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Machine for raising water by a hydraulic belt
414
Progress o f Practical ~" Theoretical l~t'echanics & Chemistry.
For the detection of nitrogen gas, De Richemont directs the gas under examination to be mixed with from 3 to 6 limes its volume of a mixlure el oxygen and hydrogen, (in equal vols.') and the whole detonated in a Eudiometer by the electric spark. The fluid that bedews the Eudiometer after tim explosion, is to be mixed with sulphuric acid, to which a few drops of protosulphate of iron in solution have been added: the fluid will assume the rose.red t i n t i f t h e rninulest portion of nitrogen is present. It i s o | c o u r s e necessary to avoid any source el fallacy arising from the presence of atmo.'Theric air in the oxygen and hydrogen employed. T h e action ofsulphuric acid in producing this rose colour is so remarkable, that when we have failed in detecting lhe pro.so.nee of nitlic acid by the ordinary process, from its being present in too small a quantity to tinge the sulphate of iron brown, the addition of concentrated sulphuric acid will determine the production of the rose-red tint, if any nitric acid exieted in the fluid under examination.~ Journ. fi~r Pract. C'hemie. .5, 207. l.ond.&Ed. Philos.Mag.
Quantity of dir requiredJbr l~espiration. A great difficulty existed in attempting accurate conclusions, from the diversity of constitutional temperament% different states of humidity of the atmosphere, lhe state of insensible perspiration~ and also from the admixture of small quantities of foreign gases; in one instance the admixture of s ~ o part of sulphuretted hydrogen, was enough to"knock up" a whole room, produc. ing very serious effects. The degree of light was also an important element, ten per cent. of' carbonic produces much oppression in the dark; but if strong light be admitted, it becomes tolerable, l)r. ]~.eid stated that at St. Peters. burgh, lie was inlbrmed by Sir I. Wiley, that the cases of disease on the dark side of an extensive barrack, were iu the proportion of three to one, to those on the side exposed to strong light, and this unitbrmly so for many years. Dr. Reid explained the mode he had adopted to ventilate the House of Commons, which he illustrated by diagrams, and demonstrated by the exhibition el a glazed model of the House. The current of fresh air could be introduced either from below or from above~ diffused unilbrmly, and not by violent draught% but, as it were~ insensibly, and was under the most exact control as to quantity. T h e air, when used for the purposes of res. piratiou and combustion, was conveyed away in ~m opposite direction from that in~vhich it had been introduced. In answer to a question, Dr. Reid said that he had taken no account of the product of the combustion by which the heat and light were produced, as these products should be omitted in all calculations on the subject. They, if possible, should be carried off so as not to interfere with the immediate supply to each individual. For the purpose of raising the temperature, hot water was used in iron tubes, not raised above 150° . Dr. Reid also stated, in answer to other questions, that he had not made any particular observations on the modit:ying influence of different articles of clothing, but he believed they did modi(y considerably the question, those being preferable that were of a very porous nature, allowing an insensible application of the atmosphere to the cutaneous surihce. Trans. Soc. tidy. Sci. Atheneum.
Machine for Raising Water by a Ihjdraulic Belt. By Mr. HALL. lu this machine, an endless, double, woolen band, passing over a roller at the surface of the earth~ or at the level to which the water is to be raised,
Natural Cause, o f Jlrborescent or Dendritle Figure:.
4!5
and under a roller at the lower level, or in the water, is driven with a ,]riocity of not less than 1000 feet per minute. The water: e o n . t a i a e d b e t ~ the two surf:aces of the band is carried up on One side~ and disc~harged at/the top ro ler by the pressure of the band on the roller, and by :centrifugal tbrce. This method has been in practice for some time. in raising water from a well 140 feet deep in Portman Market, and produces an effect equal to 75 per cent. of the power expended, which is 15 per cent. above that of ordinary pumps. This method wouht be exceedingly convenient in deep shafts. ;'.s the only limit is the length of the band, and many different lifts may be provided. M r. Hawkins had seen a machine very similar~ fifiy years ago.--Mr. Don, kin, without entering on the question oforiginality~ stated that he had seen a machine of this description working with a beneficial effect of 75 per eent.~ the beneficial effect of ordinary pumps being about 60 per cent. Ibid. Progress
of Physical
Science.
Jl Series of Fact8 and Observations respecting the Natural Causes of a~rborescent or .Dendritic Figure~ in the two divisions of dnirnal and Vegetable Substances~ and in Mineral Formations. .By Sir A~TROSY CAaL~SLE,F. R.S. These ramifying figures are not the special productions of living bodies, because they also occur in mineral formations, and when they are not the impressions of organized structures. In some instances of organic nature, arboreseent figures depend on tubular vessels, as in animals; but in vegetable structures these figures are composed of solid woody fibres, while the frame work of the wings of insects consists of a solid horny substance. For the advancement of natural knowledge, and for the improvement of organic physiology, it may be useful to collect and to collate various evidences, in order to establish the laws which direct the formation of similar figures in different bodies. In many cases, the progressive steps of physical causation are more apparent in mineral bodies than in the complicated and living structures of animals and vegetables; and these examples of resembling figures will, therefore, commence with minerals which present dendritic figures, uninfluenced by the disturbing actions of vitality. The most simple~ and one of the most common examples of dendritie figures, occurs in the manufacture of the cheapest sort of ornamented pottery ware termed the "Mocha pattern." These picturesque figures are made by children who are entirely ignorant of the art of design. While the vessel is in the unglazed state termed biscuit, it is dabbed in given places with a liquid pigment which runs by descent, as the surface of the vessel is inclined~ and thus it instantly spreads from trunks into regular subdividing branches; the rough surface of the biscuit and the gradual thickening of the liquid pigment producing these appear° antes,
Streamlets similarly divaricating, appear on the sea shore where little pools of water remain embanked by sand. The water oozing through the sand issues in streams~ and these subdivide, according to the declivty~ into arborescing streamlets~ which sometimes again reunite into
Progress o f Practical ~" Theoretical l~t'echanics & Chemistry.
For the detection of nitrogen gas, De Richemont directs the gas under examination to be mixed with from 3 to 6 limes its volume of a mixlure el oxygen and hydrogen, (in equal vols.') and the whole detonated in a Eudiometer by the electric spark. The fluid that bedews the Eudiometer after tim explosion, is to be mixed with sulphuric acid, to which a few drops of protosulphate of iron in solution have been added: the fluid will assume the rose.red t i n t i f t h e rninulest portion of nitrogen is present. It i s o | c o u r s e necessary to avoid any source el fallacy arising from the presence of atmo.'Theric air in the oxygen and hydrogen employed. T h e action ofsulphuric acid in producing this rose colour is so remarkable, that when we have failed in detecting lhe pro.so.nee of nitlic acid by the ordinary process, from its being present in too small a quantity to tinge the sulphate of iron brown, the addition of concentrated sulphuric acid will determine the production of the rose-red tint, if any nitric acid exieted in the fluid under examination.~ Journ. fi~r Pract. C'hemie. .5, 207. l.ond.&Ed. Philos.Mag.
Quantity of dir requiredJbr l~espiration. A great difficulty existed in attempting accurate conclusions, from the diversity of constitutional temperament% different states of humidity of the atmosphere, lhe state of insensible perspiration~ and also from the admixture of small quantities of foreign gases; in one instance the admixture of s ~ o part of sulphuretted hydrogen, was enough to"knock up" a whole room, produc. ing very serious effects. The degree of light was also an important element, ten per cent. of' carbonic produces much oppression in the dark; but if strong light be admitted, it becomes tolerable, l)r. ]~.eid stated that at St. Peters. burgh, lie was inlbrmed by Sir I. Wiley, that the cases of disease on the dark side of an extensive barrack, were iu the proportion of three to one, to those on the side exposed to strong light, and this unitbrmly so for many years. Dr. Reid explained the mode he had adopted to ventilate the House of Commons, which he illustrated by diagrams, and demonstrated by the exhibition el a glazed model of the House. The current of fresh air could be introduced either from below or from above~ diffused unilbrmly, and not by violent draught% but, as it were~ insensibly, and was under the most exact control as to quantity. T h e air, when used for the purposes of res. piratiou and combustion, was conveyed away in ~m opposite direction from that in~vhich it had been introduced. In answer to a question, Dr. Reid said that he had taken no account of the product of the combustion by which the heat and light were produced, as these products should be omitted in all calculations on the subject. They, if possible, should be carried off so as not to interfere with the immediate supply to each individual. For the purpose of raising the temperature, hot water was used in iron tubes, not raised above 150° . Dr. Reid also stated, in answer to other questions, that he had not made any particular observations on the modit:ying influence of different articles of clothing, but he believed they did modi(y considerably the question, those being preferable that were of a very porous nature, allowing an insensible application of the atmosphere to the cutaneous surihce. Trans. Soc. tidy. Sci. Atheneum.
Machine for Raising Water by a Ihjdraulic Belt. By Mr. HALL. lu this machine, an endless, double, woolen band, passing over a roller at the surface of the earth~ or at the level to which the water is to be raised,
Natural Cause, o f Jlrborescent or Dendritle Figure:.
4!5
and under a roller at the lower level, or in the water, is driven with a ,]riocity of not less than 1000 feet per minute. The water: e o n . t a i a e d b e t ~ the two surf:aces of the band is carried up on One side~ and disc~harged at/the top ro ler by the pressure of the band on the roller, and by :centrifugal tbrce. This method has been in practice for some time. in raising water from a well 140 feet deep in Portman Market, and produces an effect equal to 75 per cent. of the power expended, which is 15 per cent. above that of ordinary pumps. This method wouht be exceedingly convenient in deep shafts. ;'.s the only limit is the length of the band, and many different lifts may be provided. M r. Hawkins had seen a machine very similar~ fifiy years ago.--Mr. Don, kin, without entering on the question oforiginality~ stated that he had seen a machine of this description working with a beneficial effect of 75 per eent.~ the beneficial effect of ordinary pumps being about 60 per cent. Ibid. Progress
of Physical
Science.
Jl Series of Fact8 and Observations respecting the Natural Causes of a~rborescent or .Dendritic Figure~ in the two divisions of dnirnal and Vegetable Substances~ and in Mineral Formations. .By Sir A~TROSY CAaL~SLE,F. R.S. These ramifying figures are not the special productions of living bodies, because they also occur in mineral formations, and when they are not the impressions of organized structures. In some instances of organic nature, arboreseent figures depend on tubular vessels, as in animals; but in vegetable structures these figures are composed of solid woody fibres, while the frame work of the wings of insects consists of a solid horny substance. For the advancement of natural knowledge, and for the improvement of organic physiology, it may be useful to collect and to collate various evidences, in order to establish the laws which direct the formation of similar figures in different bodies. In many cases, the progressive steps of physical causation are more apparent in mineral bodies than in the complicated and living structures of animals and vegetables; and these examples of resembling figures will, therefore, commence with minerals which present dendritic figures, uninfluenced by the disturbing actions of vitality. The most simple~ and one of the most common examples of dendritie figures, occurs in the manufacture of the cheapest sort of ornamented pottery ware termed the "Mocha pattern." These picturesque figures are made by children who are entirely ignorant of the art of design. While the vessel is in the unglazed state termed biscuit, it is dabbed in given places with a liquid pigment which runs by descent, as the surface of the vessel is inclined~ and thus it instantly spreads from trunks into regular subdividing branches; the rough surface of the biscuit and the gradual thickening of the liquid pigment producing these appear° antes,
Streamlets similarly divaricating, appear on the sea shore where little pools of water remain embanked by sand. The water oozing through the sand issues in streams~ and these subdivide, according to the declivty~ into arborescing streamlets~ which sometimes again reunite into