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Meat meal in the diet of the early-weaned pig IV. The supplementation of diets with tryptophane, lysine and methionine
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 7 (1982) 27--34
27
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands
MEAT MEAL IN THE DIET OF THE EARLY-WEANED PIG IV. THE SUPPLEMENTATION OF DIETS WITH TRYPTOPHANE, LYSINE AND METHIONINE
JANE LEIBHOLZ
Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Sydney, Camden, N.S.W. 2570 (Australia) (Received 16 February 1981; accepted for publication 27 June 1981 )
ABSTRACT Leibholz, J., 1982. Meat meal in the diet of the early-weaned pig. IV. The supplementation o f diets with tryptophane, lysine and methionine. Anim. Feed Sc~ Technol., 7: 27--34. Two experiments were conducted with 72 pigs between 28 and 56 days of age to study the effect o f t r y p t o p h a n e supplementation on their performance when fed on diets containing wheat and meat meal. In the first experiment, pigs were fed on a basal diet (Diet 1) or on the same diet supplemented with calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Diet 2), bone meal (Diet 3) or bone meal plus t r y p t o p h a n e (Diet 4), all to 3.1% calcium. The weight gains o f the pigs (315 g day -1 ) fed on Diet 3 were significantly lower than that o f the pigs fed on the other three diets (363 g day -1 ). The feed conversion ratios showed a similar trend. Diet 3 contained 0.16% tryptophane while the other diets contained 0.18--0.19% tryptophane. The crude protein, lysine and methionine contents o f all diets were similar. In the second experiment, a basal diet containing meat meal and bone meal was supplemented with tryptophane, lysine plus methionine or all three amino acids. Feed intake was increased by all amino acid supplements. Weight gains were improved significantly (57%) by the addition o f all three amino acids to the diets, but the improvements due to tryptophane alone (28%) or methionine plus lysine (3595) were not significant. Tryptophane supplementation alone or with lysine plus methionine increased the nitrogen retention of the pigs. It was concluded that the requirement for tryptophane o f pigs between 28 and 56 days o f age was greater than 0.16% of diets containing wheat and meat meal.
INTRODUCTION
Meat meal is sometimes the cheapest form of protein, but meat meals contain 21--61% bone (Batterham et al., 1970) and the tryptophane content of meat meals varies from 0.20 to 0.69% (Leibholz, 1979). Bone protein contains 83% collagen and this protein is free of tryptophane (Estoe and Long, 1960). In our previous papers (Evans and Leibholz, 1979a, b), it was suggested that a deficiency of tryptophane may be limiting the performance of young
0377-8401/82/0000---0000/$02.75 © 1982 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company
28
pigs fed on diets containing meat meal and wheat as the major ingredients. The t r y p t o p h a n e requirement of pigs was estimated to be 0.167% of the diet of pigs between 28 and 56 days of age when the basal diet contained meat meal (Leibholz, 1981). This compares with estimates of 0.15% by Zimmerman (1975) and 0.19--0.22% by Lewis et al. (1977). Diets for y o u n g pigs consisting of wheat and meat meal would contain 0.14--0.18% tryptophane (Leibholz, 1979). Two experiments were designed to determine the effect of tryptophane supplementation on the performance of pigs fed on diets containing meat meal and wheat between 28 and 56 days of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The pigs in both experiments were housed individually in weld-mesh cages in an environment maintained at 26 ° C. They were fed dally and feed intakes and live weights were measured weekly. Total collections of faeces and urine were made between 42 and 49 days of age.
Experiment 1 A soft offal meat meal (0.51% tryptophane and 5.1% calcium) was incorporated into four diets as shown in Table I. A total of 48 pigs was fed on the experimental diets ad libitum from 4 to 8 weeks of age. Of these pigs 32 were weaned at 3 days on to a dry, pelleted diet and 16 were weaned at 3 weeks. The pigs were allotted to the four diets, 12 pigs per diet, according to initial weight.
Experiment 2 Twenty-four cross-bred pigs were weaned at 4 days of age on to dry, pelleted diets. They were allotted to the experimental diets, 6 pigs per treatment, shown in Table II at 28 days of age. The duration of the experiment was 4 weeks.
Chemical analyses Proximate analyses of feed, faeces and urine were made by the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1975). The tryptophane content of feeds was estimated by the method of Miller (1967) and that of plasma by the m e t h o d of Hess and Udenfriend {1959). The urea content of the plasma was measured by the method of Chaney and Marbach (1962).
Statistical analysis Designs of both experiments were randomized blocks with four treatments and 12 blocks in Experiment 1 and 6 blocks in Experiment 2.
29 TABLE I E x p e r i m e n t 1. C o m p o s i t i o n o f diets Diets 1
2
3
4
I n g r e d i e n t s (%) Wheat Meat meal Bone meal Calcium d i h y d r o g e n p h o s p h a t e Limestone Premix 1,2 Tryptophane
77.1 20.3 1.2 --1.4 --
67.5 23.6 -2.5 5.0 1.4 --
70.4 18.2 10.0 --1.4 --
70.4 18.2 10.0 --1.4 0.024
C o m p o s i t i o n (%) Crude protein Tryptophane Calcium Phosphorus Lysine Methionine
20.0 0.18 1.23 0.89 1.08 0.44
20.0 0.19 3.13 0.88 1.10 0.46
20.3 0.16 3.14 1.78 1.02 0.44
20.2 0.18 3.14 1.80 1.02 0.44
1 A d d e d t o s u p p l y p e r kg o f diet: E; 7 m g r i b o f l a v i n ; 24 m g n i a c i n ; 40 m g M n , 1 0 0 m g Z n ; 1 m g Co; cycline. A d d e d t o s u p p l y p e r kg o f d i e t :
6 0 0 0 I.U. v i t a m i n A ; 1 2 0 0 I.U. v i t a m i n D; 24 m g v i t a m i n 12 m g p a n t o t h e n i c acid; 2 g Na; 1 0 0 m g F e ; 10 m g Cu; 1 0 0 m g b u t y l a t e d h y d r o x y t o l u e n e , 50 m g o x y t e t r a 2 g lysine a n d 2 g m e t h i o n i n e .
T A B L E II E x p e r i m e n t 2. C o m p o s i t i o n o f diets Diets
I n g r e d i e n t s (%) Wheat Meat meal B o n e meal Premix 1 Tryptophane Lysine Methionine C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n (%) Crude protein Calcium Phosphorus Tryptophane Lysine Methionine i See Table I.
1
2
3
4
73.9 12.3 12.0 1.4
73.5 12.3 12.0 1.4
--
73.9 12.3 12.0 1.4 0.024
73.5 12.3 12.0 1.4 0.024
--
--
0.20
0.20
--
--
0.20
0.20
20.6 3.34 1.81 0.17 0.90 0.29
20.6 3.32 1.81 0.19 0.91 0.29
20.9 3.33 1.81 0.17 1.10 0.49
20.9 3.34 1.81 0.19 1.10 0.48
--
30 RESULTS
Experiment 1 Table III shows that the weight gain of the pigs was depressed by the addition of 10% bone meal (Diet 3) to the basal wheat and meat meal diet (Diet 1). Addition of tryptophane and bone meal (Diet 4) resulted in weight gains similar to those observed with the basal diet (Diet 1). The supplementation of the diets with dicalcium phosphate and limestone to a similar calcium content {Diet 2) as supplied by 10% bone meal (3.13% of the diet) did not depress the weight gains of the pigs. T A B L E III T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f pigs f e d o n i s o n i t r o g e n o u s d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g m e a t m e a l a n d s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h c a l c i u m d i h y d r o g e n p h o s p h a t e , b o n e m e a l o r b o n e m e a l p l u s t r y p t o p h a n e ( E x p e r i m e n t 1) Diet 1 Diet 2 T r y p t o p h a n e (%)
Diet 3
Diet 4 - -
0.18
0.16
0.18
Bone meal
Bone meal + tryptophane
0.19
SE of mean
Level o f significance
15.2 9.8 39.5 0.050
* * N.S. *
0.39 0.28 0.91
* N.S. N.S.
0.021
N.S.
Supplements Calcium dihydrogen
phosphate W e i g h t g a i n (g d a y TM) Weight g a i n (g d a y m ) 1 F e e d i n t a k e (g air d r y d a y -~) Feed conversion ratio A p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y (%) Dry matter Nitrogen N i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n (g d a y -1) N i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n (relative to intake) T r y p t o p h a n e in p l a s m a ( r a g 1 0 0 m l -z) U r e a i n p l a s m a ( r a g 1 0 0 m l "~) Urea N in plasma (rag/100 ml] 100 g N intake/day)
368 355 714 1.94
356 351 708 1.99
315 330 649 2.06
364 365 688 1.89
86.6 84.6 10.98
81.0 84.0 10.13
81.5 84.1 8.90
81.4 84.8 10.92
0.678
0.657
0.641
0.698
1.17 21.1
1.13 20.5
0.90 17.7
1.11 19.9
0.090 1.49
N.S. N.S.
92.5
90.3
85.5
90.4
4.47
N.S.
*P ~ 0 . 0 5 . 1 Adjusted for feed intake.
Feed conversion ratio and nitrogen retention showed a similar trend to the weight gains with depressions in the pigs given the diet supplemented with bone meal without added tryptophane. This diet (Diet 3) contained 0.16% tryptophane compared to 0.18--0.19% tryptophane in the other three diets. Apparent digestion of dry matter was reduced by supplementation of the basal diet {Diet 1) with extra calcium, and there was no effect of the dietary treatments on the apparent digestion of nitrogen. The concentrations of tryptophane and urea in the plasma were not significantly altered by the dietary treatments.
31
Experiment 2 Supplementation of the basal diet (Diet 1) with lysine, methionine and tryptophane (Diet 4} increased weight gains of the pigs. Supplementation with lysine plus methionine or tryptophane resulted in a smaller and nonsignificant increase in weight gains. All amino acid supplements {Diets 2, 3 and 4) resulted in a significant increase in feed intake over that observed in pigs fed on the unsupplemented diet (Diet 1). TABLE IV T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f pigs fed o n m e a t m e a l d i e t s s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h t r y p t o p h a n e , l y s i n e p l u s m e t h i o n i n e o r t r y p t o p h a n e a n d l y s i n e p l u s m e t h i o n i n e ( E x p e r i m e n t 2) Diet 1 Diet 2 Supplement
W e i g h t g a i n (g d a y m ) W e i g h t g a i n (g d a y ~ ) 1 F e e d i n t a k e (g a i r d r y d a y ' 1 ) F e e d c o n v e r s i o n ratio A p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y (%) Dry matter Nitrogen Nitrogen r e t e n t i o n (g d a y -~) Nitrogen r e t e n t i o n (relative to intake)
Diet 3
Diet 4
Tryptophane
Lysine + Lysine + methiono methionine ine + tryptophane
242 290 472 1.95
310 306 600 1.94
328 319 610 1.86
380 321 688 1.81
80.0 86.8 12.27
79.5 85.5 16.65
82.3 87.0 13.14
82.0 88.0 17.44
0.536
0.689
0.658
0.655
SE o f mean
Level o f significance
3~).9 18.5 39.9 0.065
* N.S. * N.S.
1.01 0.86 1.26
N.S. N.S. *
0.025
*
*P ~ 0 . 0 5 . 1 Adjusted for feed intake.
Apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was not affected by dietary treatments. Retention of nitrogen was increased by tryptophane supplementation of the diet with or without the supplementation of lysine plus methionine. DISCUSSION
Meat meals contain 8.2--13.7% calcium (Leibholz, 1979) and Batterham and Holder (1969} suggested that the high calcium content of diets containing meat meal depressed the performance of pigs. However, Kennedy et al. {1974) gave diets containing up to 2% calcium and Evans and Leibholz (1979a} gave diets containing up to 3.1% calcium with soya-bean meal, and found that the performance of pigs was not reduced. However, Evans and Leibholz (1979a) showed that if the calcium was added as bone meal to a meat meal diet there was a reduction in the performance of the pigs. Experiment 1 showed that performance of young pigs was similar when they were fed on diets of wheat and meat meal containing 1.2 or 3.1% calcium from
32 limestone and calcium dihydrogen phosphate. The supplementation of this diet with bone meal to 3.1% calcium depressed weight gains of the pigs. All diets were iso-nitrogenous so that the addition of bone meal containing collagen altered the amino acid pattern of the diet. In particular, there was a depression in the tryptophane content of the diets. If the diet was supplemented with tryptophane (Diet 4) the pigs performed as well as on the control diet. This confirmed that tryptophane was a limiting amino acid in diets containing meat meal as had been suggested previously (Evans and Leibholz, 1979b). Several other authors have found that tryptophane is also the first limiting amino acid in meat meal for growing pigs fed on maizebased diets (Bloss et al., 1953; Stockland et al., 1971). The National Research Council (1979} and Zimmerman (1975} suggested that the tryptophane requirement of pigs of 5--10 kg live weight was 0.15% of the diet, while Lewis et al. (1977) recommended 0.19--0.23% tryptophane. In the present experiment, supplementation of diets containing 0.16% tryptophane with 0.02% tryptophane improved the performance of the pigs. This may be explained either by inaccuracies in the chemical determination of tryptophane, a tryptophane requirement greater than 0.16% as suggested by Leibholz (1981) or a difference in the availability of tryptophane. Rivera et al. (1976) showed that availability of tryptophane varied with different feeds. The aim of our second experiment was to determine the first limiting amino acid for young pigs fed on diets containing meat meal and wheat. The results suggested that both tryptophane and lysine plus methionine might possible be limiting for weight gain, but tryptophane was clearly the first limiting amino acid for nitrogen retention. No explanation can be given for these results, but they may indicate a dietary requirement for supplementary tryptophane. Feed intakes were increased by the supplementation of the basal diet {Diet 1) with lysine plus methionine or tryptophane. Other workers have also reported that the supplementation of diets with limiting amino acids increased feed intake (e.g. Leibholz, 1981). The tryptophane content of normal meat meals varies from 0.20 to 0.49% (Leibholz, 1979} while that of soft offal meat meals, as used in the present experiment, is higher. Hence tryptophane should be considered as a limiting amino acid for young pigs fed on wheat and meat meal diets. The lysine content of meat meals varies from 2.38 to 3.39% and methionine from 0.43 to 0.76% (Leibholz, 1979). With such a large range in composition, these amino acids must also be considered in the formulation of rations containing meat meals for young pigs. The concentration of tryptophane in the blood plasma was correlated with dietary tryptophane intake, but differences between dietary treatments were not significant. Zimmerman (1975) showed a rapid increase in the tryptophane concentration in the plasma between 0.13 and 0.15% tryptophane in the diet. Only a gradual increase was observed above this level, which agrees with the present observations.
33 CONCLUSION
It is concluded that tryptophane may be a limiting amino acid for the growth of young pigs fed on diets containing meat meal and wheat, and that the high calcium content of meat meals is not detrimental to growth of young pigs. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is indebted to the Australian Pig Industry Research Committee for financial assistance, Mayfair Farms for supplying the piglets, Pfizer Agricare Pty. Ltd. for the vitamins and antibiotics, to S. Madams for laboratory assistance and Ms. A. Kirby for statistical advice.
REFERENCES
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1975. Official Methods of Analysis, 12th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC. Batterham, E.S. and Holder, J.M., 1969. A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. I. The effect of calcium levels in wheat-animal protein diets. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anita. Hush., 9: 43--46. Batterham, E.S., Manson, M.B. and Kirton, H.C., 1970. A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. IV. Differences in growth of pigs on different meals in chemical and chick tests o f these meals. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Hush., 10: 384--390. Bloss, R.E., Luecke, R.W., Hoefer, J.A., Thorp, F. and McMillan, W.N., 1953. Supplementation of a corn and meat meal and bone scrap ration for weanling pigs. J. Anita. Sci., 12: 102--106. Chancy, A.L. and Marbach, E.P., 1962. Determination of urea by urease and the Barthelot reaction. Clin. Chem., 8: 132. Estoe, J.E. and Long, J.E., 1960. The amino acid composition of processed bones and meat meal. J. Sci. F o o d Agric., 11: 87--92. Evans, D.F. and Leibholz, J., 1979a. Meat meal in the diet of the early-weaned pig. I. A comparison of meat meal and soya-bean meal. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 4: 33--42. Evans, D.F. and Leibholz, Jane, 1979b. Meat meal in the diet o f the early-weaned pig. II. Amino acid supplementation. Anita. Feed Sci. Technol., 4: 43--51. Hess, S.M. and Udenfriend, S., 1959. A fluorometric procedure for the measurement of tryptamine in tissues. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 127: 175--177. Kennedy, J.J., Aherne, F.X., Kelleher, D.L. and Caffrey, P.J., 1974. An evaluation of the nutritive value of meat and bone meal. 1. Effects of meat and bone meal and collagen on pig and rat performance. Irish J. Agric. Res., 13: 1--10. Leibholz, J., 1979. Meat meal in the diet o f the early-weaned pig. III. Meat meal quality and the processing of meat meals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 4: 53--61. Leibholz, J., 1981. Tryptophane requirement of pigs between 28 and 56 days of age. Aust. J. Agric. Res., in press. Lewis, A.J., Peo, E.R., Cunningham, P.J. and Moser, B.D., 1977. Determination of the optimum dietary proportions of lysine and tryptophane for growing pigs based on growth, food intake and plasma metabolites. J. Nutr., 107: 1369--1376.
34 Miller, E.R., 1967. Determination of tryptophane content of feeding stuffs with particular reference to cereals. J. Sci. Food Agric., 18: 381--386. National Research Council, 1979. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Rivera, P.H., Peo, E.R., Stahly, T., Moser, B.C. and Cunningham, P.J., 1976. Availability of tryptophane in some feedstuffs for swine. J. Anim. Sci., 43: 432--441. Stockland, W.L., Meade, R.J. and Nordstrom, J.M., 1971. Lysine, methionine and tryptophane supplementation of a corn-meat and bone meal diet for growing swine. J. Anita. Sci., 32: 262--267. Zimmerman, D.R., 1975. Tryptophane requirements of 5--15 kg pigs with semipractical pig starters. J. Anita. Sci., 40: 875--879.
27
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands
MEAT MEAL IN THE DIET OF THE EARLY-WEANED PIG IV. THE SUPPLEMENTATION OF DIETS WITH TRYPTOPHANE, LYSINE AND METHIONINE
JANE LEIBHOLZ
Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Sydney, Camden, N.S.W. 2570 (Australia) (Received 16 February 1981; accepted for publication 27 June 1981 )
ABSTRACT Leibholz, J., 1982. Meat meal in the diet of the early-weaned pig. IV. The supplementation o f diets with tryptophane, lysine and methionine. Anim. Feed Sc~ Technol., 7: 27--34. Two experiments were conducted with 72 pigs between 28 and 56 days of age to study the effect o f t r y p t o p h a n e supplementation on their performance when fed on diets containing wheat and meat meal. In the first experiment, pigs were fed on a basal diet (Diet 1) or on the same diet supplemented with calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Diet 2), bone meal (Diet 3) or bone meal plus t r y p t o p h a n e (Diet 4), all to 3.1% calcium. The weight gains o f the pigs (315 g day -1 ) fed on Diet 3 were significantly lower than that o f the pigs fed on the other three diets (363 g day -1 ). The feed conversion ratios showed a similar trend. Diet 3 contained 0.16% tryptophane while the other diets contained 0.18--0.19% tryptophane. The crude protein, lysine and methionine contents o f all diets were similar. In the second experiment, a basal diet containing meat meal and bone meal was supplemented with tryptophane, lysine plus methionine or all three amino acids. Feed intake was increased by all amino acid supplements. Weight gains were improved significantly (57%) by the addition o f all three amino acids to the diets, but the improvements due to tryptophane alone (28%) or methionine plus lysine (3595) were not significant. Tryptophane supplementation alone or with lysine plus methionine increased the nitrogen retention of the pigs. It was concluded that the requirement for tryptophane o f pigs between 28 and 56 days o f age was greater than 0.16% of diets containing wheat and meat meal.
INTRODUCTION
Meat meal is sometimes the cheapest form of protein, but meat meals contain 21--61% bone (Batterham et al., 1970) and the tryptophane content of meat meals varies from 0.20 to 0.69% (Leibholz, 1979). Bone protein contains 83% collagen and this protein is free of tryptophane (Estoe and Long, 1960). In our previous papers (Evans and Leibholz, 1979a, b), it was suggested that a deficiency of tryptophane may be limiting the performance of young
0377-8401/82/0000---0000/$02.75 © 1982 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company
28
pigs fed on diets containing meat meal and wheat as the major ingredients. The t r y p t o p h a n e requirement of pigs was estimated to be 0.167% of the diet of pigs between 28 and 56 days of age when the basal diet contained meat meal (Leibholz, 1981). This compares with estimates of 0.15% by Zimmerman (1975) and 0.19--0.22% by Lewis et al. (1977). Diets for y o u n g pigs consisting of wheat and meat meal would contain 0.14--0.18% tryptophane (Leibholz, 1979). Two experiments were designed to determine the effect of tryptophane supplementation on the performance of pigs fed on diets containing meat meal and wheat between 28 and 56 days of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The pigs in both experiments were housed individually in weld-mesh cages in an environment maintained at 26 ° C. They were fed dally and feed intakes and live weights were measured weekly. Total collections of faeces and urine were made between 42 and 49 days of age.
Experiment 1 A soft offal meat meal (0.51% tryptophane and 5.1% calcium) was incorporated into four diets as shown in Table I. A total of 48 pigs was fed on the experimental diets ad libitum from 4 to 8 weeks of age. Of these pigs 32 were weaned at 3 days on to a dry, pelleted diet and 16 were weaned at 3 weeks. The pigs were allotted to the four diets, 12 pigs per diet, according to initial weight.
Experiment 2 Twenty-four cross-bred pigs were weaned at 4 days of age on to dry, pelleted diets. They were allotted to the experimental diets, 6 pigs per treatment, shown in Table II at 28 days of age. The duration of the experiment was 4 weeks.
Chemical analyses Proximate analyses of feed, faeces and urine were made by the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1975). The tryptophane content of feeds was estimated by the method of Miller (1967) and that of plasma by the m e t h o d of Hess and Udenfriend {1959). The urea content of the plasma was measured by the method of Chaney and Marbach (1962).
Statistical analysis Designs of both experiments were randomized blocks with four treatments and 12 blocks in Experiment 1 and 6 blocks in Experiment 2.
29 TABLE I E x p e r i m e n t 1. C o m p o s i t i o n o f diets Diets 1
2
3
4
I n g r e d i e n t s (%) Wheat Meat meal Bone meal Calcium d i h y d r o g e n p h o s p h a t e Limestone Premix 1,2 Tryptophane
77.1 20.3 1.2 --1.4 --
67.5 23.6 -2.5 5.0 1.4 --
70.4 18.2 10.0 --1.4 --
70.4 18.2 10.0 --1.4 0.024
C o m p o s i t i o n (%) Crude protein Tryptophane Calcium Phosphorus Lysine Methionine
20.0 0.18 1.23 0.89 1.08 0.44
20.0 0.19 3.13 0.88 1.10 0.46
20.3 0.16 3.14 1.78 1.02 0.44
20.2 0.18 3.14 1.80 1.02 0.44
1 A d d e d t o s u p p l y p e r kg o f diet: E; 7 m g r i b o f l a v i n ; 24 m g n i a c i n ; 40 m g M n , 1 0 0 m g Z n ; 1 m g Co; cycline. A d d e d t o s u p p l y p e r kg o f d i e t :
6 0 0 0 I.U. v i t a m i n A ; 1 2 0 0 I.U. v i t a m i n D; 24 m g v i t a m i n 12 m g p a n t o t h e n i c acid; 2 g Na; 1 0 0 m g F e ; 10 m g Cu; 1 0 0 m g b u t y l a t e d h y d r o x y t o l u e n e , 50 m g o x y t e t r a 2 g lysine a n d 2 g m e t h i o n i n e .
T A B L E II E x p e r i m e n t 2. C o m p o s i t i o n o f diets Diets
I n g r e d i e n t s (%) Wheat Meat meal B o n e meal Premix 1 Tryptophane Lysine Methionine C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n (%) Crude protein Calcium Phosphorus Tryptophane Lysine Methionine i See Table I.
1
2
3
4
73.9 12.3 12.0 1.4
73.5 12.3 12.0 1.4
--
73.9 12.3 12.0 1.4 0.024
73.5 12.3 12.0 1.4 0.024
--
--
0.20
0.20
--
--
0.20
0.20
20.6 3.34 1.81 0.17 0.90 0.29
20.6 3.32 1.81 0.19 0.91 0.29
20.9 3.33 1.81 0.17 1.10 0.49
20.9 3.34 1.81 0.19 1.10 0.48
--
30 RESULTS
Experiment 1 Table III shows that the weight gain of the pigs was depressed by the addition of 10% bone meal (Diet 3) to the basal wheat and meat meal diet (Diet 1). Addition of tryptophane and bone meal (Diet 4) resulted in weight gains similar to those observed with the basal diet (Diet 1). The supplementation of the diets with dicalcium phosphate and limestone to a similar calcium content {Diet 2) as supplied by 10% bone meal (3.13% of the diet) did not depress the weight gains of the pigs. T A B L E III T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f pigs f e d o n i s o n i t r o g e n o u s d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g m e a t m e a l a n d s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h c a l c i u m d i h y d r o g e n p h o s p h a t e , b o n e m e a l o r b o n e m e a l p l u s t r y p t o p h a n e ( E x p e r i m e n t 1) Diet 1 Diet 2 T r y p t o p h a n e (%)
Diet 3
Diet 4 - -
0.18
0.16
0.18
Bone meal
Bone meal + tryptophane
0.19
SE of mean
Level o f significance
15.2 9.8 39.5 0.050
* * N.S. *
0.39 0.28 0.91
* N.S. N.S.
0.021
N.S.
Supplements Calcium dihydrogen
phosphate W e i g h t g a i n (g d a y TM) Weight g a i n (g d a y m ) 1 F e e d i n t a k e (g air d r y d a y -~) Feed conversion ratio A p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y (%) Dry matter Nitrogen N i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n (g d a y -1) N i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n (relative to intake) T r y p t o p h a n e in p l a s m a ( r a g 1 0 0 m l -z) U r e a i n p l a s m a ( r a g 1 0 0 m l "~) Urea N in plasma (rag/100 ml] 100 g N intake/day)
368 355 714 1.94
356 351 708 1.99
315 330 649 2.06
364 365 688 1.89
86.6 84.6 10.98
81.0 84.0 10.13
81.5 84.1 8.90
81.4 84.8 10.92
0.678
0.657
0.641
0.698
1.17 21.1
1.13 20.5
0.90 17.7
1.11 19.9
0.090 1.49
N.S. N.S.
92.5
90.3
85.5
90.4
4.47
N.S.
*P ~ 0 . 0 5 . 1 Adjusted for feed intake.
Feed conversion ratio and nitrogen retention showed a similar trend to the weight gains with depressions in the pigs given the diet supplemented with bone meal without added tryptophane. This diet (Diet 3) contained 0.16% tryptophane compared to 0.18--0.19% tryptophane in the other three diets. Apparent digestion of dry matter was reduced by supplementation of the basal diet {Diet 1) with extra calcium, and there was no effect of the dietary treatments on the apparent digestion of nitrogen. The concentrations of tryptophane and urea in the plasma were not significantly altered by the dietary treatments.
31
Experiment 2 Supplementation of the basal diet (Diet 1) with lysine, methionine and tryptophane (Diet 4} increased weight gains of the pigs. Supplementation with lysine plus methionine or tryptophane resulted in a smaller and nonsignificant increase in weight gains. All amino acid supplements {Diets 2, 3 and 4) resulted in a significant increase in feed intake over that observed in pigs fed on the unsupplemented diet (Diet 1). TABLE IV T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f pigs fed o n m e a t m e a l d i e t s s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h t r y p t o p h a n e , l y s i n e p l u s m e t h i o n i n e o r t r y p t o p h a n e a n d l y s i n e p l u s m e t h i o n i n e ( E x p e r i m e n t 2) Diet 1 Diet 2 Supplement
W e i g h t g a i n (g d a y m ) W e i g h t g a i n (g d a y ~ ) 1 F e e d i n t a k e (g a i r d r y d a y ' 1 ) F e e d c o n v e r s i o n ratio A p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y (%) Dry matter Nitrogen Nitrogen r e t e n t i o n (g d a y -~) Nitrogen r e t e n t i o n (relative to intake)
Diet 3
Diet 4
Tryptophane
Lysine + Lysine + methiono methionine ine + tryptophane
242 290 472 1.95
310 306 600 1.94
328 319 610 1.86
380 321 688 1.81
80.0 86.8 12.27
79.5 85.5 16.65
82.3 87.0 13.14
82.0 88.0 17.44
0.536
0.689
0.658
0.655
SE o f mean
Level o f significance
3~).9 18.5 39.9 0.065
* N.S. * N.S.
1.01 0.86 1.26
N.S. N.S. *
0.025
*
*P ~ 0 . 0 5 . 1 Adjusted for feed intake.
Apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was not affected by dietary treatments. Retention of nitrogen was increased by tryptophane supplementation of the diet with or without the supplementation of lysine plus methionine. DISCUSSION
Meat meals contain 8.2--13.7% calcium (Leibholz, 1979) and Batterham and Holder (1969} suggested that the high calcium content of diets containing meat meal depressed the performance of pigs. However, Kennedy et al. {1974) gave diets containing up to 2% calcium and Evans and Leibholz (1979a} gave diets containing up to 3.1% calcium with soya-bean meal, and found that the performance of pigs was not reduced. However, Evans and Leibholz (1979a) showed that if the calcium was added as bone meal to a meat meal diet there was a reduction in the performance of the pigs. Experiment 1 showed that performance of young pigs was similar when they were fed on diets of wheat and meat meal containing 1.2 or 3.1% calcium from
32 limestone and calcium dihydrogen phosphate. The supplementation of this diet with bone meal to 3.1% calcium depressed weight gains of the pigs. All diets were iso-nitrogenous so that the addition of bone meal containing collagen altered the amino acid pattern of the diet. In particular, there was a depression in the tryptophane content of the diets. If the diet was supplemented with tryptophane (Diet 4) the pigs performed as well as on the control diet. This confirmed that tryptophane was a limiting amino acid in diets containing meat meal as had been suggested previously (Evans and Leibholz, 1979b). Several other authors have found that tryptophane is also the first limiting amino acid in meat meal for growing pigs fed on maizebased diets (Bloss et al., 1953; Stockland et al., 1971). The National Research Council (1979} and Zimmerman (1975} suggested that the tryptophane requirement of pigs of 5--10 kg live weight was 0.15% of the diet, while Lewis et al. (1977) recommended 0.19--0.23% tryptophane. In the present experiment, supplementation of diets containing 0.16% tryptophane with 0.02% tryptophane improved the performance of the pigs. This may be explained either by inaccuracies in the chemical determination of tryptophane, a tryptophane requirement greater than 0.16% as suggested by Leibholz (1981) or a difference in the availability of tryptophane. Rivera et al. (1976) showed that availability of tryptophane varied with different feeds. The aim of our second experiment was to determine the first limiting amino acid for young pigs fed on diets containing meat meal and wheat. The results suggested that both tryptophane and lysine plus methionine might possible be limiting for weight gain, but tryptophane was clearly the first limiting amino acid for nitrogen retention. No explanation can be given for these results, but they may indicate a dietary requirement for supplementary tryptophane. Feed intakes were increased by the supplementation of the basal diet {Diet 1) with lysine plus methionine or tryptophane. Other workers have also reported that the supplementation of diets with limiting amino acids increased feed intake (e.g. Leibholz, 1981). The tryptophane content of normal meat meals varies from 0.20 to 0.49% (Leibholz, 1979} while that of soft offal meat meals, as used in the present experiment, is higher. Hence tryptophane should be considered as a limiting amino acid for young pigs fed on wheat and meat meal diets. The lysine content of meat meals varies from 2.38 to 3.39% and methionine from 0.43 to 0.76% (Leibholz, 1979). With such a large range in composition, these amino acids must also be considered in the formulation of rations containing meat meals for young pigs. The concentration of tryptophane in the blood plasma was correlated with dietary tryptophane intake, but differences between dietary treatments were not significant. Zimmerman (1975) showed a rapid increase in the tryptophane concentration in the plasma between 0.13 and 0.15% tryptophane in the diet. Only a gradual increase was observed above this level, which agrees with the present observations.
33 CONCLUSION
It is concluded that tryptophane may be a limiting amino acid for the growth of young pigs fed on diets containing meat meal and wheat, and that the high calcium content of meat meals is not detrimental to growth of young pigs. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is indebted to the Australian Pig Industry Research Committee for financial assistance, Mayfair Farms for supplying the piglets, Pfizer Agricare Pty. Ltd. for the vitamins and antibiotics, to S. Madams for laboratory assistance and Ms. A. Kirby for statistical advice.
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34 Miller, E.R., 1967. Determination of tryptophane content of feeding stuffs with particular reference to cereals. J. Sci. Food Agric., 18: 381--386. National Research Council, 1979. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Rivera, P.H., Peo, E.R., Stahly, T., Moser, B.C. and Cunningham, P.J., 1976. Availability of tryptophane in some feedstuffs for swine. J. Anim. Sci., 43: 432--441. Stockland, W.L., Meade, R.J. and Nordstrom, J.M., 1971. Lysine, methionine and tryptophane supplementation of a corn-meat and bone meal diet for growing swine. J. Anita. Sci., 32: 262--267. Zimmerman, D.R., 1975. Tryptophane requirements of 5--15 kg pigs with semipractical pig starters. J. Anita. Sci., 40: 875--879.