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More Tricladium species from Malaysia
Notes and brief articles essential differences. The conidia of Clauariopsis, as shown by the type species, C. aquatica de Wild. , consist of a conspicuous, obconical, z-celled main body, 30-45 pm long, 2-4 pm at the base widening to 10-14 pm at the apex. From around the margin of the blunt end three long, thin, usually nonseptate arms or appendages, 50-80 pm x 1'5-2 pm, develop simultaneously. These appendages are continuous with the main body. Thus the conidium is highly characteristic, consisting of one thick arm and three rather longer, very thin ones, rendering it easy to identify from foam. The present fungus has also been considered for inclusion in Isthmotricladia Matsush. I have studied the type species, I. laeensis Matsush., and described a second species, I . gombakiensis Nawawi (1975). Conidia of both species are common in Malaysian foam samples, and I. gombakiensis has also been detected on submerged decaying leaves. Species of Isthmotricladia usually produce slowgrowing, grey to brownish, compact tough colonies,
177
with a tendency to pucker radially. Their conidia, although tetraradiate, possess distinct isthmi connecting the arms to the main axis.
REFERENCES
DESCALS, E. , NAWAWI, A. & WEBSTER, J . (1976). Developmental studies in Actinospora and three similar aquatic hyphomyceres. Transactions of the Br itish Mycological Society 78, 405-437. INGOLD, C . T. ( 1975) . An illustrated guide to aquatic and water-borne H yphornycetes (F un gi Imperfecti) with notes on their biology. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication 30, 96 pp. Ferry House, Ambleside, Cumbria, England. MIURA, K . (1974) . Stream spora of Japan. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan is, 289-308. NAWAWI, A. ( 1973). A new species of Flabellospora from Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Science z(A), 55-58. NAWAWI,A. ( 1975) . Another hyphomycete with branched conidia. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 64, 243-246.
MORE TRICLADIUM SPECIES FROM MALAYSIA BY A. NAWAWI
Department of Botany, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Two new aquatic hyphomycetes, Tricladium aciculum and T . fuscum from Malaysia, are described and illustrated. A number of new and interesting taxa of aquatic and water-borne hyphomycetes were isolated from foam or found growing on submerged decaying angiosperm leaves from streams during a recent collection trip to Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, a hill resort some 1400 m a.s.L, with a spring climate (12- 24 °C) throughout the year. Two new taxa are presented in this paper.
Tricladium aciculum sp.nov. (F igs 1,3) Fungi Imperfecti, hyphomyces aquaticus. Mycelium septaturn, ramosum, hyalinum. Conidiophora 80--200 X i ' 5-2'5 p.m, primum simplicia, dein gradatim ramificantia in consequentia conidiorum formationis procedentis. Cellulae conidiogenae cylindricae, terminales, prolificantes percurrentes, Conidia holoblastica, hyalina staurospora, axis principalis curvatus, 75-90 flm longus x 4'5 flm crassus, 4-8 septatus, ad basim e apicem acutum, rami laterales 2, recti, ad basim obtusi, constricti, ad apices attenuatis, 3-5 septatis, 34-46 flm longi x 4"56 Ilm crassi ,
Ex spuma rivuli, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, Nov. 197 6, May 1984 . Specimen IMI 289091 , UM 2/84, holotypus.
This fungus originated from a single conidium isolated from foam. On 2 % MA the colony is whitish with cottony aerial mycelium, rather fast Trans. Br. mvcol. Soc. 8~ (1 ). (1Q8 <;)
growing, attaining an average diameter of 45 mm in 14 days at 20-23°. No sporulation occurred on dry agar, but when slivers of colony were submerged in sterile distilled water and aerated, sporulation took place profusely within 2 days. Details of conidial development were followed in a constant flow chamber as described by Descals, Nawawi & Webster ( 1976). Conidiophores are macronematous, mononematous, ascending, hyaline ; the lower part unbranched, up to 200 pm long, the upper part bears lateral conidiophoral branches of 1-3 cells long arising usually from each septal node. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, apical, detachment scar truncate, proliferation percurrent, succeeding conidia form at a point a little higher than the last. Conidia staurosporous, hyaline, pearly, content granular with minute globules. Main axis a smooth curve 75-90 x 4-5 pmatthewidestpoint,narrowing gradually to a point at the apex, base truncate after release, becoming conical and finally acute by growth, 4 to 8-septate, septa indistinct in fresh conidia. Arms 1-(2) in number arising about the curved portion in succession, 7-12 pm apart, diverging at narrow angles in different planes, straight with a rounded base, narrowing gradually to the apex, markedly constricted at their points of
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17 8
Notes and brief articles
?-/
50 /Jm
~A ~B i \
Fig. 1. Tricladium aciculum . (A-C) Branched conidiophores bearing conidia at various stages of development ; CD) mature conidia from culture.
origin. First arm usually arises from the second or third cell of the main axis , 38-46 x 5-6 pm at the widest point, 3- to y-septate ; second arm usually arises from the third or fourth cell, occa sionally from the fifth cell, 34-40 pm long, 3- to 4-septate. Conidia released by a break in the narrow basal Trans. Br , my col. Soc. 85 (1), (19 85)
septum. They germinated readily by producing germ-tubes at the apices. Conidia of this fungus have never been observed in foam samples from lowland streams in Malaysia. or the described species of Tricla cium Ingold, this fungus resembles T. fallax Marvanova (1984),
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Notes and brief articles
179
\
Fig.
2.
Tricladium fuscum. (A-B) Conidiophores bearing conidia at various stages of development; (C) four conidia from leaves; (D) three conidia from culture.
described from Czechoslovakia. However, there are essential differences. The conidiophores are simple, unbranched in T. fallax, and the conidiogenous cells bear bead-like swellings as they elongate. Conidia of T. fallax are generally narrower (2'5-4 pm), the arms are further apart, spreading wider, their bases are not as rounded, and their apices are very pointed. Tricladium fallax is also stated to be slow growing. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 85 (i), (1985)
Tricladium aciculum also shows some similarities with T. attenuatum Iqbal (1971) in the arrangement of their conidiophores. However, their conidia are smaller (axis 37'5-70 x 2-2'5 pm, arms 17'5-30 x 2'5 pm) and their configuration is different. Conidia of T. aciculum are not unlike those of Gyoerffyella biappendiculata (Arnold) Ingold (1975), originally described as Ingoldia biappendicu-
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Notes and brief articles
180
A
E
D
F
G
.., .. ,~
o.
30 pm Fig. 3. Tricladium aciculum. (A) Branched conidiophore with developing conidia; (B) mature conidia, one detaching at the basal septum; (Ce-D) two stages in the formation of a conidium through percurrent proliferation (5 h apart); (E) conidiogenous cells proliferate percurrently; (F-G) two mature conidia from culture. Bar = 30 tut».
lata Arnold (1970). However, their conidia are smaller by about half, the main axis measuring 3lJ-35 ,umand the two arms are 16-20,um x 3-4 ,um. Gyoerffyella biappendiculata has all the characters of a Tricladium and its taxonomic position should be reconsidered. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 85 (1), (1985)
Tricladium fuscum sp. nov. (Figs
2,
4)
Fungi Imperfecti, hyphomyces aquaticus. Mycelium immersum vel superficiale, ex hyphis ramosis, septatis, brunneis, 3-5 pm crassis compositum. Conidiophora e hyphis repentibus, semi-micronematosa, mononematosa, simplicia vel sparsim ramosa, erecta, flexuosa, 3D-55 pm,
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Notes and brief articles A
c
181
B
D
E
30 /lITI
Fig. 4. Tricladiumfuscum. (A-B) Two stages in the development of a conidium; (C-E) three mature conidia from leaves; (F) conidium of T. brunneum. Bar = 30 pm.
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 85 (1), (1985)
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182
Notes and brief articles
1-2 septata, Cellulae conidiogenae in conidiophoris incorporatae, terrninales, rnonoblasticae, pallide brunneae. Conidia solitaria, staurospora, pallide fusca ; axis principalis curvatus 700-95 x 4-5 pm, 7-11 septatus, apicum acutum; rami laterales 1-{2 }-3 , ad basim obtusi, constricti , recti, ad apices attenuat is, 3--6 sep tati, 35--60 x 4-4'5 pm crassi. Ex foliis angiospermis putrescentibus in Cameron H ighlands, May 1984, specimen IMI 289092, UM 3/84, holotypus.
This fungus was first isolated as conidia from foam. Later it was detected on submerged decaying leaves collected from the same stream. Mycelium immersed or superficial, composed of branched, septate, brownish hyphae smooth to finely echinulate, 3-5 pm diam. On 2 % MA the colony is dark, compact with fluffy aerial mycelium and slowgrowing, reaching 15 mm in 30 days at 20-30°. Submerged hyphae are much branched, and monilioid. Sporulation occurred sparingly on dry agar but readily in sterile distilled water with aeration. The method of conidial development is similar to the previous species. Conidiophores arise as lateral branches from the prostrate mycelium, single or crowded together, simple or sparingly branched, pale to brownish, erect to flexuous, up to 55 x 2-3 Jlm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, cylindrical, monoblastic, pale, proliferation percurrent. Conidia pale to fuscous, staurosporous, thin-walled consisting of a curved main axis, 700-95 x 4-5 Jlm at the widest point, 7- to r r-septate, narrowing gradually to the acute apex, detachment scar truncate, but becoming pointed by growth. Lateral arms 1-(2)-3, originating on the convex side of the axis, about i way up, diverging at narrow angles, straight with a rounded base, constricted at their points oforigin, tapering to an acute apex; first arm 40-60 x 4-5 '5 Jlm, 4- to 6-septate; second arm 35-50 Jlm, 3- to 5-septate, conidia released by a break in the basal septum. Conidia from foam and leaves are more uniform in size and configuation. Those formed on dry agar and from submerged unaerated cultures tend to be thinner, with straighter and longer axes and with arms developing more septa, and the arms originate further apart.
Trans . Br. mycol . Soc. 85 (1), (19 85)
When conidia of this fungus were first observed in foam they were thought to be those of T . splendens Ingold. On close examination, however, the differences become ob vious. Resemblances of T . fuscum with T. splendens include the disposition of their conidia in water. Both have a curved, attenuated septate main axis with spreading arms that are constricted at their bases. However, T . splendens have hyaline, pearly conidia whose axe s are fatter, less curved and less septate. The conidium identified as T . splendens by Miura (1974, Fig. 77), from Japan, is in all probability a conidium of T . fuscum. The present species cannot be confused with T. brunneum Nawawi (1973), the othercoloured-spored Tricladium. The main axes of the conidia of T . brunn eum are darker, thicker-walled, paler at the apices, more curved or sigmoid and possess more septa, and their bases are conical. The arms are thinner, cylindrical and lighter in colour than the main axis (Fig. 4, F). RE 'FERENCES
ARNOLD, G . R. W . (1970). De specie nova generis Ingoldia . Nooosti Sistematic niz Kast Academiya Nauk S S SR Botanicynyi Institut 6, 173-176. DESCALS, E ., NAWAWI, A . & WEBSTER, J. ( 1976) . Developmental studies in A ctinospora and three sim ilar aquatic h yphornycetes. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 67, 207-222. INGOLD, A . ( 197 5). An illustrated guide to aquatic and water-borne H yphomycetes (F un gi Imperfecti) with notes on their b iology. Freshwater Biologi cal Ass ociation S cientific Publication 30 , 96PP. Ferry House,Ambleside, Cumbria, England. IQBAL, S. H. ( 1971). New aquatic hyphomycetes. Transactions of the British M y cological Society 56 , 343-35 2. MARVANOVA, L. ( 1984). Two new Tricladium species from mountain streams. M y cotaxon 19, 93-100. MIURA, K. ( 19 74). Stream spora ofJapan. Transactions of the M y cological Socie ty, Japan 15, 289-308. Nxwawr , A . ( 1974) . Two new Tricladium species . Transactions of the British M y cological S ociety 63, 26 7-272 .
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177
with a tendency to pucker radially. Their conidia, although tetraradiate, possess distinct isthmi connecting the arms to the main axis.
REFERENCES
DESCALS, E. , NAWAWI, A. & WEBSTER, J . (1976). Developmental studies in Actinospora and three similar aquatic hyphomyceres. Transactions of the Br itish Mycological Society 78, 405-437. INGOLD, C . T. ( 1975) . An illustrated guide to aquatic and water-borne H yphornycetes (F un gi Imperfecti) with notes on their biology. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication 30, 96 pp. Ferry House, Ambleside, Cumbria, England. MIURA, K . (1974) . Stream spora of Japan. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan is, 289-308. NAWAWI, A. ( 1973). A new species of Flabellospora from Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Science z(A), 55-58. NAWAWI,A. ( 1975) . Another hyphomycete with branched conidia. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 64, 243-246.
MORE TRICLADIUM SPECIES FROM MALAYSIA BY A. NAWAWI
Department of Botany, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Two new aquatic hyphomycetes, Tricladium aciculum and T . fuscum from Malaysia, are described and illustrated. A number of new and interesting taxa of aquatic and water-borne hyphomycetes were isolated from foam or found growing on submerged decaying angiosperm leaves from streams during a recent collection trip to Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, a hill resort some 1400 m a.s.L, with a spring climate (12- 24 °C) throughout the year. Two new taxa are presented in this paper.
Tricladium aciculum sp.nov. (F igs 1,3) Fungi Imperfecti, hyphomyces aquaticus. Mycelium septaturn, ramosum, hyalinum. Conidiophora 80--200 X i ' 5-2'5 p.m, primum simplicia, dein gradatim ramificantia in consequentia conidiorum formationis procedentis. Cellulae conidiogenae cylindricae, terminales, prolificantes percurrentes, Conidia holoblastica, hyalina staurospora, axis principalis curvatus, 75-90 flm longus x 4'5 flm crassus, 4-8 septatus, ad basim e apicem acutum, rami laterales 2, recti, ad basim obtusi, constricti, ad apices attenuatis, 3-5 septatis, 34-46 flm longi x 4"56 Ilm crassi ,
Ex spuma rivuli, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, Nov. 197 6, May 1984 . Specimen IMI 289091 , UM 2/84, holotypus.
This fungus originated from a single conidium isolated from foam. On 2 % MA the colony is whitish with cottony aerial mycelium, rather fast Trans. Br. mvcol. Soc. 8~ (1 ). (1Q8 <;)
growing, attaining an average diameter of 45 mm in 14 days at 20-23°. No sporulation occurred on dry agar, but when slivers of colony were submerged in sterile distilled water and aerated, sporulation took place profusely within 2 days. Details of conidial development were followed in a constant flow chamber as described by Descals, Nawawi & Webster ( 1976). Conidiophores are macronematous, mononematous, ascending, hyaline ; the lower part unbranched, up to 200 pm long, the upper part bears lateral conidiophoral branches of 1-3 cells long arising usually from each septal node. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, apical, detachment scar truncate, proliferation percurrent, succeeding conidia form at a point a little higher than the last. Conidia staurosporous, hyaline, pearly, content granular with minute globules. Main axis a smooth curve 75-90 x 4-5 pmatthewidestpoint,narrowing gradually to a point at the apex, base truncate after release, becoming conical and finally acute by growth, 4 to 8-septate, septa indistinct in fresh conidia. Arms 1-(2) in number arising about the curved portion in succession, 7-12 pm apart, diverging at narrow angles in different planes, straight with a rounded base, narrowing gradually to the apex, markedly constricted at their points of
Printed in Great Britain
17 8
Notes and brief articles
?-/
50 /Jm
~A ~B i \
Fig. 1. Tricladium aciculum . (A-C) Branched conidiophores bearing conidia at various stages of development ; CD) mature conidia from culture.
origin. First arm usually arises from the second or third cell of the main axis , 38-46 x 5-6 pm at the widest point, 3- to y-septate ; second arm usually arises from the third or fourth cell, occa sionally from the fifth cell, 34-40 pm long, 3- to 4-septate. Conidia released by a break in the narrow basal Trans. Br , my col. Soc. 85 (1), (19 85)
septum. They germinated readily by producing germ-tubes at the apices. Conidia of this fungus have never been observed in foam samples from lowland streams in Malaysia. or the described species of Tricla cium Ingold, this fungus resembles T. fallax Marvanova (1984),
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Notes and brief articles
179
\
Fig.
2.
Tricladium fuscum. (A-B) Conidiophores bearing conidia at various stages of development; (C) four conidia from leaves; (D) three conidia from culture.
described from Czechoslovakia. However, there are essential differences. The conidiophores are simple, unbranched in T. fallax, and the conidiogenous cells bear bead-like swellings as they elongate. Conidia of T. fallax are generally narrower (2'5-4 pm), the arms are further apart, spreading wider, their bases are not as rounded, and their apices are very pointed. Tricladium fallax is also stated to be slow growing. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 85 (i), (1985)
Tricladium aciculum also shows some similarities with T. attenuatum Iqbal (1971) in the arrangement of their conidiophores. However, their conidia are smaller (axis 37'5-70 x 2-2'5 pm, arms 17'5-30 x 2'5 pm) and their configuration is different. Conidia of T. aciculum are not unlike those of Gyoerffyella biappendiculata (Arnold) Ingold (1975), originally described as Ingoldia biappendicu-
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Notes and brief articles
180
A
E
D
F
G
.., .. ,~
o.
30 pm Fig. 3. Tricladium aciculum. (A) Branched conidiophore with developing conidia; (B) mature conidia, one detaching at the basal septum; (Ce-D) two stages in the formation of a conidium through percurrent proliferation (5 h apart); (E) conidiogenous cells proliferate percurrently; (F-G) two mature conidia from culture. Bar = 30 tut».
lata Arnold (1970). However, their conidia are smaller by about half, the main axis measuring 3lJ-35 ,umand the two arms are 16-20,um x 3-4 ,um. Gyoerffyella biappendiculata has all the characters of a Tricladium and its taxonomic position should be reconsidered. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 85 (1), (1985)
Tricladium fuscum sp. nov. (Figs
2,
4)
Fungi Imperfecti, hyphomyces aquaticus. Mycelium immersum vel superficiale, ex hyphis ramosis, septatis, brunneis, 3-5 pm crassis compositum. Conidiophora e hyphis repentibus, semi-micronematosa, mononematosa, simplicia vel sparsim ramosa, erecta, flexuosa, 3D-55 pm,
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Notes and brief articles A
c
181
B
D
E
30 /lITI
Fig. 4. Tricladiumfuscum. (A-B) Two stages in the development of a conidium; (C-E) three mature conidia from leaves; (F) conidium of T. brunneum. Bar = 30 pm.
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 85 (1), (1985)
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182
Notes and brief articles
1-2 septata, Cellulae conidiogenae in conidiophoris incorporatae, terrninales, rnonoblasticae, pallide brunneae. Conidia solitaria, staurospora, pallide fusca ; axis principalis curvatus 700-95 x 4-5 pm, 7-11 septatus, apicum acutum; rami laterales 1-{2 }-3 , ad basim obtusi, constricti , recti, ad apices attenuat is, 3--6 sep tati, 35--60 x 4-4'5 pm crassi. Ex foliis angiospermis putrescentibus in Cameron H ighlands, May 1984, specimen IMI 289092, UM 3/84, holotypus.
This fungus was first isolated as conidia from foam. Later it was detected on submerged decaying leaves collected from the same stream. Mycelium immersed or superficial, composed of branched, septate, brownish hyphae smooth to finely echinulate, 3-5 pm diam. On 2 % MA the colony is dark, compact with fluffy aerial mycelium and slowgrowing, reaching 15 mm in 30 days at 20-30°. Submerged hyphae are much branched, and monilioid. Sporulation occurred sparingly on dry agar but readily in sterile distilled water with aeration. The method of conidial development is similar to the previous species. Conidiophores arise as lateral branches from the prostrate mycelium, single or crowded together, simple or sparingly branched, pale to brownish, erect to flexuous, up to 55 x 2-3 Jlm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, cylindrical, monoblastic, pale, proliferation percurrent. Conidia pale to fuscous, staurosporous, thin-walled consisting of a curved main axis, 700-95 x 4-5 Jlm at the widest point, 7- to r r-septate, narrowing gradually to the acute apex, detachment scar truncate, but becoming pointed by growth. Lateral arms 1-(2)-3, originating on the convex side of the axis, about i way up, diverging at narrow angles, straight with a rounded base, constricted at their points oforigin, tapering to an acute apex; first arm 40-60 x 4-5 '5 Jlm, 4- to 6-septate; second arm 35-50 Jlm, 3- to 5-septate, conidia released by a break in the basal septum. Conidia from foam and leaves are more uniform in size and configuation. Those formed on dry agar and from submerged unaerated cultures tend to be thinner, with straighter and longer axes and with arms developing more septa, and the arms originate further apart.
Trans . Br. mycol . Soc. 85 (1), (19 85)
When conidia of this fungus were first observed in foam they were thought to be those of T . splendens Ingold. On close examination, however, the differences become ob vious. Resemblances of T . fuscum with T. splendens include the disposition of their conidia in water. Both have a curved, attenuated septate main axis with spreading arms that are constricted at their bases. However, T . splendens have hyaline, pearly conidia whose axe s are fatter, less curved and less septate. The conidium identified as T . splendens by Miura (1974, Fig. 77), from Japan, is in all probability a conidium of T . fuscum. The present species cannot be confused with T. brunneum Nawawi (1973), the othercoloured-spored Tricladium. The main axes of the conidia of T . brunn eum are darker, thicker-walled, paler at the apices, more curved or sigmoid and possess more septa, and their bases are conical. The arms are thinner, cylindrical and lighter in colour than the main axis (Fig. 4, F). RE 'FERENCES
ARNOLD, G . R. W . (1970). De specie nova generis Ingoldia . Nooosti Sistematic niz Kast Academiya Nauk S S SR Botanicynyi Institut 6, 173-176. DESCALS, E ., NAWAWI, A . & WEBSTER, J. ( 1976) . Developmental studies in A ctinospora and three sim ilar aquatic h yphornycetes. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 67, 207-222. INGOLD, A . ( 197 5). An illustrated guide to aquatic and water-borne H yphomycetes (F un gi Imperfecti) with notes on their b iology. Freshwater Biologi cal Ass ociation S cientific Publication 30 , 96PP. Ferry House,Ambleside, Cumbria, England. IQBAL, S. H. ( 1971). New aquatic hyphomycetes. Transactions of the British M y cological Society 56 , 343-35 2. MARVANOVA, L. ( 1984). Two new Tricladium species from mountain streams. M y cotaxon 19, 93-100. MIURA, K. ( 19 74). Stream spora ofJapan. Transactions of the M y cological Socie ty, Japan 15, 289-308. Nxwawr , A . ( 1974) . Two new Tricladium species . Transactions of the British M y cological S ociety 63, 26 7-272 .
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