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New function for old cargo and fishing boats
REPORTS AND RESEARCH NOTES T h e r e s p o n s e w a s o v e r w h e l m i n g . T h e fall s e m e s t e r (i 984) w a s s p e n t in i d e n t i f y i n g i n t e r e s t e d f a c u l t y {and s e n i o r g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s ) a n d e x c h a n g i n g r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s (getting to k n o w e a c h other). T h e list of i n t e r e s t e d f a c u l t y g r e w to 17 b y t h e e n d of t h e s e m e s t e r . During the spring semester, we invited four persons from outside the U n i v e r s i t y to m e e t w i t h t h e " w o r k i n g g r o u p " to d i s c u s s t h e g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n s of w h e t h e r t o u r i s m r e p r e s e n t s a l e g i t i m a t e a r e a of r e s e a r c h for u n i v e r s i t y f a c u l t y , a n d if so, w h a t p o s s i b l e d i r e c t i o n s s u c h r e s e a r c h m i g h t t a k e . S p e a k e r s i n c l u d e d W a l l a c e W. B i e r m a n n , D i r e c t o r , Office of Res e a r c h , Illinois D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e a n d C o m m u n i t y Affairs; J a f a r J a f a r i , Editor, A n n a l s of T o u r i s m R e s e a r c h , D e p a r t m e n t of H a b i t a t i o n a l R e s o u r c e s , U n i v e r s i t y of W i s c o n s i n - S t o u t ; J o s e p h F r i d g e n , D e p a r t m e n t of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State University; and Michael Liddle, f r o m t h e A u s t r a l i a n S c h o o l of E n v i r o n m e n t a l S t u d i e s , Griffith Univ e r s i t y , Q u e e n s l a n d , A u s t r a l i a . In a d d i t i o n to a g e n e r a l l e c t u r e , v i s i t o r s a l s o m e t w i t h s m a l l e r c l u s t e r s of f a c u l t y , T h e a t t e n d a n c e a t all p r e s e n t a t i o n s w a s e x c e l l e n t , w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e c o m m e r c i a l t r a v e l i n d u s t r y in t h e C h a m p a i g n - U r b a n a a r e a a l s o involved. D u r i n g t h e fall s e m e s t e r , 1985, w e d e v o t e d o u r m o n t h l y m e e t i n g s to t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of r e s e a r c h p r o p o s a l s a n d t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of f u n d i n g sources. T h e b e n e f i t s of a n i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y w o r k i n g g r o u p a r e a s follows. I n t e r e s t in a r e s e a r c h topic is g e n e r a t e d t h a t w o u l d n o t o t h e r w i s e b e p r e s e n t a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n is e s t a b l i s h e d b e t w e e n f a c u l t y m e m b e r s of d i f f e r e n t b a c k g r o u n d s (the d i s c i p l i n a r y b a r r i e r s a r e b r o k e n ) . E x p e r t i s e is a v a i l a b l e f r o m l a r g e n u m b e r s of f a c u l t y a n d w e h a v e a r e c o g n i z a b l e g r o u p w i t h s o m e o u t s i d e i d e n t i t y . A s a n i n d i c a t i o n , six d e p a r t m e n t s a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y ' s Research Board made contributions toward speaker expenses. A working g r o u p c a n s e r v e b o t h a s a n on- a n d o f f - c a m p u s f o c u s for t o u r i s m r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t y a n d give t h e i n d i v i d u a l f a c u l t y m e m b e r s a n e t w o r k of s c h o l a r s to s t i m u l a t e i n d i v i d u a l or c o l l e c t i v e i d e a s . I n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y f a c u l t y w o r k g r o u p s (like t h e D u t c h " W e r k g r o e p s " ) , o r g a n i z e d a r o u n d a n i d e n t i f i a b l e topic, p r o v i d e o n e v e h i c l e for r e s e a r c h to g e t a r o u n d t h e p r o b l e m s of d e p a r t m e n t a l s t r u c t u r e . [] []
New F u n c t i o n for Old Cargo and F i s h i n g Boats Martinus J. Kosters Institute for T o u r i s m a n d Leisure S t u d i e s Breda, T h e N e t h e r l a n d s
Introduction U n t i l W o r l d W a r II, t h o u s a n d s of s m a l l c a r g o s h i p s a n d f i s h i n g b o a t s w i t h their characteristic sails navigated the numerous canals, rivers, lakes, and 122
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s e a s i n t h e Low C o u n t r i e s of T h e N e t h e r l a n d s . S t e a m e n g i n e s a n d diesel m o t o r s took over t h e p r o p u l s i o n of t h e b o a t s ; later, bigger s h i p s w i t h m u c h m o r e p o w e r were b u i l t i n large n u m b e r s , so t h a t t h e s m a l l t r a d i t i o n a l b o a t s lost t h e i r m a r k e t s . Over 6 , 0 0 0 of t h e s e m o s t l y i r o n b o a t s were s c r a p p e d i n t h e y e a r s after t h e war. S o m e t i m e s t h e g o v e r n m e n t itself p r o m o t e d t h e s c r a p p i n g projects to s t i m u l a t e i n v e s t m e n t p r o g r a m s for n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n . By 1960, n e a r l y all of t h e old fleet w a s out of t h e m a r k e t . A l m o s t 1,000 h a d b e e n c o n v e r t e d i n t o h o u s e b o a t s , d e g r a d e d a s storage vessels, or lay a b a n d o n e d a n d r u s t ing. T h e cost per t o n of cargo e x p l o i t a t i o n w a s m u c h too e x p e n s i v e . D u r i n g t h a t t i m e m o r e a n d m o r e people regretted t h e loss of t h e s e 19th c e n t u r y t y p i c a l D u t c h craft. Besides t h e loss of c u l t u r a l m o n u m e n t s , a g r e a t v a r i e t y of v e s s e l s were lost. T h e y i n c l u d e d s u c h cargo s h i p s a s t h e tjalk, koftjalk, skfltsje, clipper, h a g e n a a r , s t e i l s t e v e n , a a k a n d s c h o e n e r . Also s c r a p p e d were f i s h i n g b o a t s of t h e botter, s c h o k k e r , h o o g a a r s , blazer, bol, logger a n d k o t t e r a s f i s h i n g b o a t s of t h e c o a s t a l w a t e r s . S o m e t i m e s a s h i p - l o v e r t r a n s f o r m e d t h e o c c a s i o n a l old b o a t of 1 0 - 15 m e t r e s i n t o a n i c e m o t o r y a c h t , s i n c e t h e r e w a s s p a c e w i t h i n t h e h u l l a n d it w a s c h e a p to c o n v e r t . At first o n l y t h e s m a l l e s t b o a t s were u s e d a s s a i l i n g y a c h t s . T h e n a g r o u p of u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s s t a r t e d to b u y a n d r e n o v a t e s o m e old f i s h i n g b o a t s like t h e botter. For t h e m , t h e m a i n q u e s t i o n w a s f i n a n c i n g t h e r e n o v a t i o n a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t m a i n t e n a n c e . For a very s m a l l a m o u n t t h e y could b u y a wreck, w o r k i n g a s e m p l o y e e s for t h e p u r c h a s e m o n e y a n d d o i n g m o s t of t h e r e f u r b i s h i n g w i t h t h e i r o w n h a n d s after h o u r s . As soon a s possible, t h e y a t t e m p t e d to sail t h e old b o a t s a n d offered t h e s h i p s for hire, w i t h t h e m s e l v e s a s s k i p p e r s . It worked, a n d , a s a r e s u l t , a n e w p r o f e s s i o n i n t o u r i s m developed: s a i l i n g s k i p p e r o n a t r a d i t i o n a l s a i l i n g ship. R e v i v a l of Nostalgia T h e r e w a s c e r t a i n l y i n t e r e s t i n t h e r e n o v a t i o n of a n t i q u e a n d old s h i p s . G r a d u a l l y t h e k n o w l e d g e of how to r e n o v a t e , repair, a n d rig t h e f o r m e r s a i l i n g s h i p s c a m e b a c k . Devotees e x c h a n g e d e x p e r i e n c e s a n d m a g a z i n e s r a n articles and photos about renovations, The students a n d some others took t h e i n i t i a t i v e a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d t h e i r efforts a n d a t t e n t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r o n t h e botter, t h e l a t e s t type of w o o d e n f i s h i n g - b o a t . Later, o t h e r s s t a r t e d r e n o v a t i n g old cargo vessels. S u c h a p r o c e s s u s u a l l y took o n e or two y e a r s of n i g h t a n d d a y work, T h e y o u n g s k i p p e r - o w n e r l e a r n e d t h e s e t r a d e s t h r o u g h practice, b e c a u s e d o i n g n e a r l y e v e r y t h i n g h i m s e l f w a s t h e o n l y a v a i l a b l e m e t h o d . Often, f r i e n d s a n d r e l a t i v e s did help, however. T h e m a i n a i m w a s to find a n i c e h u l l at t h e s c r a p - y a r d a n d r e n o v a t e t h e s h i p a s it w a s d o n e 80 to 100 y e a r s ago. D u r i n g t h e work, t h e s k i p p e r h i m s e l f lived o n b o a r d to save e x p e n s e s . W h e n h u l l a n d rigs w e r e ready, t h e m o m e n t h a d c o m e to sail, b u t a s i n g l e s k i p p e r c a n n o t sail a craft of a t l e a s t 20 m e t r e s b y himself. He n e e d s t h e h e l p of m a n y h a n d s . So a g a i n r e l a t i v e s a n d f r i e n d s come o n b o a r d a n d all a r e a c c o m m o d a t e d i n t h e hold. B e c a u s e t h e b o a t s provided a t t r a c t i v e a n d o r i g i n a l v a c a t i o n o p p o r t u n i 1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH
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ties, o t h e r people s o o n b e c a m e i n t e r e s t e d , so s o m e t i m e s a s k i p p e r w o u l d e a r n m o n e y b y a t t r a c t i n g g r o u p s of a b o u t 1 0 - 2 5 people for a w e e k e n d or e v e n for a week. In t h e m e a n t i m e , m o r e a n d m o r e old b o a t s of v a r i o u s t y p e s a p p e a r e d i n different h a r b o r s . In p a r t i c u l a r , t h o s e h a r b o r s a r o u n d t h e f o r m e r Zuiderzee, t h e m o d e r n I J s s e l m e e r , developed i n t o c e n t e r s for t h e s e t r a d i t i o n a l l y rigged s h i p s w i t h t h e i r u n i q u e crews.
The Supply T h e s k i p p e r s from t h e v e r y first h o u r w e r e the s h i p - l o v e r s . For t h e m , t h e m a i n goal w a s t h e r e n o v a t i o n a n d t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n of a piece of history. S a i l i n g s u c h a b o a t w a s m e r e l y a b y - p r o d u c t of t h e n e e d for m o n e y for r e s t o r a t i o n . M a i n t e n a n c e costs forced t h e m to sail w i t h p a y i n g g u e s t s . People w h o p a y for s o m e t h i n g , e v e n if it is c h e a p , a s k for a c e r t a i n s t a n d a r d of quality. T h e y w a n t e d to be a b l e to s t a n d u p r i g h t i n t h e s h i p s a n d t h a t w a s n o t p o s s i b l e i n t h e s m a l l e s t o n e s . T h e y a s k e d for privacy, e.g., t h e y did n o t w a n t to sleep w i t h 20 p e o p l e - - m a l e a n d f e m a l e - - i n t h e hold. T h e y a s k e d for s a n i t a r y e q u i p m e n t a n d n o t for a b u c k e t a s a toilet. F u r t h e r more, t h e y a s k e d for f r e s h w a t e r to w a s h t h e m s e l v e s a n d w a n t e d a k i t c h e n w i t h facilities, s u c h a s a r e f r i g e r a t o r for cool d r i n k s . T h e e a r l i e s t r e n o v a t e d b o a t s could n o t offer facilities s u c h a s these. T h e y were p r i m a r i l y r e n o v a t e d a n d rigged to be like t h e o r i g i n a l s . To offer t h o s e facilities called for d r a s t i c c h a n g e s i n t h e old s h i p s . A n o t h e r p r o b l e m w a s t h e crew. A s k i p p e r w h o w a n t s to sail w i t h p a y i n g g u e s t s w a n t s s o m e a c t i o n w i t h h i s boat. But if t h e w e a t h e r is fine h i s g u e s t s like to lie i n t h e s u n or s w i m a r o u n d t h e s h i p a n d d u r i n g t h e n i g h t s t h e y w a n t to visit p u b s i n t h e t o w n s a n d sleep long t h e n e x t day. However, t h e first s k i p p e r s were n o t t h e r i g h t s k i p p e r s for c a t e r i n g to t h e i r g u e s t s ' w i s h e s a n d were definitely n o t t h e r i g h t hosts. T h e y w o u l d often o b s e r v e w h a t t h e y referred to a s t h e i r " s t u p i d p a y i n g g u e s t s " d o i n g m a n y t h i n g s w r o n g , s o m e t i m e s e v e n d a m a g i n g s o m e of t h e s h i p ' s e q u i p m e n t , a n d r e a c t harshly. W i t h i n a few y e a r s , a n e w " g e n e r a t i o n " of s k i p p e r s arose: s k i p p e r s w h o loved s a i l i n g w i t h " o u t s i d e r s " a n d were less i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e r e n o v a t i o n of t h e ship. T h e s e s k i p p e r s loved t h e n e w u n t r a d i t i o n a l w a y of l i v i n g w i t h p o s s i b l y a g i r l f r i e n d a b o a r d a n d j u s t w a n t e d to e a r n t h e i r d a i l y b r e a d w i t h t h e ship. T h e y lived o n b o a r d i n a s m a l l s k i p p e r h o u s e a n d a c c e p t e d t h e lack of p r i v a c y d u r i n g t h e s e a s o n a s well a s t h e long w o r k i n g days. More t h a n for t h e first g e n e r a t i o n of s k i p p e r s , t h e i r m a i n p r o b l e m w a s to a t t r a c t e n o u g h people to m a k e a living. In 1985, a c c o r d i n g to r e s e a r c h b y t h e a u t h o r , m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 of t h e s e t r a d i t i o n a l s h i p s h a d b e e n r e n o v a t e d a n d s u p p l i e d i n T h e N e t h e r l a n d s a n d e v e r y y e a r m o r e old s h i p s are b e i n g r e n o v a t e d a n d rigged. Also, a few h u n d r e d - - m o s t l y t h e s m a l l e r o n e s - h a v e b e e n c o n v e r t e d to s a i l i n g y a c h t s for p r i v a t e o w n e r s , so t h e s u p p l y is s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g . To get a n i n t e r m e d i a r y b e t w e e n s u p p l y a n d d e m a n d , 124
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t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of t h e c h a r t e r - b u r e a u w a s d e v e l o p e d . T h i s i n d e p e n d e n t ofrice a c t s a s a n a g e n t for t h e s k i p p e r . S o m e 20 of t h e s e offices a r e in p l a c e , w i t h t h e l a r g e s t l o o k i n g a f t e r t h e i n t e r e s t s of n e a r l y 4 0 s k i p p e r s . V e r y r a r e l y t h e c h a r t e r office is a s h i p o w n e r a s well. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a s k i p p e r n o r m a l l y h a s h i s o n e a n d o n l y s h i p . O n l y r a r e l y do s h i p - o w n e r s a s h o r e o w n m o r e t h a n o n e s h i p . T h e m a j o r i t y of t h e fleet is o w n e d b y t h e r e s p e c tive s k i p p e r s . N o b o d y b u t t h e o w n i n g s k i p p e r is c a r e f u l e n o u g h w i t h t h e ship's handling and maintenance. In t h e m e a n t i m e , t h e p r a c t i c e h a s s p r e a d f r o m s m a l l e r b o a t s in t h e Zuid e r z e e a n d W a d d e n z e e a n d t h e l a k e s , r i v e r s , a n d c a n a l s to b i g g e r a n d s t r o n g e r b u i l t s h i p s in t h e N o r t h S e a , t h e Baltic, t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n a n d o t h e r h i g h s e a s . F o r t h i s w o r k , a s p e c i a l l y l i c e n s e d c r e w is n e e d e d , a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t c o n t r o l s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e s h i p a n d t h e s a f e t y d e v i c e s o n board.
The Demand W h o w a n t s to s a i l w i t h a t r a d i t i o n a l s a i l i n g s h i p ? M o s t c h a r t e r offices a r e f i n d i n g t h e i r m a r k e t s in o l d e r s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . T r i p s of 3 to 5 d a y s in l e n g t h w i t h a s c h o o l g r o u p of 1 4 - 1 8 - y e a r - o l d s a r e e s p e c i a l l y v e r y p o p u l a r . In fact, t h e r e is e v e n m o r e i n t e r e s t in n e i g h b o r i n g G e r m a n y t h a n in T h e N e t h e r lands. T h e t y p e of t r i p s a v a i l a b l e v a r y : F r o m t h e e n d of A p r i l to t h e b e g i n n i n g of O c t o b e r , t h e r e is a b a s i s - m a r k e t . D u r i n g t h e w e e k e n d s a n d h o l i d a y s , a s h i p is r e n t e d b y o n e f a m i l y or s e v e r a l . D u r i n g t h e l a s t five y e a r s t h e m o s t p r o g r e s s i v e c h a r t e r offices h a v e offered t r i p s for i n d i v i d u a l s , m u c h l i k e a t o u r o p e r a t o r or w h o l e s a l e r . T h e y c o n t i n u e to offer m o r e a n d m o r e prog r a m s o n v a r i o u s s h i p s to d i f f e r e n t d e s t i n a t i o n s d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e s e a s o n . T h e s e p a c k a g e s s o m e t i m e s i n c l u d e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n to f o r e i g n h a r b o r s a n d a r e s o l d to t h e c o n s u m e r s b o t h d i r e c t l y b y c h a r t e r offices a n d t r a v e l a g e n t s . It s h o u l d b e c l e a r t h a t t h i s a m o u n t a n d k i n d of p r o d u c t i o n r e q u i r e s a p r o f e s s i o n a l c h a r t e r office. T h e office h a d to d e v e l o p s a l e s a c t i v i t i e s in T h e N e t h e r l a n d s a n d a b r o a d , so it did. T o d a y f o r e i g n t o u r o p e r a t o r s a r e b u y i n g p a r t s of t h e i r p r o g r a m s , so t h e m a r k e t is g e t t i n g m u c h m o r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l . H o w e v e r , for t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t m o r e o n - b o a r d c o n v e n i e n c e s a r e n e e d e d . T h e " b e s t " s h i p s a r e n o l o n g e r j u s t c o r r e c t l y r e n o v a t e d a n d rigged. T h e s e s h i p s h a v e a l s o b e e n a d a p t e d to t h e i r n e w f u n c t i o n s : s a i l i n g w i t h s o p h i s t i c a t e d y o u n g people. T h e y h a v e r e a l c a b i n s w i t h t o i l e t s a n d s h o w e r s on b o a r d , c o m f o r t a b l e m e s s r o o m s d e c o r a t e d w i t h e x p e n s i v e t i m b e r , a c e n t r a l h e a t i n g s y s t e m , a n d so on. W h a t s t a r t e d a s a m o d e s t r e c r e a t i o n m a r k e t for p e o p l e d e s i r i n g a n a l t e r n a t i v e w a y of l i v i n g d u r i n g t h e ' 6 0 s is t o d a y a m a r k e t w i t h o v e r 7 5 , 0 0 0 c u s t o m e r s in 1 9 8 5 ( a u t h o r ' s r e s e a r c h findings). A l t h o u g h it is s m a l l - s c a l e b u s i n e s s t h a t is r e s t r i c t e d to t h e s u m m e r s e a s o n , s a i l i n g w i t h t h e s e s h i p s has made tourism more multiform. 1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH
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REPORTS AND RESEARCH NOTES Effects W i t h i n g 25 y e a r s , t h e fleet h a s g r o w n to m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 s h i p s u n d e r t h e v a n e of T h e N e t h e r l a n d s , g i v i n g e m p l o y m e n t - - d i r e c t l y a n d i n d i r e c t l y - to m o r e t h a n 1,000 p e o p l e a y e a r : s k i p p e r s , m a t e s , c o o k s , s a i l - m a k e r s , riggers, c a r p e n t e r s , s h i p r e p a i r m e n , a n d c l e r k s . At t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e s h i p s of t h e t r a d i t i o n a l fleet a r e a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of T h e N e t h e r l a n d s a s w i n d m i l l s a n d t u l i p s . P i c t u r e s of t h e s h i p s o f t e n a p p e a r in p r o m o t i o n m a g a z i n e s a n d b r o c h u r e s (see F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2). F o r a l m o s t 25 old t o w n s w i t h s m a l l h a r b o r s , t h e t r a d i t i o n a l fleet b r i n g s life to t h e s l e e p i n g q u a y s a g a i n . M a n y of t h o s e old h a r b o r s lost t h e i r f u n c t i o n s b e c a u s e of t h e big d i m e n s i o n s of m o d e r n s h i p s . New h a r b o r s w e r e d e v e l o p e d o u t s i d e t h e t o w n s . S o m e t i m e s t h e old h a r b o r s h a v e b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o y a c h t - h a r b o r s , b u t for t h e t r a d i t i o n a l fleet t h e old h a r b o r s a r e j u s t right. T h e s e s h i p s b r i n g t h e r i g h t a t m o s p h e r e to t h e old, p i c t u r e s q u e f a ¢ a d e s . T h e m a n y t o u r i s t s on t h e b o a t s b r i n g life i n t o t h e p u b s . O t h e r t o u r i s t s a r e s i m p l y e n c h a n t e d b y t h e s c e n i c v i e w of s h i p s in t h e h a r b o r .
Figure I T h e c l i p p e r " L e n a A d r i a n a " s a i l i n g o n t h e W a d d e n z e e is o n e o f t h e 3 0 0 t r a d i t i o n a l s a i l i n g s h i p s in T h e N e t h e r l a n d s s a i l i n g w i t h p a s s e n g e r s .
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Figure 2 One o f the m o s t m o d e r n traditional s a i l i n g ships is the s c h o o n e r " E e n h o o r n " for trips o n the h i g h seas. The " E e n h o o r n " is a former flshcutter.
W h e n t r a d i t i o n a l s h i p s sail o n t h e lakes, e s p e c i a l l y i n r e g a t t a s , s o m e h u n d r e d s of t h o u s a n d s of people come to see t h e colorful spectacle. T o d a y t h e m o s t f a m o u s e x a m p l e i n t h e world is Sail A m s t e r d a m , held o n c e e v e r y five years, w i t h m o r e t h a n 1,000 t r a d i t i o n a l s h i p s a n d y a c h t s . In 1985, m o r e t h a n 4.5 m i l l i o n people visited t h e d o c k s over six days. T h a n k s to t h e love for t h e old s a i l i n g s h i p s a n d t h e old m a r i n e c u s t o m s of t h e l a s t c e n t u r y , t o u r i s m i n T h e N e t h e r l a n d s has, over a few decades, developed a n e w a t t r a c t i o n . In t h e m e a n t i m e , i n o t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s , like Norway, S w e d e n , D e n m a r k , W e s t G e r m a n y , a n d G r e a t B r i t a i n , t h e D u t c h e x a m p l e h a s b e e n followed w i t h o t h e r t y p e s of s h i p s , b u t o n a very m o d e s t scale. T h e p r o b l e m is to find t h e r e m a i n i n g w e l l - p r e s e r v e d h u l l s of wood or steel. T h e e n t i r e l y n e w b u i l d i n g of t h o s e s h i p s is e x t r e m e l y e x p e n sive a n d offers n o b a s i s for c o m m e r c i a l e x p l o i t a t i o n . However, a J a p a n e s e f o u n d a t i o n ordered from T h e N e t h e r l a n d s a copy of a f a m o u s 16th c e n t u r y m e r c h a n t s h i p a s a t o u r i s t a t t r a c t i o n for a p a r k . T h e s h i p w a s n o t 100% a u t h e n t i c a n d n o t rigged for sailing, b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s , m a n y s a i l o r s a n d e x p e r t s were a s t o n i s h e d w h e n t h e y s a w t h e r e s u l t i n t h e s u m m e r of 1985.
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Conclusions A l t h o u g h s a i l i n g a s a p a s s e n g e r o n a s a i l i n g s h i p is v e r y p o p u l a r i n t h e C a r i b b e a n a n d Greece, t h e m a i n p o i n t t h e r e is s a i l i n g w i t h (modern) fast y a c h t s . In T h e N e t h e r l a n d s , t h e a c c e n t is o n r e n o v a t e d a n d n e w l y - r i g g e d s h i p s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e last c e n t u r y , e s p e c i a l l y w h e r e t h e p a s s e n g e r gets to help w i t h t h e sailing. W i t h t h i s n e w lease o n life, s o m e 3 0 0 t r a d i t i o n a l b o a t s a r e n o w s a i l i n g m o n u m e n t s i n T h e N e t h e r l a n d s . T h e y add a n e w t o u r i s t p r o d u c t to t h e m a r k e t a n d i m p r o v e t h e q u a l i t y of t h e t o u r i s t p r o d u c t a s h o r e . T h e y also provide w o r k for m o r e t h a n 1,000 y o u n g people.
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New F u n c t i o n for Old Cargo and F i s h i n g Boats Martinus J. Kosters Institute for T o u r i s m a n d Leisure S t u d i e s Breda, T h e N e t h e r l a n d s
Introduction U n t i l W o r l d W a r II, t h o u s a n d s of s m a l l c a r g o s h i p s a n d f i s h i n g b o a t s w i t h their characteristic sails navigated the numerous canals, rivers, lakes, and 122
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s e a s i n t h e Low C o u n t r i e s of T h e N e t h e r l a n d s . S t e a m e n g i n e s a n d diesel m o t o r s took over t h e p r o p u l s i o n of t h e b o a t s ; later, bigger s h i p s w i t h m u c h m o r e p o w e r were b u i l t i n large n u m b e r s , so t h a t t h e s m a l l t r a d i t i o n a l b o a t s lost t h e i r m a r k e t s . Over 6 , 0 0 0 of t h e s e m o s t l y i r o n b o a t s were s c r a p p e d i n t h e y e a r s after t h e war. S o m e t i m e s t h e g o v e r n m e n t itself p r o m o t e d t h e s c r a p p i n g projects to s t i m u l a t e i n v e s t m e n t p r o g r a m s for n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n . By 1960, n e a r l y all of t h e old fleet w a s out of t h e m a r k e t . A l m o s t 1,000 h a d b e e n c o n v e r t e d i n t o h o u s e b o a t s , d e g r a d e d a s storage vessels, or lay a b a n d o n e d a n d r u s t ing. T h e cost per t o n of cargo e x p l o i t a t i o n w a s m u c h too e x p e n s i v e . D u r i n g t h a t t i m e m o r e a n d m o r e people regretted t h e loss of t h e s e 19th c e n t u r y t y p i c a l D u t c h craft. Besides t h e loss of c u l t u r a l m o n u m e n t s , a g r e a t v a r i e t y of v e s s e l s were lost. T h e y i n c l u d e d s u c h cargo s h i p s a s t h e tjalk, koftjalk, skfltsje, clipper, h a g e n a a r , s t e i l s t e v e n , a a k a n d s c h o e n e r . Also s c r a p p e d were f i s h i n g b o a t s of t h e botter, s c h o k k e r , h o o g a a r s , blazer, bol, logger a n d k o t t e r a s f i s h i n g b o a t s of t h e c o a s t a l w a t e r s . S o m e t i m e s a s h i p - l o v e r t r a n s f o r m e d t h e o c c a s i o n a l old b o a t of 1 0 - 15 m e t r e s i n t o a n i c e m o t o r y a c h t , s i n c e t h e r e w a s s p a c e w i t h i n t h e h u l l a n d it w a s c h e a p to c o n v e r t . At first o n l y t h e s m a l l e s t b o a t s were u s e d a s s a i l i n g y a c h t s . T h e n a g r o u p of u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s s t a r t e d to b u y a n d r e n o v a t e s o m e old f i s h i n g b o a t s like t h e botter. For t h e m , t h e m a i n q u e s t i o n w a s f i n a n c i n g t h e r e n o v a t i o n a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t m a i n t e n a n c e . For a very s m a l l a m o u n t t h e y could b u y a wreck, w o r k i n g a s e m p l o y e e s for t h e p u r c h a s e m o n e y a n d d o i n g m o s t of t h e r e f u r b i s h i n g w i t h t h e i r o w n h a n d s after h o u r s . As soon a s possible, t h e y a t t e m p t e d to sail t h e old b o a t s a n d offered t h e s h i p s for hire, w i t h t h e m s e l v e s a s s k i p p e r s . It worked, a n d , a s a r e s u l t , a n e w p r o f e s s i o n i n t o u r i s m developed: s a i l i n g s k i p p e r o n a t r a d i t i o n a l s a i l i n g ship. R e v i v a l of Nostalgia T h e r e w a s c e r t a i n l y i n t e r e s t i n t h e r e n o v a t i o n of a n t i q u e a n d old s h i p s . G r a d u a l l y t h e k n o w l e d g e of how to r e n o v a t e , repair, a n d rig t h e f o r m e r s a i l i n g s h i p s c a m e b a c k . Devotees e x c h a n g e d e x p e r i e n c e s a n d m a g a z i n e s r a n articles and photos about renovations, The students a n d some others took t h e i n i t i a t i v e a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d t h e i r efforts a n d a t t e n t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r o n t h e botter, t h e l a t e s t type of w o o d e n f i s h i n g - b o a t . Later, o t h e r s s t a r t e d r e n o v a t i n g old cargo vessels. S u c h a p r o c e s s u s u a l l y took o n e or two y e a r s of n i g h t a n d d a y work, T h e y o u n g s k i p p e r - o w n e r l e a r n e d t h e s e t r a d e s t h r o u g h practice, b e c a u s e d o i n g n e a r l y e v e r y t h i n g h i m s e l f w a s t h e o n l y a v a i l a b l e m e t h o d . Often, f r i e n d s a n d r e l a t i v e s did help, however. T h e m a i n a i m w a s to find a n i c e h u l l at t h e s c r a p - y a r d a n d r e n o v a t e t h e s h i p a s it w a s d o n e 80 to 100 y e a r s ago. D u r i n g t h e work, t h e s k i p p e r h i m s e l f lived o n b o a r d to save e x p e n s e s . W h e n h u l l a n d rigs w e r e ready, t h e m o m e n t h a d c o m e to sail, b u t a s i n g l e s k i p p e r c a n n o t sail a craft of a t l e a s t 20 m e t r e s b y himself. He n e e d s t h e h e l p of m a n y h a n d s . So a g a i n r e l a t i v e s a n d f r i e n d s come o n b o a r d a n d all a r e a c c o m m o d a t e d i n t h e hold. B e c a u s e t h e b o a t s provided a t t r a c t i v e a n d o r i g i n a l v a c a t i o n o p p o r t u n i 1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH
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ties, o t h e r people s o o n b e c a m e i n t e r e s t e d , so s o m e t i m e s a s k i p p e r w o u l d e a r n m o n e y b y a t t r a c t i n g g r o u p s of a b o u t 1 0 - 2 5 people for a w e e k e n d or e v e n for a week. In t h e m e a n t i m e , m o r e a n d m o r e old b o a t s of v a r i o u s t y p e s a p p e a r e d i n different h a r b o r s . In p a r t i c u l a r , t h o s e h a r b o r s a r o u n d t h e f o r m e r Zuiderzee, t h e m o d e r n I J s s e l m e e r , developed i n t o c e n t e r s for t h e s e t r a d i t i o n a l l y rigged s h i p s w i t h t h e i r u n i q u e crews.
The Supply T h e s k i p p e r s from t h e v e r y first h o u r w e r e the s h i p - l o v e r s . For t h e m , t h e m a i n goal w a s t h e r e n o v a t i o n a n d t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n of a piece of history. S a i l i n g s u c h a b o a t w a s m e r e l y a b y - p r o d u c t of t h e n e e d for m o n e y for r e s t o r a t i o n . M a i n t e n a n c e costs forced t h e m to sail w i t h p a y i n g g u e s t s . People w h o p a y for s o m e t h i n g , e v e n if it is c h e a p , a s k for a c e r t a i n s t a n d a r d of quality. T h e y w a n t e d to be a b l e to s t a n d u p r i g h t i n t h e s h i p s a n d t h a t w a s n o t p o s s i b l e i n t h e s m a l l e s t o n e s . T h e y a s k e d for privacy, e.g., t h e y did n o t w a n t to sleep w i t h 20 p e o p l e - - m a l e a n d f e m a l e - - i n t h e hold. T h e y a s k e d for s a n i t a r y e q u i p m e n t a n d n o t for a b u c k e t a s a toilet. F u r t h e r more, t h e y a s k e d for f r e s h w a t e r to w a s h t h e m s e l v e s a n d w a n t e d a k i t c h e n w i t h facilities, s u c h a s a r e f r i g e r a t o r for cool d r i n k s . T h e e a r l i e s t r e n o v a t e d b o a t s could n o t offer facilities s u c h a s these. T h e y were p r i m a r i l y r e n o v a t e d a n d rigged to be like t h e o r i g i n a l s . To offer t h o s e facilities called for d r a s t i c c h a n g e s i n t h e old s h i p s . A n o t h e r p r o b l e m w a s t h e crew. A s k i p p e r w h o w a n t s to sail w i t h p a y i n g g u e s t s w a n t s s o m e a c t i o n w i t h h i s boat. But if t h e w e a t h e r is fine h i s g u e s t s like to lie i n t h e s u n or s w i m a r o u n d t h e s h i p a n d d u r i n g t h e n i g h t s t h e y w a n t to visit p u b s i n t h e t o w n s a n d sleep long t h e n e x t day. However, t h e first s k i p p e r s were n o t t h e r i g h t s k i p p e r s for c a t e r i n g to t h e i r g u e s t s ' w i s h e s a n d were definitely n o t t h e r i g h t hosts. T h e y w o u l d often o b s e r v e w h a t t h e y referred to a s t h e i r " s t u p i d p a y i n g g u e s t s " d o i n g m a n y t h i n g s w r o n g , s o m e t i m e s e v e n d a m a g i n g s o m e of t h e s h i p ' s e q u i p m e n t , a n d r e a c t harshly. W i t h i n a few y e a r s , a n e w " g e n e r a t i o n " of s k i p p e r s arose: s k i p p e r s w h o loved s a i l i n g w i t h " o u t s i d e r s " a n d were less i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e r e n o v a t i o n of t h e ship. T h e s e s k i p p e r s loved t h e n e w u n t r a d i t i o n a l w a y of l i v i n g w i t h p o s s i b l y a g i r l f r i e n d a b o a r d a n d j u s t w a n t e d to e a r n t h e i r d a i l y b r e a d w i t h t h e ship. T h e y lived o n b o a r d i n a s m a l l s k i p p e r h o u s e a n d a c c e p t e d t h e lack of p r i v a c y d u r i n g t h e s e a s o n a s well a s t h e long w o r k i n g days. More t h a n for t h e first g e n e r a t i o n of s k i p p e r s , t h e i r m a i n p r o b l e m w a s to a t t r a c t e n o u g h people to m a k e a living. In 1985, a c c o r d i n g to r e s e a r c h b y t h e a u t h o r , m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 of t h e s e t r a d i t i o n a l s h i p s h a d b e e n r e n o v a t e d a n d s u p p l i e d i n T h e N e t h e r l a n d s a n d e v e r y y e a r m o r e old s h i p s are b e i n g r e n o v a t e d a n d rigged. Also, a few h u n d r e d - - m o s t l y t h e s m a l l e r o n e s - h a v e b e e n c o n v e r t e d to s a i l i n g y a c h t s for p r i v a t e o w n e r s , so t h e s u p p l y is s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g . To get a n i n t e r m e d i a r y b e t w e e n s u p p l y a n d d e m a n d , 124
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t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of t h e c h a r t e r - b u r e a u w a s d e v e l o p e d . T h i s i n d e p e n d e n t ofrice a c t s a s a n a g e n t for t h e s k i p p e r . S o m e 20 of t h e s e offices a r e in p l a c e , w i t h t h e l a r g e s t l o o k i n g a f t e r t h e i n t e r e s t s of n e a r l y 4 0 s k i p p e r s . V e r y r a r e l y t h e c h a r t e r office is a s h i p o w n e r a s well. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a s k i p p e r n o r m a l l y h a s h i s o n e a n d o n l y s h i p . O n l y r a r e l y do s h i p - o w n e r s a s h o r e o w n m o r e t h a n o n e s h i p . T h e m a j o r i t y of t h e fleet is o w n e d b y t h e r e s p e c tive s k i p p e r s . N o b o d y b u t t h e o w n i n g s k i p p e r is c a r e f u l e n o u g h w i t h t h e ship's handling and maintenance. In t h e m e a n t i m e , t h e p r a c t i c e h a s s p r e a d f r o m s m a l l e r b o a t s in t h e Zuid e r z e e a n d W a d d e n z e e a n d t h e l a k e s , r i v e r s , a n d c a n a l s to b i g g e r a n d s t r o n g e r b u i l t s h i p s in t h e N o r t h S e a , t h e Baltic, t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n a n d o t h e r h i g h s e a s . F o r t h i s w o r k , a s p e c i a l l y l i c e n s e d c r e w is n e e d e d , a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t c o n t r o l s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e s h i p a n d t h e s a f e t y d e v i c e s o n board.
The Demand W h o w a n t s to s a i l w i t h a t r a d i t i o n a l s a i l i n g s h i p ? M o s t c h a r t e r offices a r e f i n d i n g t h e i r m a r k e t s in o l d e r s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . T r i p s of 3 to 5 d a y s in l e n g t h w i t h a s c h o o l g r o u p of 1 4 - 1 8 - y e a r - o l d s a r e e s p e c i a l l y v e r y p o p u l a r . In fact, t h e r e is e v e n m o r e i n t e r e s t in n e i g h b o r i n g G e r m a n y t h a n in T h e N e t h e r lands. T h e t y p e of t r i p s a v a i l a b l e v a r y : F r o m t h e e n d of A p r i l to t h e b e g i n n i n g of O c t o b e r , t h e r e is a b a s i s - m a r k e t . D u r i n g t h e w e e k e n d s a n d h o l i d a y s , a s h i p is r e n t e d b y o n e f a m i l y or s e v e r a l . D u r i n g t h e l a s t five y e a r s t h e m o s t p r o g r e s s i v e c h a r t e r offices h a v e offered t r i p s for i n d i v i d u a l s , m u c h l i k e a t o u r o p e r a t o r or w h o l e s a l e r . T h e y c o n t i n u e to offer m o r e a n d m o r e prog r a m s o n v a r i o u s s h i p s to d i f f e r e n t d e s t i n a t i o n s d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e s e a s o n . T h e s e p a c k a g e s s o m e t i m e s i n c l u d e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n to f o r e i g n h a r b o r s a n d a r e s o l d to t h e c o n s u m e r s b o t h d i r e c t l y b y c h a r t e r offices a n d t r a v e l a g e n t s . It s h o u l d b e c l e a r t h a t t h i s a m o u n t a n d k i n d of p r o d u c t i o n r e q u i r e s a p r o f e s s i o n a l c h a r t e r office. T h e office h a d to d e v e l o p s a l e s a c t i v i t i e s in T h e N e t h e r l a n d s a n d a b r o a d , so it did. T o d a y f o r e i g n t o u r o p e r a t o r s a r e b u y i n g p a r t s of t h e i r p r o g r a m s , so t h e m a r k e t is g e t t i n g m u c h m o r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l . H o w e v e r , for t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t m o r e o n - b o a r d c o n v e n i e n c e s a r e n e e d e d . T h e " b e s t " s h i p s a r e n o l o n g e r j u s t c o r r e c t l y r e n o v a t e d a n d rigged. T h e s e s h i p s h a v e a l s o b e e n a d a p t e d to t h e i r n e w f u n c t i o n s : s a i l i n g w i t h s o p h i s t i c a t e d y o u n g people. T h e y h a v e r e a l c a b i n s w i t h t o i l e t s a n d s h o w e r s on b o a r d , c o m f o r t a b l e m e s s r o o m s d e c o r a t e d w i t h e x p e n s i v e t i m b e r , a c e n t r a l h e a t i n g s y s t e m , a n d so on. W h a t s t a r t e d a s a m o d e s t r e c r e a t i o n m a r k e t for p e o p l e d e s i r i n g a n a l t e r n a t i v e w a y of l i v i n g d u r i n g t h e ' 6 0 s is t o d a y a m a r k e t w i t h o v e r 7 5 , 0 0 0 c u s t o m e r s in 1 9 8 5 ( a u t h o r ' s r e s e a r c h findings). A l t h o u g h it is s m a l l - s c a l e b u s i n e s s t h a t is r e s t r i c t e d to t h e s u m m e r s e a s o n , s a i l i n g w i t h t h e s e s h i p s has made tourism more multiform. 1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH
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REPORTS AND RESEARCH NOTES Effects W i t h i n g 25 y e a r s , t h e fleet h a s g r o w n to m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 s h i p s u n d e r t h e v a n e of T h e N e t h e r l a n d s , g i v i n g e m p l o y m e n t - - d i r e c t l y a n d i n d i r e c t l y - to m o r e t h a n 1,000 p e o p l e a y e a r : s k i p p e r s , m a t e s , c o o k s , s a i l - m a k e r s , riggers, c a r p e n t e r s , s h i p r e p a i r m e n , a n d c l e r k s . At t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e s h i p s of t h e t r a d i t i o n a l fleet a r e a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of T h e N e t h e r l a n d s a s w i n d m i l l s a n d t u l i p s . P i c t u r e s of t h e s h i p s o f t e n a p p e a r in p r o m o t i o n m a g a z i n e s a n d b r o c h u r e s (see F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2). F o r a l m o s t 25 old t o w n s w i t h s m a l l h a r b o r s , t h e t r a d i t i o n a l fleet b r i n g s life to t h e s l e e p i n g q u a y s a g a i n . M a n y of t h o s e old h a r b o r s lost t h e i r f u n c t i o n s b e c a u s e of t h e big d i m e n s i o n s of m o d e r n s h i p s . New h a r b o r s w e r e d e v e l o p e d o u t s i d e t h e t o w n s . S o m e t i m e s t h e old h a r b o r s h a v e b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o y a c h t - h a r b o r s , b u t for t h e t r a d i t i o n a l fleet t h e old h a r b o r s a r e j u s t right. T h e s e s h i p s b r i n g t h e r i g h t a t m o s p h e r e to t h e old, p i c t u r e s q u e f a ¢ a d e s . T h e m a n y t o u r i s t s on t h e b o a t s b r i n g life i n t o t h e p u b s . O t h e r t o u r i s t s a r e s i m p l y e n c h a n t e d b y t h e s c e n i c v i e w of s h i p s in t h e h a r b o r .
Figure I T h e c l i p p e r " L e n a A d r i a n a " s a i l i n g o n t h e W a d d e n z e e is o n e o f t h e 3 0 0 t r a d i t i o n a l s a i l i n g s h i p s in T h e N e t h e r l a n d s s a i l i n g w i t h p a s s e n g e r s .
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Figure 2 One o f the m o s t m o d e r n traditional s a i l i n g ships is the s c h o o n e r " E e n h o o r n " for trips o n the h i g h seas. The " E e n h o o r n " is a former flshcutter.
W h e n t r a d i t i o n a l s h i p s sail o n t h e lakes, e s p e c i a l l y i n r e g a t t a s , s o m e h u n d r e d s of t h o u s a n d s of people come to see t h e colorful spectacle. T o d a y t h e m o s t f a m o u s e x a m p l e i n t h e world is Sail A m s t e r d a m , held o n c e e v e r y five years, w i t h m o r e t h a n 1,000 t r a d i t i o n a l s h i p s a n d y a c h t s . In 1985, m o r e t h a n 4.5 m i l l i o n people visited t h e d o c k s over six days. T h a n k s to t h e love for t h e old s a i l i n g s h i p s a n d t h e old m a r i n e c u s t o m s of t h e l a s t c e n t u r y , t o u r i s m i n T h e N e t h e r l a n d s has, over a few decades, developed a n e w a t t r a c t i o n . In t h e m e a n t i m e , i n o t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s , like Norway, S w e d e n , D e n m a r k , W e s t G e r m a n y , a n d G r e a t B r i t a i n , t h e D u t c h e x a m p l e h a s b e e n followed w i t h o t h e r t y p e s of s h i p s , b u t o n a very m o d e s t scale. T h e p r o b l e m is to find t h e r e m a i n i n g w e l l - p r e s e r v e d h u l l s of wood or steel. T h e e n t i r e l y n e w b u i l d i n g of t h o s e s h i p s is e x t r e m e l y e x p e n sive a n d offers n o b a s i s for c o m m e r c i a l e x p l o i t a t i o n . However, a J a p a n e s e f o u n d a t i o n ordered from T h e N e t h e r l a n d s a copy of a f a m o u s 16th c e n t u r y m e r c h a n t s h i p a s a t o u r i s t a t t r a c t i o n for a p a r k . T h e s h i p w a s n o t 100% a u t h e n t i c a n d n o t rigged for sailing, b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s , m a n y s a i l o r s a n d e x p e r t s were a s t o n i s h e d w h e n t h e y s a w t h e r e s u l t i n t h e s u m m e r of 1985.
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RESEACH NOTES AND REPORTS
Conclusions A l t h o u g h s a i l i n g a s a p a s s e n g e r o n a s a i l i n g s h i p is v e r y p o p u l a r i n t h e C a r i b b e a n a n d Greece, t h e m a i n p o i n t t h e r e is s a i l i n g w i t h (modern) fast y a c h t s . In T h e N e t h e r l a n d s , t h e a c c e n t is o n r e n o v a t e d a n d n e w l y - r i g g e d s h i p s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e last c e n t u r y , e s p e c i a l l y w h e r e t h e p a s s e n g e r gets to help w i t h t h e sailing. W i t h t h i s n e w lease o n life, s o m e 3 0 0 t r a d i t i o n a l b o a t s a r e n o w s a i l i n g m o n u m e n t s i n T h e N e t h e r l a n d s . T h e y add a n e w t o u r i s t p r o d u c t to t h e m a r k e t a n d i m p r o v e t h e q u a l i t y of t h e t o u r i s t p r o d u c t a s h o r e . T h e y also provide w o r k for m o r e t h a n 1,000 y o u n g people.
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