.13

Variant of NO 1. NO, nasal overgrowth

153

Figure 11.14

Variant of NO 1. Note: although there is only a slight extension, this specimen would still be scored NO 1. NO, nasal overgrowth

153

Figure 11.15

Variant of NO 1. NO, nasal overgrowth

153

Figure 12.1

Stylized forms of the frontal suture (public domain: Oetteking, 1920)

156

Figure 12.2

Stylized and illustrated examples of the forms of the frontal suture (public domain: Oetteking, 1930)

156

Figure 12.3

Diagrammatic representation of NFS 1. NFS, nasofrontal suture

160

Figure 12.4

Variant of NFS 1. NFS, nasofrontal suture

160

Figure 12.5

Variant of NFS 1. NFS, nasofrontal suture

161

Figure 12.6

Variant of NFS 1. NFS, nasofrontal suture

161

Figure 12.7

Variant of NFS 1. NFS, nasofrontal suture

162

Figure 12.8

Variant of NFS 1. NFS, nasofrontal suture

162

Figure 12.9

Variant of NFS 1. NFS, nasofrontal suture

162

Figure 12.10

Diagrammatic representation of NFS 2. NFS, nasofrontal suture

163

Figure 12.11

Variant of NFS 2. NFS, nasofrontal suture

163

Figure 12.12

Variant of NFS 2. NFS, nasofrontal suture

164

Figure 12.13

Variant of NFS 2. NFS, nasofrontal suture

164

Figure 12.14

Variant of NFS 2. NFS, nasofrontal suture

165

Figure 12.15

Variant of NFS 2. NFS, nasofrontal suture

165

Figure 12.16

Variant of NFS 2. NFS, nasofrontal suture

165

Figure 12.17

Diagrammatic representation of NFS 3. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference (ruler). NFS, nasofrontal suture

166

Figure 12.18

Variant of NFS 3. NFS, nasofrontal suture

166

Figure 12.19

Variant of NFS 3. NFS, nasofrontal suture

167

Figure 12.20

Variant of NFS 3. NFS, nasofrontal suture

167

Figure 12.21

Variant of NFS 3. NFS, nasofrontal suture

168

Figure 12.22

Variant of NFS 3. NFS, nasofrontal suture

168

Figure 12.23

Variant of NFS 3. NFS, nasofrontal suture

168

xviii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 12.24

Diagrammatic representation of NFS 4. NFS, nasofrontal suture

169

Figure 12.25

Variant of NFS 4. NFS, nasofrontal suture

169

Figure 12.26

Variant of NFS 4. NFS, nasofrontal suture

170

Figure 12.27

Variant of NFS 4. NFS, nasofrontal suture

170

Figure 12.28

Variant of NFS 4. NFS, nasofrontal suture

171

Figure 12.29

Variant of NFS 4. NFS, nasofrontal suture

171

Figure 12.30

Variant of NFS 4. NFS, nasofrontal suture

171

Figure 13.1

The categories of orbital shape identified by Szilvassy (1986). Source: Reproduced from Hauser and De Stefano (1989)

174

Figure 13.2

Diagrammatic representation of OBS 1. OBS, orbital shape

178

Figure 13.3

Variant of OBS 1. OBS, orbital shape

178

Figure 13.4

Variant of OBS 1. OBS, orbital shape

179

Figure 13.5

Variant of OBS 1. OBS, orbital shape

179

Figure 13.6

Variant of OBS 1. OBS, orbital shape

179

Figure 13.7

Variant of OBS 1. OBS, orbital shape

180

Figure 13.8

Variant of OBS 1. OBS, orbital shape

180

Figure 13.9

Diagrammatic representation of OBS 2. OBS, orbital shape

181

Figure 13.10

Variant of OBS 2. OBS, orbital shape

181

Figure 13.11

Variant of OBS 2. OBS, orbital shape

182

Figure 13.12

Variant of OBS 2. OBS, orbital shape

182

Figure 13.13

Variant of OBS 2. OBS, orbital shape

182

Figure 13.14

Variant of OBS 2. OBS, orbital shape

183

Figure 13.15

Variant of OBS 2. OBS, orbital shape

183

Figure 13.16

Diagrammatic representation of OBS 3. OBS, orbital shape

184

Figure 13.17

Variant of OBS 3. OBS, orbital shape

184

Figure 13.18

Variant of OBS 3. OBS, orbital shape

185

Figure 13.19

Variant of OBS 3. OBS, orbital shape

185

Figure 13.20

Variant of OBS 3. OBS, orbital shape

185

Figure 13.21

Variant of OBS 3. OBS, orbital shape

186

Figure 13.22

Variant of OBS 3. OBS, orbital shape

186

Figure 14.1

Hooton’s illustrations of the various character states for palate shape

188

Figure 14.2

Diagrammatic representation of PS 1. Arch indicates the plane of reference. PS, palate shape

192

Figure 14.3

Variant of PS 1. Note: even when the teeth are missing, assessing PS is possible. PS, palate shape

192

Figure 14.4

Variant of PS 1. PS, palate shape

193

Figure 14.5

Variant of PS 1. PS, palate shape

193

Figure 14.6

Variant of PS 1. PS, palate shape

194

Figure 14.7

Variant of PS 1. PS, palate shape

194

Figure 14.8

Variant of PS 1. PS, palate shape

195

Figure 14.9

Diagrammatic representation of PS 2. Arch indicates the plane of reference. PS, palate shape

196

Figure 14.10

Variant of PS 2. Note: even when the teeth are missing, assessing PS is possible. PS, palate shape

196

Figure 14.11

Variant of PS 2. PS, palate shape

197

Figure 14.12

Variant of PS 2. PS, palate shape

197

LIST OF FIGURES

xix

Figure 14.13

Variant of PS 2. PS, palate shape

198

Figure 14.14

Variant of PS 2. PS, palate shape

198

Figure 14.15

Variant of PS 2. PS, palate shape

199

Figure 14.16

Diagrammatic representation of PS 3. Arch indicates the plane of reference. PS, palate shape

200

Figure 14.17

Variant of PS 3. PS, palate shape

200

Figure 14.18

Variant of PS 3. PS, palate shape

201

Figure 14.19

Variant of PS 3. PS, palate shape

201

Figure 14.20

Variant of PS 3. PS, palate shape

202

Figure 14.21

Variant of PS 3. PS, palate shape

202

Figure 14.22

Variant of PS 3. PS, palate shape

203

Figure 14.23

Diagrammatic representation of PS 4. Arch indicates the plane of reference. PS, palate shape

204

Figure 14.24

Variant of PS 4. PS, palate shape

204

Figure 14.25

Variant of PS 4. PS, palate shape

205

Figure 14.26

Variant of PS 4. PS, palate shape

205

Figure 14.27

Variant of PS 4. PS, palate shape

206

Figure 14.28

Variant of PS 4. PS, palate shape

206

Figure 14.29

Variant of PS 4. PS, palate shape

207

Figure 15.1

Diagrammatic representation of PBD 0. PBD, postbregmatic depression

214

Figure 15.2

Variant of PBD 0. PBD, postbregmatic depression

214

Figure 15.3

Variant of PBD 0. PBD, postbregmatic depression

215

Figure 15.4

Variant of PBD 0. PBD, postbregmatic depression

215

Figure 15.5

Variant of PBD 0. PBD, postbregmatic depression

216

Figure 15.6

Variant of PBD 0. PBD, postbregmatic depression

216

Figure 15.7

Variant of PBD 0. PBD, postbregmatic depression

217

Figure 15.8

Diagrammatic representation of PBD 1. PBD, postbregmatic depression

218

Figure 15.9

Variant of PBD 1. PBD, postbregmatic depression

218

Figure 15.10

Variant of PBD 1. PBD, postbregmatic depression

219

Figure 15.11

Variant of PBD 1. PBD, postbregmatic depression

219

Figure 15.12

Variant of PBD 1. PBD, postbregmatic depression

220

Figure 15.13

Variant of PBD 1. PBD, postbregmatic depression

220

Figure 15.14

Variant of PBD 1. PBD, postbregmatic depression

221

Figure 16.1

Diagrammatic representation of PZT 0. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference (ruler). PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

228

Figure 16.2

Variant of PZT 0. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

228

Figure 16.3

Variant of PZT 0. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

229

Figure 16.4

Variant of PZT 0. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

229

Figure 16.5

Variant of PZT 0. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

230

Figure 16.6

Variant of PZT 0. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

230

Figure 16.7

Variant of PZT 0. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

231

Figure 16.8

Diagrammatic representation of PZT 1. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference (ruler). PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

232

Figure 16.9

Variant of PZT 1. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

232

xx

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 16.10

Variant of PZT 1. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

233

Figure 16.11

Variant of PZT 1. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

233

Figure 16.12

Variant of PZT 1. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

234

Figure 16.13

Variant of PZT 1. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

234

Figure 16.14

Variant of PZT 1. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

235

Figure 16.15

Diagrammatic representation of PZT 2. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference (ruler). PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

236

Figure 16.16

Variant of PZT 2. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

236

Figure 16.17

Variant of PZT 2. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

237

Figure 16.18

Variant of PZT 2. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

237

Figure 16.19

Variant of PZT 2. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

238

Figure 16.20

Variant of PZT 2. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

238

Figure 16.21

Variant of PZT 2. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

239

Figure 16.22

Diagrammatic representation of PZT 3. Dashed line indicates the plane of reference (ruler). PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

240

Figure 16.23

Variant of PZT 3. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

240

Figure 16.24

Variant of PZT 3. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

241

Figure 16.25

Variant of PZT 3. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

241

Figure 16.26

Variant of PZT 3. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

242

Figure 16.27

Variant of PZT 3. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

242

Figure 16.28

Variant of PZT 3. PZT, posterior zygomatic tubercle

243

Figure 17.1

Diagrammatic representation of SPS 0. SPS, supranasal suture

250

Figure 17.2

Variant of SPS 0. SPS, supranasal suture

250

Figure 17.3

Variant of SPS 0. SPS, supranasal suture

250

Figure 17.4

Variant of SPS 0. SPS, supranasal suture

250

Figure 17.5

Variant of SPS 0. SPS, supranasal suture

251

Figure 17.6

Variant of SPS 0. SPS, supranasal suture

251

Figure 17.7

Variant of SPS 0. SPS, supranasal suture

251

Figure 17.8

Diagrammatic representation of SPS 1. SPS, supranasal suture

252

Figure 17.9

Variant of SPS 1. SPS, supranasal suture

252

Figure 17.10

Variant of SPS 1. SPS, supranasal suture

252

Figure 17.11

Variant of SPS 1. SPS, supranasal suture

253

Figure 17.12

Variant of SPS 1. SPS, supranasal suture

253

Figure 17.13

Variant of SPS 1. SPS, supranasal suture

253

Figure 17.14

Variant of SPS 1. SPS, supranasal suture

253

Figure 17.15

Diagrammatic representation of SPS 2. SPS, supranasal suture

254

Figure 17.16

Variant of SPS 2. SPS, supranasal suture

254

Figure 17.17

Variant of SPS 2. SPS, supranasal suture

254

Figure 17.18

Variant of SPS 2. SPS, supranasal suture

255

Figure 17.19

Variant of SPS 2. SPS, supranasal suture

255

Figure 17.20

Variant of SPS 2. SPS, supranasal suture

255

Figure 17.21

Variant of SPS 2. SPS, supranasal suture

255

LIST OF FIGURES

xxi

Figure 18.1

Diagrammatic representation of TPS 1. TPS, transverse palatine suture

261

Figure 18.2

Variant of TPS 1. Note: slight asymmetry may occur. Although the two branches of the suture do not connect at midline, the general theme (i.e., “straight”) is considered. TPS, transverse palatine suture

261

Figure 18.3

Variant of TPS 1. Note: slight asymmetry may occur. Although the two branches of the suture do not connect at midline, the general theme (i.e., “straight”) is considered. TPS, transverse palatine suture

262

Figure 18.4

Variant of TPS 1. TPS, transverse palatine suture

262

Figure 18.5

Diagrammatic representation of TPS 1. Note: slight asymmetry may occur. Although the two branches of the suture do not connect at midline, the general theme (i.e., “straight”) is considered. TPS, transverse palatine suture

262

Figure 18.6

Variant of TPS 1. Note: slight asymmetry may occur. Although the two branches of the suture do not connect at midline, the general theme (i.e., “straight”) is considered. TPS, transverse palatine suture

263

Figure 18.7

Variant of TPS 1. Note: slight undulations at midline are not considered true deviations. TPS, transverse palatine suture

263

Figure 18.8

Diagrammatic representation of TPS 2. TPS, transverse palatine suture

264

Figure 18.9

Variant of TPS 2. TPS, transverse palatine suture

264

Figure 18.10

Variant of TPS 2. TPS, transverse palatine suture

265

Figure 18.11

Variant of TPS 2. Note: slight undulations at midline are not considered true deviations

265

Figure 18.12

Variant of TPS 2. Note: slight asymmetry may occur. Although the two branches of the suture do not connect at midline, the general theme (i.e., “anterior bulging”) is considered

266

Figure 18.13

Variant of TPS 2. TPS, transverse palatine suture

266

Figure 18.14

Variant of TPS 2. TPS, transverse palatine suture

267

Figure 18.15

Diagrammatic representation of TPS 3. TPS, transverse palatine suture

268

Figure 18.16

Variant of TPS 3. TPS, transverse palatine suture

268

Figure 18.17

Variant of TPS 3. TPS, transverse palatine suture

269

Figure 18.18

Variant of TPS 3. TPS, transverse palatine suture

269

Figure 18.19

Variant of TPS 3. TPS, transverse palatine suture

269

Figure 18.20

Variant of TPS 3. TPS, transverse palatine suture

270

Figure 18.21

Variant of TPS 3. Note: slight asymmetry may occur. Although the two branches of the suture do not connect at midline, the general theme (i.e., “M-shaped”) is considered. TPS, transverse palatine suture

270

Figure 18.22

Diagrammatic representation of TPS 4. TPS, transverse palatine suture

271

Figure 18.23

Variant of TPS 4. TPS, transverse palatine suture

271

Figure 18.24

Variant of TPS 4. TPS, transverse palatine suture

272

Figure 18.25

Variant of TPS 4. TPS, transverse palatine suture

272

Figure 18.26

Variant of TPS 4. TPS, transverse palatine suture

273

Figure 18.27

Variant of TPS 4. TPS, transverse palatine suture

273

Figure 18.28

Variant of TPS 4. TPS, transverse palatine suture

273

Figure 19.1

Diagrammatic representation of ZS 0. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

280

Figure 19.2

Variant of ZS 0. Note: slight undulations of the infraorbital suture should not be considered when scoring ZS. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

280

Figure 19.3

Variant of ZS 0. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

280

Figure 19.4

Variant of ZS 0. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

281

Figure 19.5

Variant of ZS 0. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

281

Figure 19.6

Variant of ZS 0. Note: slight undulations of the infraorbital suture should not be considered when scoring ZS. In this example, the right infraorbital suture is projecting somewhat medially. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

281

Figure 19.7

Variant of ZS 0. Note: slight undulations of the infraorbital suture should not be considered when scoring ZS. In this example, the right infraorbital suture is projecting somewhat inferiorly before commencing to the right lateral aspect of the zygoma. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

281

xxii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 19.8

Diagrammatic representation of ZS 1. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

282

Figure 19.9

Variant of ZS 1. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

282

Figure 19.10

Variant of ZS 1. Note: right side is expressing ZS 1 and left side is expressing ZS 0. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

282

Figure 19.11

Variant of ZS 1. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

283

Figure 19.12

Variant of ZS 1. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

283

Figure 19.13

Variant of ZS 1. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

283

Figure 19.14

Variant of ZS 1. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

283

Figure 19.15

Diagrammatic representation of ZS 2. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

284

Figure 19.16

Variant of ZS 2. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

284

Figure 19.17

Variant of ZS 2. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

284

Figure 19.18

Variant of ZS 2. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

285

Figure 19.19

Variant of ZS 2. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

285

Figure 19.20

Variant of ZS 2. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

285

Figure 19.21

Variant of ZS 2. ZS, zygomaticomaxillary suture

286

Figure 20.1

Distribution of Optimized Summed Scored Attributes, OSSA, for six traits

289