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The Use of Nihydrazone* Against Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella gallinarum Infections in Turkeys
PHOTOPERIODICITY ON SEMEN
465
matozoa. Decrease in light hours, however, failed to inhibit the semen volume and total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate, instead, an increase was observed in both semen volume and total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate. Bonadonna and Pozzi (1955) reported similar findings in Gallus gallus. Their interpretation for semen quality, however, was based on percent abnormal spermatozoa only. REFERENCES Bonadonna, T., and G. G. Pozzi, 1955. The effect of light on semen production in Gallus gallus. Zootech. e. Vet. 10: 43-61. Lamoreux, W. F., 1943. Effect of light on sperm production of fowls (different intensities). J. Exp. Zool. 94: 73-95. Snedecor, G. W., 1961. Statistical Methods, pp. 543. The Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
The Use of Nihydrazone* Against Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella gallinarum Infections in Turkeys B E R T W.
BIERER
Poultry Science Department, Clemson Agricultural College, South Carolina (Received for publication October 11, 1962)
T
HE use of furazolidone against the Salmonella infections has been established by Smith (1954a), Gordon (1954), Cosgrove (1954), and others. Bierer and Vickers (1960), Bierer, Valentine and Vickers (1961), and Bierer and Barnett (1962a), reported on the use of water soluble furaltadone in chickens and turkeys, as a treatment for Salmonella infections. Bierer and Barnett (1961,
* Nidrafur (brand name), The Norwich Pharmacal Co., Norwich, New York. Published with permission of the Director of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment .Station as Technical Contribution No. 411.
1962b) reported on the use of nihydrazone against the Salmonella infections in chickens and fowl typhoid in turkeys. All of the drugs mentioned in the foregoing are nitrofurans. This report contributes information on the use of nihydrazone against Salmonella typhimurium infection in turkeys under both battery pen and floor pen simulated field conditions. In a previous report by Bierer and Barnett (1962a) the use of nihydrazone against S. gallinarum infection in turkeys was described under floor pen conditions and in this report the use of nihydrazone under battery pen conditions is described.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 10, 2015
(R.I.R.) cocks. Eighteen adult R.I.R. cocks were divided into three comparable groups and were exposed to natural light and darkness; sixteen hour controlled illumination and eight hour darkness; and eight hour controlled illumination, and sixteen hour darkness. Light exposures longer (16 hours daily) than the normal daylength of 12.12 to 11.19 daily light hours caused an improvement in semen quality (as measured by percent living and abnormal spermatozoa), and semen quantity (as measured by semen volume and total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate). On the other hand, exposures to light over a period shorter than the normal daylength brought about deterioration of semen quality as measured by motility, percent living, partial stained and abnormal sper-
CHARACTERISTICS
466
B. W. BIERER TABLE 1.—Record of mortality of Salmonella typhimurium and S. gallinarum infected poults S. typhimurium battery pens, 15 poults per pen Status
Noninfected nonmedicated Noninfected nonmedicated Infected nonmedicated Infected nonmedicated
Infected 0.0165% nihydrazone Infected 0.0165% nihydrazone
5. gallinarum batteries, 15 poults per pen Percent mortality for similar pens
Total number died
Percent mortality for similar pens
Total number died
Percent mortality for similar pens
1 3
13
5 3
8
1 3
13
9 14
76
41 41
82
15 12
90
9
56
4 5
5
16
8
18
34
6 30
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eight battery pens each containing 15 day-old turkey poults were arranged in replicates of (1) noninfected nonmedicated, (2) infected nonmedicated, (3) infected plus 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feed, and (4) infected plus 0.0165% nihydrazone medicated feed. Infected groups were given § cc. per os dose of a 24-hour-old broth culture of S. typhimurium. Observations were recorded daily relative to mortality and dead poults were subjected to a routine bacteriological examination. Body weights were obtained when the experiment was terminated on the 10th day. The second experiment was conducted in floor pens containing shavings litter and 50 poults per pen. The experimental design and conduction of the experiment and drug dosage were the same as the battery pen experiment. Infected groups were given | cc. per os of a 24 hour broth culture of S. typhimurium at one day of age. In the third experiment S. gallinarum was the infecting agent and was given on
12
Total number died
6
36
7 18
7
46
the first day of age as a ^ cc. dose of 24 hour broth culture. Eight battery pens each containing 15 poults were arranged in the same design and drug dosage as in the first experiment. The induced infections were augmented in all three experiments by maintaining brooder temperatures during the daytime of approximately 80 to 85 degrees (F.) during the first 3 to 4 days. Normal 95 degrees (F.) brooder temperatures were provided the remaining periods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Individual pen mortality for each experiment is provided in Table 1. In the S. typhimurium battery pen experiment 56% of the poults receiving 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feed died compared to 76% of the infected nonmedicated poults. In the pens receiving 0.0165% nihydrazone medicated feed 30% of the poults died. In the S. typhimurium floor pen experiment 34% of the infected poults receiving 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feed died
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 10, 2015
Infected 0.011% nihydrazone Infected 0.011% nihydrazone
5. typhimurium floor pens, 50 poults per pen
467
NIHYDRAZONE AND SALMONELLA INFECTIONS TABLE 2.—Average body weights of Salmonella typhimurium and S. gallinarum infected poults
Status
5. typhimurium S. typhimurium S. gallinarum battery pens, 15 floor pens, SO poults batteries, IS poults poults per pen (gms.) per pen (gms.) per pen (gms.)
Noninfected nonmedicated Noninfected nonmedicated Infected nonmedicated Infected nonmedicated Infected 0.011% nihydrazone Infected 0.011% nihydrazone Infected 0.0165% nihydrazone Infected 0.0165% nihydrazone
103.28 85.25 83.83 73.00 82.85 87.20 90.81 92.10
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Battery and floor pen poults receiving 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feeds and infected with S. typhimurium experi-
103.28 85.25 (all died) 83.00 84.20 85.77 90.50 87.50
enced a reduction in mortality compared to infected nonmedicated controls. A 0.0165% level of nihydrazone feed medication exerted a more pronounced control over mortality. 2. Battery pen poults receiving 0.011% and 0.0165% nihydrazone medicated feeds and infected with S. gallinarum experienced a reduction in mortality compared to the infected nonmedicated controls. 3. Average body weight similar pen totals were heavier in all three experiments in the medicated groups compared to the infected nonmedicated controls but were not as heavy as the noninfected nonmedicated controls. REFERENCES Bierer, B. W., and B. D. Barnett, 1961. Effectiveness of nitrofurans in controlling fowl typhoid in stressed broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 40: 1379. Bierer, B. W., and B. D. Barnett, 1962a. Nihydrazone and the Salmonella infections. Poultry Sci. 41: 1291-1294. Bierer, B. W., and B. D. Barnett, 1962b. Furaltadone water medication and the Salmonelloses. 12th World's Poultry Congress Proceedings: 283-285. Bierer, B. W., and C. L. Vickers, 1960. Evaluation of water soluble nitrofurans in experimental Salmonella infection in turkey poults. Vet. Med. 55: 78-82. Bierer, B. W., H. D. Valentine and C. L. Vickers, 1961. Furaltadone water medication: its use in avian Salmonellosis. Avian Dis. 5: 214-218.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 10, 2015
compared to 82% of the infected nonmedicated poults. In the 0.0165% nihydrazone medicated infected pens 18% of the poults died. In the 5. gallinarum battery pen experiment 36% of the infected poults receiving 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feed died compared to 90% of the infected nonmedicated controls. In the 0.0165% feed medicated infected groups 46% of the poults died. Average body weights of individual 0.0165% and 0.011% medicated infected groups were not always heavier than the nonmedicated infected individual groups but in all three experiments average body weight totals of similar pens were heavier than the nonmedicated controls but were not as heavy as the noninfected nonmedicated groups (Table 2). The infecting agent was recovered from all poults that died when subjected to a bacteriological examination. There was no evidence of a Salmonella infection in any of the noninfected nonmedicated controls that died. All poults were from a hatchery with no recent history of a Salmonella infection.
97.51 99.59 89.77 91.00 102.52 92.09 90.84 96.26
468
B . W . BlERER
Cosgrove, A. S., 1954. Furoxone controls typhoid. Delaware Poultry Handbook, 9: 106-114. Gordon, R. F., 1954. The present disease position in the poultry industry. Vet. Rec. 66: 828. Smith. H. W., 1954a. The treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chicks with furazolidone,
sulfamerazine and chloramphenicol. Vet. Rec. 66: 493-496. Smith, H. W., 1954b. The use of furazolidone in the treatment of experimental fowl typhoid. Vet. Rec. 66: 215.
Nihydrazone* Feed Medication Against Artificially Induced Escherichia coli Air-Sac Infection B E R T W.
BIERER
Poultry Science Department, Clemson Agricultural College, South Carolina
N
IHYDRAZONE has been reported to be active against coccidiosis (Camp, 1960; Cloyd et al., 1960; Wolfgang and Burkhart, 1960; Johnson and O'Connor, 1962), blackhead disease (Reid et al., 1960), and Salmonella infections (Bierer and Barnett, 1961, 1962). Raines and Porter (1962a, b) reported that the 0.011% coccidiostat level of nihydrazone feed medication aided in maintaining weight gains and feed efficiency and dramatically reduced condemnations due to "air-sac disease" lesions. The drug was tested under commercial conditions in seven different geographical areas of North America. Rosenberg et al. (1962) found that the 0.011% level resulted in a significant reduction in condemnations in the dressing plant. The role of Escherichia coli as an agent of the so-called chronic respiratory disease complex has been well established (Gross, 1956, 1958, 1961a, b; Fabricant and Levine, 1962; and Glantz et al., 1962). Fabricant and Levine (1962) have indicated that effective control of complicated chronic respiratory disease (air-sac dis* Nidrafur (brand name), The Norwich Pharmacal Co., Norwich, New York. Published with permission of the Director of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Technical contribution No. 415.
ease) might be achieved by elimination or therapy either the specific E. coli or the pleuropneumonia-like organisms involved. In this report the activity of 0.011% nihydrazone feed medication against an artificially induced E. coli air-sac infection was studied under laboratory conditions. This was done in an effort to obtain information that would help to explain the reported activity of nihydrazone (Raines and Porter, 1962a, b; Rosenberg et al., 1962) against "air-sac disease" under commercial field conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twelve battery pens each containing 10 Van tress X White Rock five week old broiler chickens were equally divided into the following groups of four pens per group: (1) noninfected nonmedicated controls, (2) infected nonmedicated controls, (3) infected plus 0.011% nihydrazone feed medication. Each chicken was wing banded for identification purposes. Infection was accomplished by inoculating E. coli serological type 01 nonmotile into an air sac. The inoculum was prepared by washing a 24 hour tryptose agar slope with sterile saline and adjusting the suspension to an optical density of 0.25 (the approximate equivalent of Number 1 on the McFarland Scale) on a Bausch and
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 10, 2015
(Received for publication October 12, 1962)
465
matozoa. Decrease in light hours, however, failed to inhibit the semen volume and total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate, instead, an increase was observed in both semen volume and total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate. Bonadonna and Pozzi (1955) reported similar findings in Gallus gallus. Their interpretation for semen quality, however, was based on percent abnormal spermatozoa only. REFERENCES Bonadonna, T., and G. G. Pozzi, 1955. The effect of light on semen production in Gallus gallus. Zootech. e. Vet. 10: 43-61. Lamoreux, W. F., 1943. Effect of light on sperm production of fowls (different intensities). J. Exp. Zool. 94: 73-95. Snedecor, G. W., 1961. Statistical Methods, pp. 543. The Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
The Use of Nihydrazone* Against Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella gallinarum Infections in Turkeys B E R T W.
BIERER
Poultry Science Department, Clemson Agricultural College, South Carolina (Received for publication October 11, 1962)
T
HE use of furazolidone against the Salmonella infections has been established by Smith (1954a), Gordon (1954), Cosgrove (1954), and others. Bierer and Vickers (1960), Bierer, Valentine and Vickers (1961), and Bierer and Barnett (1962a), reported on the use of water soluble furaltadone in chickens and turkeys, as a treatment for Salmonella infections. Bierer and Barnett (1961,
* Nidrafur (brand name), The Norwich Pharmacal Co., Norwich, New York. Published with permission of the Director of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment .Station as Technical Contribution No. 411.
1962b) reported on the use of nihydrazone against the Salmonella infections in chickens and fowl typhoid in turkeys. All of the drugs mentioned in the foregoing are nitrofurans. This report contributes information on the use of nihydrazone against Salmonella typhimurium infection in turkeys under both battery pen and floor pen simulated field conditions. In a previous report by Bierer and Barnett (1962a) the use of nihydrazone against S. gallinarum infection in turkeys was described under floor pen conditions and in this report the use of nihydrazone under battery pen conditions is described.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 10, 2015
(R.I.R.) cocks. Eighteen adult R.I.R. cocks were divided into three comparable groups and were exposed to natural light and darkness; sixteen hour controlled illumination and eight hour darkness; and eight hour controlled illumination, and sixteen hour darkness. Light exposures longer (16 hours daily) than the normal daylength of 12.12 to 11.19 daily light hours caused an improvement in semen quality (as measured by percent living and abnormal spermatozoa), and semen quantity (as measured by semen volume and total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate). On the other hand, exposures to light over a period shorter than the normal daylength brought about deterioration of semen quality as measured by motility, percent living, partial stained and abnormal sper-
CHARACTERISTICS
466
B. W. BIERER TABLE 1.—Record of mortality of Salmonella typhimurium and S. gallinarum infected poults S. typhimurium battery pens, 15 poults per pen Status
Noninfected nonmedicated Noninfected nonmedicated Infected nonmedicated Infected nonmedicated
Infected 0.0165% nihydrazone Infected 0.0165% nihydrazone
5. gallinarum batteries, 15 poults per pen Percent mortality for similar pens
Total number died
Percent mortality for similar pens
Total number died
Percent mortality for similar pens
1 3
13
5 3
8
1 3
13
9 14
76
41 41
82
15 12
90
9
56
4 5
5
16
8
18
34
6 30
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eight battery pens each containing 15 day-old turkey poults were arranged in replicates of (1) noninfected nonmedicated, (2) infected nonmedicated, (3) infected plus 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feed, and (4) infected plus 0.0165% nihydrazone medicated feed. Infected groups were given § cc. per os dose of a 24-hour-old broth culture of S. typhimurium. Observations were recorded daily relative to mortality and dead poults were subjected to a routine bacteriological examination. Body weights were obtained when the experiment was terminated on the 10th day. The second experiment was conducted in floor pens containing shavings litter and 50 poults per pen. The experimental design and conduction of the experiment and drug dosage were the same as the battery pen experiment. Infected groups were given | cc. per os of a 24 hour broth culture of S. typhimurium at one day of age. In the third experiment S. gallinarum was the infecting agent and was given on
12
Total number died
6
36
7 18
7
46
the first day of age as a ^ cc. dose of 24 hour broth culture. Eight battery pens each containing 15 poults were arranged in the same design and drug dosage as in the first experiment. The induced infections were augmented in all three experiments by maintaining brooder temperatures during the daytime of approximately 80 to 85 degrees (F.) during the first 3 to 4 days. Normal 95 degrees (F.) brooder temperatures were provided the remaining periods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Individual pen mortality for each experiment is provided in Table 1. In the S. typhimurium battery pen experiment 56% of the poults receiving 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feed died compared to 76% of the infected nonmedicated poults. In the pens receiving 0.0165% nihydrazone medicated feed 30% of the poults died. In the S. typhimurium floor pen experiment 34% of the infected poults receiving 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feed died
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 10, 2015
Infected 0.011% nihydrazone Infected 0.011% nihydrazone
5. typhimurium floor pens, 50 poults per pen
467
NIHYDRAZONE AND SALMONELLA INFECTIONS TABLE 2.—Average body weights of Salmonella typhimurium and S. gallinarum infected poults
Status
5. typhimurium S. typhimurium S. gallinarum battery pens, 15 floor pens, SO poults batteries, IS poults poults per pen (gms.) per pen (gms.) per pen (gms.)
Noninfected nonmedicated Noninfected nonmedicated Infected nonmedicated Infected nonmedicated Infected 0.011% nihydrazone Infected 0.011% nihydrazone Infected 0.0165% nihydrazone Infected 0.0165% nihydrazone
103.28 85.25 83.83 73.00 82.85 87.20 90.81 92.10
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Battery and floor pen poults receiving 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feeds and infected with S. typhimurium experi-
103.28 85.25 (all died) 83.00 84.20 85.77 90.50 87.50
enced a reduction in mortality compared to infected nonmedicated controls. A 0.0165% level of nihydrazone feed medication exerted a more pronounced control over mortality. 2. Battery pen poults receiving 0.011% and 0.0165% nihydrazone medicated feeds and infected with S. gallinarum experienced a reduction in mortality compared to the infected nonmedicated controls. 3. Average body weight similar pen totals were heavier in all three experiments in the medicated groups compared to the infected nonmedicated controls but were not as heavy as the noninfected nonmedicated controls. REFERENCES Bierer, B. W., and B. D. Barnett, 1961. Effectiveness of nitrofurans in controlling fowl typhoid in stressed broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 40: 1379. Bierer, B. W., and B. D. Barnett, 1962a. Nihydrazone and the Salmonella infections. Poultry Sci. 41: 1291-1294. Bierer, B. W., and B. D. Barnett, 1962b. Furaltadone water medication and the Salmonelloses. 12th World's Poultry Congress Proceedings: 283-285. Bierer, B. W., and C. L. Vickers, 1960. Evaluation of water soluble nitrofurans in experimental Salmonella infection in turkey poults. Vet. Med. 55: 78-82. Bierer, B. W., H. D. Valentine and C. L. Vickers, 1961. Furaltadone water medication: its use in avian Salmonellosis. Avian Dis. 5: 214-218.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 10, 2015
compared to 82% of the infected nonmedicated poults. In the 0.0165% nihydrazone medicated infected pens 18% of the poults died. In the 5. gallinarum battery pen experiment 36% of the infected poults receiving 0.011% nihydrazone medicated feed died compared to 90% of the infected nonmedicated controls. In the 0.0165% feed medicated infected groups 46% of the poults died. Average body weights of individual 0.0165% and 0.011% medicated infected groups were not always heavier than the nonmedicated infected individual groups but in all three experiments average body weight totals of similar pens were heavier than the nonmedicated controls but were not as heavy as the noninfected nonmedicated groups (Table 2). The infecting agent was recovered from all poults that died when subjected to a bacteriological examination. There was no evidence of a Salmonella infection in any of the noninfected nonmedicated controls that died. All poults were from a hatchery with no recent history of a Salmonella infection.
97.51 99.59 89.77 91.00 102.52 92.09 90.84 96.26
468
B . W . BlERER
Cosgrove, A. S., 1954. Furoxone controls typhoid. Delaware Poultry Handbook, 9: 106-114. Gordon, R. F., 1954. The present disease position in the poultry industry. Vet. Rec. 66: 828. Smith. H. W., 1954a. The treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chicks with furazolidone,
sulfamerazine and chloramphenicol. Vet. Rec. 66: 493-496. Smith, H. W., 1954b. The use of furazolidone in the treatment of experimental fowl typhoid. Vet. Rec. 66: 215.
Nihydrazone* Feed Medication Against Artificially Induced Escherichia coli Air-Sac Infection B E R T W.
BIERER
Poultry Science Department, Clemson Agricultural College, South Carolina
N
IHYDRAZONE has been reported to be active against coccidiosis (Camp, 1960; Cloyd et al., 1960; Wolfgang and Burkhart, 1960; Johnson and O'Connor, 1962), blackhead disease (Reid et al., 1960), and Salmonella infections (Bierer and Barnett, 1961, 1962). Raines and Porter (1962a, b) reported that the 0.011% coccidiostat level of nihydrazone feed medication aided in maintaining weight gains and feed efficiency and dramatically reduced condemnations due to "air-sac disease" lesions. The drug was tested under commercial conditions in seven different geographical areas of North America. Rosenberg et al. (1962) found that the 0.011% level resulted in a significant reduction in condemnations in the dressing plant. The role of Escherichia coli as an agent of the so-called chronic respiratory disease complex has been well established (Gross, 1956, 1958, 1961a, b; Fabricant and Levine, 1962; and Glantz et al., 1962). Fabricant and Levine (1962) have indicated that effective control of complicated chronic respiratory disease (air-sac dis* Nidrafur (brand name), The Norwich Pharmacal Co., Norwich, New York. Published with permission of the Director of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Technical contribution No. 415.
ease) might be achieved by elimination or therapy either the specific E. coli or the pleuropneumonia-like organisms involved. In this report the activity of 0.011% nihydrazone feed medication against an artificially induced E. coli air-sac infection was studied under laboratory conditions. This was done in an effort to obtain information that would help to explain the reported activity of nihydrazone (Raines and Porter, 1962a, b; Rosenberg et al., 1962) against "air-sac disease" under commercial field conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twelve battery pens each containing 10 Van tress X White Rock five week old broiler chickens were equally divided into the following groups of four pens per group: (1) noninfected nonmedicated controls, (2) infected nonmedicated controls, (3) infected plus 0.011% nihydrazone feed medication. Each chicken was wing banded for identification purposes. Infection was accomplished by inoculating E. coli serological type 01 nonmotile into an air sac. The inoculum was prepared by washing a 24 hour tryptose agar slope with sterile saline and adjusting the suspension to an optical density of 0.25 (the approximate equivalent of Number 1 on the McFarland Scale) on a Bausch and
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 10, 2015
(Received for publication October 12, 1962)