- Email: [email protected]
Nihydrazone* and the Salmonella Infections
1291
TRAINING SERVICEMEN
praise and enthusiasm for the type of training they received. SUMMARY 1. It is recognized that many individuals now serving the poultry industry have been trained in other subject matter areas. 2. An informal survey in South Carolina indicated a great need for education in the area of poultry health and management. 3. A non-credit consisting of 16 three hour sessions was initiated for the training of poultry servicemen. 4. This course was designed to provide extensive training in field diagnostic techniques covering the most commonly encountered diseases. 5. The course has been conducted twice with enthusiastic acceptance by the students.
Nihydrazone* and the Salmonella Infections BERT W. BIERER AND B. D. BARNETT Clemson College Poultry Department, Clemson, South Carolina (Received for publication January 3, 1962)
C
AMP (1960), Cloyd et al. (1960), and Wolfgang and Burkhart (1960), found that nihydrazone was an efficient coccidiostat when used in the feed of broilers. Camp (1960) established that the 0.011% level was uniformly effective. Reid et al. (1960) produced evidence that the 0.011% level would also protect against blackhead disease in broilers. In view of these indications of a broad antimicrobial activity, experiments were conducted to appraise nihydrazone's efficiency against *Nidrafur (brand name), Norwich Pharmacal Co., Norwich, New York. Published with permission of the Director of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station as Technical Contribution No. 381.
the Salmonella infections. In this study, two battery experiments were conducted with Salmonella typhimurium in chicks and four floor pen experiments with 5. typhimurium in chicks and S. gallinarum in chicks and poults. Mortality results were used as the principle means of demonstrating the effectiveness of nihydrazone medication. Bierer (1960, 1961) reported that mortality could be enhanced by exposing chicks and poults to infection around 24 hours of age or earlier and by reducing brooder temperatures 10 to 15 degrees (F.) below normal recommendations. Percent mortality is usually higher in groups of 100 chicks per pen than in groups of 50 chicks per pen or
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on May 31, 2015
room efficiency and flexibility. It is recognized that a number of difficulties will be encountered as this course is taught at locations at some distance from the campus. Teaching at other locations is considered desirable because of the great amount of travel involved for the students over an extended period of time. One of the problems anticipated at other locations is the disposal of diseased birds after their examination at the laboratory. On campus the rule was that all birds coming to the teaching laboratory were autopsied and then placed in the incinerator to prevent possibility of infection in the immediate area. Table 1 is an outline of the course as taught originally. The response from the first two classes indicates that our efforts have been well spent. Students have been high in their
1292
B . W . BlEEEE AND B . D . BARNETT
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Number of chicks
Battery pens
Percent Average deaths body at 10 weight days age (gms.)
Experiment 1 infected, 0.011% nihydrazone infected, 0.011% nihydrazone
50 50
28 14
—
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
50 50
46 22
noninfected, 0.011% nihydrazone noninfected, 0.011% nihydrazone
50 50
0 0
— —
noninfected, nonmedicated noninfected, nonmedicated
50 50
0 0
100 94 25
14 29 0
Experiment 2 infected, 0.011% nihydrazone infected, nonmedicated noninfected, nonmedicated
— 100 86 109
In experiment 1 and 2, chicks in battery cages were arranged as indicated in Table 1. Infection of the groups to be exposed was accomplished by spraying eggs on the 20th day of incubation with a 24 hour old broth culture of S. typhimurium, using approximately %c.c. of broth per egg. Both experiments were terminated on the 10th day. Experiments 3 and 4 were with chicks in floor pens arranged into medicated infected, unmedicated infected, and uninfected unmedicated replicated groups (Table 2). Infection with S. typhimurium was accomplished by exposing eggs in the incubator as described for experiments 1 TABLE 2.—Mortality results and weight gains of chicks with Salmonella typhimurium Number of chicks
Percent deaths at 15-16 days
Average body weight (gms.)
Experiment 3 infected, 0.011% nihydrazone infected, 0.011% nihydrazone
100 100
OOOO
In all experiments chicks and poults were exposed around 24 hours of age and were stressed by uniformly lowering brooder temperatures in all pens. Vantress X White Rock broiler chicks were used in the chick experiments and Broad Breasted Bronze poults in experiment 6. Average body weights and feed consumption were recorded at the end of each experiment, except, due to an error, in experiment 1. A study of individual body weights was made in experiment 4. Morbidity and mortality records were kept and the cause of all deaths determined by routine diagnostic procedures. All chicks and poults were from hatcheries with no recent history of Salmonella infection. A complete feed not requiring supplementation and free of medication other than nihydrazone was used. The Salmonella cultures used did not present any unusual or eccentric characteristics and were biochemically and serologically normal. Nihydrazone feed medication was used at the coccidiostat 0.011% level in all experiments except experiment 3 when 0.022% medication was employed and in one replicated group in experiment 6 in which 0.0165% was used.
TABLE 1.—Mortality results and weight gains of chicks with Salmonella typhimurium
124 120
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
100 100
28 15
105 112
noninfected, nonmedicated noninfected, nonmedicated
100 100
1 1
117 129
Experiment 4 infected, 0.022% nihydrazone infected, 0.022% nihydrazone
100 100
6 8
184 178
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
100 100
35 33
161 163
Floor pens
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on May 31, 2015
less, demonstrating that floor space is important. Per os exposure with a broth culture is a useful method of exposing day old chicks and poults in battery cage experiments. When field conditions are simulated in floor pen experiments a natural route of exposure is accomplished by placing per os exposed seeder birds in the groups to be exposed. The seeders are identified so they can be removed at the end of the first week. Bierer (1961) reported that the incubator route of exposure was necessary to produce clinical S. typhimurium infection in chicks and was accomplished by spraying a broth culture on pipping eggs in the incubator.
NlHYDEAZONE AND SALMONELLA
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the first experiment 21% of the chicks with 5. typhimurium died that were receiving 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed, while 34% deaths occurred in the infected nonmedicated groups. In the second experiment 14% of the chicks with S. typhimurium that were medicated died compared to 29% deaths in the infected nonmedicated groups. Average body weights of infected medicated chicks were heavier than the infected nonmedicated but were not as heavy as the noninfected nonmedicated controls (see Table 1). In the third experiment, 13% of the chicks with 5. typhimurium died when receiving 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed compared to 22% in the infected nonmedicated groups. When 0.022% nihydrazone was used in experiment 4, only 7% of the chicks with S. typhimurium died compared to 34% of the infected nonmedicated groups. In both experiments average body weights of the medicated chicks were heavier than those not. medicated but
TABLE 3.—Mortality results and weight gains of
broilers with Salmonella gallinarum
Experiment 5
Number % X ' ie of jft "**» weeks
infected 0.011% nihydrazone infected. 0.011% nihydrazone
100
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
100 100
A
£"?f ,£&, Tffi
Percent survivors «"* r e '°
2
3.01
49
1
2.71
38
85 84
2.81 2.70
68 46
100
weighed less than the noninfected nonmedicated controls (see Table 2). In the fifth experiment only 1% of the chicks died that were infected with S. gallinarum and receiving 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed, while 84% deaths occurred in the infected nonmedicated groups. Body weights of both groups at 8 weeks averaged about the same (see Table 3). In the sixth experiment, 14% of the poults died that were infected with S. gallinarum and receiving 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed compared to 75% deaths in the infected nonmedicated groups. The mortality for the groups receiving 0.0165% nihydrazone feed medication was also 14% but the average body weights were heavier than the poults on 0.011% medication. Neither of the infected groups were as heavy as the noninfected nonmedicated controls (see Table 4). In general mortality was reduced and body weights heavier in all totals of similar pens of nihydrazone medicated groups TABLE 4.—Mortality results and weight gains of
poults with Salmonella gallinarum Experiment 6 Floor pens
Number Percent deaths of 14 poults • at days
Average body weight (gms.)
infected, 0.011% nihydrazone infected, 0.011% nihydrazone
50 SO
14 14
170 179
infected, 0.0165% nihydrazone infected, 0.0165% nihydrazone
SO 50
16 12
179 188
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
50 50
88 62
167 174
noninfected, nonmedicated noninfected, nonmedicated
50 SO
22 14
183 193
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on May 31, 2015
and 2. Experiment 3 was terminated on the 15 th and experiment 4 on the 16th day. In experiment 5 natural exposure was accomplished by placing 20 seeder chicks in each group of chicks to be exposed. The seeders were placed early in the first day and had been given a Yz c.c. oral dose of a 24 hour broth culture of S. galUnarum. Surviving seeders were removed at the end of the first week. Experiment 6 was a floor pen experiment with poults. Natural infection with S. gallinarum was accomplished by placing 10 seeder poults with each group to be exposed. This was done early in the first day after each seeder had been given an j4 c.c. oral dose of 24 hour broth culture of S. gallinarum. Surviving seeders were removed after the first week and the experiment was terminated on the 14th day.
1293
1294
B. W. BIERER AND B. D. BARNETT
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. In two battery and one floor pen experiments chicks with 5. typhimurium on the coccidiostat level of 0.011% nihydrazone feed medication experienced deaths from 13 to 2 1 % compared to 22 to 34% for infected nonmedicated groups. 2. When 0.022% nihydrazone feed medication was used in one floor pen experiment with chicks with S. typhimurium only 7% deaths occurred, compared to 34% in infected nonmedicated groups. 3. Only 1% of chicks with 5. gallinarum died when medicated with 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed compared to 84% deaths in the infected nonmedicated groups. 4. Poults with S. gallinarum on 0.011% and 0.0165% nihydrazone feed medication experienced 14% deaths compared to 75% in the infected nonmedicated.
5. In general mortality was reduced and body weights heavier in all totals of similar pens on nihydrazone medicated groups compared to those infected nonmedicated. REFERENCES Bierer, B. W., 1960. Effect of age factor on mortality in Salmonella typhimurium infection in turkey poults. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 137: 6S7-6S8. Bierer, B. W., 1961. A nitrofuran coccidiostat aids in control of pullorum disease under stress conditions. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 139: 238239. Bierer, B. W., 1961. A method of inducing Salmonella typhimurium infection in chicks. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 139: 790. Camp, A. A., 1960. The effect of nihydrazone on growth rate, feed conversion and coccidiosis control in broilers reared under practical conditions. Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Nitrofurans: 83-88. Cloyd, G. D., D. Morris and R. B. Gilbert, 1960. Field evaluations of nihydrazone in broilers; comparison to other coccidiostats. Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Nitrofurans: 93-99. Reid, W. M., T. Ohara and S. Kaduskar, 1960. Controlled experiments with nihydrazone as a blackhead preventive in broilers. Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Nitrofurans: 89-92. Wolfgang, R. W., and D. M. Burkhart, 1960. Efficacy of nihydrazone as a coccidiostat for broilers. Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Nitrofurans: 100-115.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1240) Union Starr, Mo.; O. J. Grossman, Flemington, N. J.; T. W. Hodel, Rio Linda, Calif.; G. A. Leader, York, Pa.; B. M. Mayfield, Bryon, Texas; B. C. Mitchell, Jr., Newberg, Ore.; J. L. Osterson, Paton, Iowa; W. K. Pike, Hendersonville, N. C ; R. L. Robbins, Moravia, N. Y.; R. J. Schneider, North Georgetown, Ohio; R. D. Carlson, St. Paul, Minn.; and V. F. Steckley, Kendallville, Ind. L. E. Juers, Staff Economist, Agricultural Economics, is the official U.S.D.A. representative. E. Karpoff, Agricultural Stabilization and- Conservation Service, is the Committee's Executive Secretary.
RALSTON PURINA FELLOWSHIPS The Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis 2, Missouri, has announced the ten winners of the Ralston Purina Research Fellowships for 1962-1963. This is the fourteenth year of the program and each award is in the amount of $2,000. There were three awards each in Poultry Science, Dairy Science and Animal Science, and one in Veterinary Science. The winners of the awards in Poultry Science are M. V. Gehle, L. V. Tonkinson and P. W.
(Continued on page 1303)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on May 31, 2015
compared to the infected nonmedicated groups. A study of individual body weights in experiment 4 revealed heavier poults in the nihydrazone medicated groups significant in the 95% level of probability when compared to the infected nonmedicated groups. Except for the disease induced, 'there was no evidence of infection detected by necropsies and bacteriological examinations of chicks and poults dying in each of the six experiments.
TRAINING SERVICEMEN
praise and enthusiasm for the type of training they received. SUMMARY 1. It is recognized that many individuals now serving the poultry industry have been trained in other subject matter areas. 2. An informal survey in South Carolina indicated a great need for education in the area of poultry health and management. 3. A non-credit consisting of 16 three hour sessions was initiated for the training of poultry servicemen. 4. This course was designed to provide extensive training in field diagnostic techniques covering the most commonly encountered diseases. 5. The course has been conducted twice with enthusiastic acceptance by the students.
Nihydrazone* and the Salmonella Infections BERT W. BIERER AND B. D. BARNETT Clemson College Poultry Department, Clemson, South Carolina (Received for publication January 3, 1962)
C
AMP (1960), Cloyd et al. (1960), and Wolfgang and Burkhart (1960), found that nihydrazone was an efficient coccidiostat when used in the feed of broilers. Camp (1960) established that the 0.011% level was uniformly effective. Reid et al. (1960) produced evidence that the 0.011% level would also protect against blackhead disease in broilers. In view of these indications of a broad antimicrobial activity, experiments were conducted to appraise nihydrazone's efficiency against *Nidrafur (brand name), Norwich Pharmacal Co., Norwich, New York. Published with permission of the Director of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station as Technical Contribution No. 381.
the Salmonella infections. In this study, two battery experiments were conducted with Salmonella typhimurium in chicks and four floor pen experiments with 5. typhimurium in chicks and S. gallinarum in chicks and poults. Mortality results were used as the principle means of demonstrating the effectiveness of nihydrazone medication. Bierer (1960, 1961) reported that mortality could be enhanced by exposing chicks and poults to infection around 24 hours of age or earlier and by reducing brooder temperatures 10 to 15 degrees (F.) below normal recommendations. Percent mortality is usually higher in groups of 100 chicks per pen than in groups of 50 chicks per pen or
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on May 31, 2015
room efficiency and flexibility. It is recognized that a number of difficulties will be encountered as this course is taught at locations at some distance from the campus. Teaching at other locations is considered desirable because of the great amount of travel involved for the students over an extended period of time. One of the problems anticipated at other locations is the disposal of diseased birds after their examination at the laboratory. On campus the rule was that all birds coming to the teaching laboratory were autopsied and then placed in the incinerator to prevent possibility of infection in the immediate area. Table 1 is an outline of the course as taught originally. The response from the first two classes indicates that our efforts have been well spent. Students have been high in their
1292
B . W . BlEEEE AND B . D . BARNETT
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Number of chicks
Battery pens
Percent Average deaths body at 10 weight days age (gms.)
Experiment 1 infected, 0.011% nihydrazone infected, 0.011% nihydrazone
50 50
28 14
—
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
50 50
46 22
noninfected, 0.011% nihydrazone noninfected, 0.011% nihydrazone
50 50
0 0
— —
noninfected, nonmedicated noninfected, nonmedicated
50 50
0 0
100 94 25
14 29 0
Experiment 2 infected, 0.011% nihydrazone infected, nonmedicated noninfected, nonmedicated
— 100 86 109
In experiment 1 and 2, chicks in battery cages were arranged as indicated in Table 1. Infection of the groups to be exposed was accomplished by spraying eggs on the 20th day of incubation with a 24 hour old broth culture of S. typhimurium, using approximately %c.c. of broth per egg. Both experiments were terminated on the 10th day. Experiments 3 and 4 were with chicks in floor pens arranged into medicated infected, unmedicated infected, and uninfected unmedicated replicated groups (Table 2). Infection with S. typhimurium was accomplished by exposing eggs in the incubator as described for experiments 1 TABLE 2.—Mortality results and weight gains of chicks with Salmonella typhimurium Number of chicks
Percent deaths at 15-16 days
Average body weight (gms.)
Experiment 3 infected, 0.011% nihydrazone infected, 0.011% nihydrazone
100 100
OOOO
In all experiments chicks and poults were exposed around 24 hours of age and were stressed by uniformly lowering brooder temperatures in all pens. Vantress X White Rock broiler chicks were used in the chick experiments and Broad Breasted Bronze poults in experiment 6. Average body weights and feed consumption were recorded at the end of each experiment, except, due to an error, in experiment 1. A study of individual body weights was made in experiment 4. Morbidity and mortality records were kept and the cause of all deaths determined by routine diagnostic procedures. All chicks and poults were from hatcheries with no recent history of Salmonella infection. A complete feed not requiring supplementation and free of medication other than nihydrazone was used. The Salmonella cultures used did not present any unusual or eccentric characteristics and were biochemically and serologically normal. Nihydrazone feed medication was used at the coccidiostat 0.011% level in all experiments except experiment 3 when 0.022% medication was employed and in one replicated group in experiment 6 in which 0.0165% was used.
TABLE 1.—Mortality results and weight gains of chicks with Salmonella typhimurium
124 120
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
100 100
28 15
105 112
noninfected, nonmedicated noninfected, nonmedicated
100 100
1 1
117 129
Experiment 4 infected, 0.022% nihydrazone infected, 0.022% nihydrazone
100 100
6 8
184 178
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
100 100
35 33
161 163
Floor pens
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on May 31, 2015
less, demonstrating that floor space is important. Per os exposure with a broth culture is a useful method of exposing day old chicks and poults in battery cage experiments. When field conditions are simulated in floor pen experiments a natural route of exposure is accomplished by placing per os exposed seeder birds in the groups to be exposed. The seeders are identified so they can be removed at the end of the first week. Bierer (1961) reported that the incubator route of exposure was necessary to produce clinical S. typhimurium infection in chicks and was accomplished by spraying a broth culture on pipping eggs in the incubator.
NlHYDEAZONE AND SALMONELLA
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the first experiment 21% of the chicks with 5. typhimurium died that were receiving 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed, while 34% deaths occurred in the infected nonmedicated groups. In the second experiment 14% of the chicks with S. typhimurium that were medicated died compared to 29% deaths in the infected nonmedicated groups. Average body weights of infected medicated chicks were heavier than the infected nonmedicated but were not as heavy as the noninfected nonmedicated controls (see Table 1). In the third experiment, 13% of the chicks with 5. typhimurium died when receiving 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed compared to 22% in the infected nonmedicated groups. When 0.022% nihydrazone was used in experiment 4, only 7% of the chicks with S. typhimurium died compared to 34% of the infected nonmedicated groups. In both experiments average body weights of the medicated chicks were heavier than those not. medicated but
TABLE 3.—Mortality results and weight gains of
broilers with Salmonella gallinarum
Experiment 5
Number % X ' ie of jft "**» weeks
infected 0.011% nihydrazone infected. 0.011% nihydrazone
100
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
100 100
A
£"?f ,£&, Tffi
Percent survivors «"* r e '°
2
3.01
49
1
2.71
38
85 84
2.81 2.70
68 46
100
weighed less than the noninfected nonmedicated controls (see Table 2). In the fifth experiment only 1% of the chicks died that were infected with S. gallinarum and receiving 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed, while 84% deaths occurred in the infected nonmedicated groups. Body weights of both groups at 8 weeks averaged about the same (see Table 3). In the sixth experiment, 14% of the poults died that were infected with S. gallinarum and receiving 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed compared to 75% deaths in the infected nonmedicated groups. The mortality for the groups receiving 0.0165% nihydrazone feed medication was also 14% but the average body weights were heavier than the poults on 0.011% medication. Neither of the infected groups were as heavy as the noninfected nonmedicated controls (see Table 4). In general mortality was reduced and body weights heavier in all totals of similar pens of nihydrazone medicated groups TABLE 4.—Mortality results and weight gains of
poults with Salmonella gallinarum Experiment 6 Floor pens
Number Percent deaths of 14 poults • at days
Average body weight (gms.)
infected, 0.011% nihydrazone infected, 0.011% nihydrazone
50 SO
14 14
170 179
infected, 0.0165% nihydrazone infected, 0.0165% nihydrazone
SO 50
16 12
179 188
infected, nonmedicated infected, nonmedicated
50 50
88 62
167 174
noninfected, nonmedicated noninfected, nonmedicated
50 SO
22 14
183 193
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on May 31, 2015
and 2. Experiment 3 was terminated on the 15 th and experiment 4 on the 16th day. In experiment 5 natural exposure was accomplished by placing 20 seeder chicks in each group of chicks to be exposed. The seeders were placed early in the first day and had been given a Yz c.c. oral dose of a 24 hour broth culture of S. galUnarum. Surviving seeders were removed at the end of the first week. Experiment 6 was a floor pen experiment with poults. Natural infection with S. gallinarum was accomplished by placing 10 seeder poults with each group to be exposed. This was done early in the first day after each seeder had been given an j4 c.c. oral dose of 24 hour broth culture of S. gallinarum. Surviving seeders were removed after the first week and the experiment was terminated on the 14th day.
1293
1294
B. W. BIERER AND B. D. BARNETT
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. In two battery and one floor pen experiments chicks with 5. typhimurium on the coccidiostat level of 0.011% nihydrazone feed medication experienced deaths from 13 to 2 1 % compared to 22 to 34% for infected nonmedicated groups. 2. When 0.022% nihydrazone feed medication was used in one floor pen experiment with chicks with S. typhimurium only 7% deaths occurred, compared to 34% in infected nonmedicated groups. 3. Only 1% of chicks with 5. gallinarum died when medicated with 0.011% nihydrazone in the feed compared to 84% deaths in the infected nonmedicated groups. 4. Poults with S. gallinarum on 0.011% and 0.0165% nihydrazone feed medication experienced 14% deaths compared to 75% in the infected nonmedicated.
5. In general mortality was reduced and body weights heavier in all totals of similar pens on nihydrazone medicated groups compared to those infected nonmedicated. REFERENCES Bierer, B. W., 1960. Effect of age factor on mortality in Salmonella typhimurium infection in turkey poults. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 137: 6S7-6S8. Bierer, B. W., 1961. A nitrofuran coccidiostat aids in control of pullorum disease under stress conditions. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 139: 238239. Bierer, B. W., 1961. A method of inducing Salmonella typhimurium infection in chicks. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 139: 790. Camp, A. A., 1960. The effect of nihydrazone on growth rate, feed conversion and coccidiosis control in broilers reared under practical conditions. Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Nitrofurans: 83-88. Cloyd, G. D., D. Morris and R. B. Gilbert, 1960. Field evaluations of nihydrazone in broilers; comparison to other coccidiostats. Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Nitrofurans: 93-99. Reid, W. M., T. Ohara and S. Kaduskar, 1960. Controlled experiments with nihydrazone as a blackhead preventive in broilers. Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Nitrofurans: 89-92. Wolfgang, R. W., and D. M. Burkhart, 1960. Efficacy of nihydrazone as a coccidiostat for broilers. Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Nitrofurans: 100-115.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1240) Union Starr, Mo.; O. J. Grossman, Flemington, N. J.; T. W. Hodel, Rio Linda, Calif.; G. A. Leader, York, Pa.; B. M. Mayfield, Bryon, Texas; B. C. Mitchell, Jr., Newberg, Ore.; J. L. Osterson, Paton, Iowa; W. K. Pike, Hendersonville, N. C ; R. L. Robbins, Moravia, N. Y.; R. J. Schneider, North Georgetown, Ohio; R. D. Carlson, St. Paul, Minn.; and V. F. Steckley, Kendallville, Ind. L. E. Juers, Staff Economist, Agricultural Economics, is the official U.S.D.A. representative. E. Karpoff, Agricultural Stabilization and- Conservation Service, is the Committee's Executive Secretary.
RALSTON PURINA FELLOWSHIPS The Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis 2, Missouri, has announced the ten winners of the Ralston Purina Research Fellowships for 1962-1963. This is the fourteenth year of the program and each award is in the amount of $2,000. There were three awards each in Poultry Science, Dairy Science and Animal Science, and one in Veterinary Science. The winners of the awards in Poultry Science are M. V. Gehle, L. V. Tonkinson and P. W.
(Continued on page 1303)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on May 31, 2015
compared to the infected nonmedicated groups. A study of individual body weights in experiment 4 revealed heavier poults in the nihydrazone medicated groups significant in the 95% level of probability when compared to the infected nonmedicated groups. Except for the disease induced, 'there was no evidence of infection detected by necropsies and bacteriological examinations of chicks and poults dying in each of the six experiments.