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No effects of smoking or drinking habits on salivary amylase
Toxicology Letters, 66 (1993) 251-26 1 0 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved 0378-4274/93/$06.00
257
TOXLET 02881
No effects of smoking or drinking habits on salivary amylase
Teruo Nagaya” and Masanori Okmob “Department of Public Health, Gifu University School of Medicine. Gifu-shi (Japan) and bGifu-shi Central Public Health Center, Gifu-shi (Japan)
(Received 4 September 1992) (Accepted 10 November 1992) Key words; Salivary amylase; Digestive function; Smoking habits; Drinking habits; Body composition
SUMMARY Nonstimulated and expectorated whole saliva was collected from 166 males and 180 females. To investigate biological effects of smoking and drinking habits on digestive functions in healthy populations, salivary total proteins and amylase activity were determined in the saliva samples. Sex differences in the salivary components were not found. Neither of the two habits had any significant influences on salivary proteins or amylase activity in the subjects. Light to moderate uses of tobacco or alcohol may not influence basal components of saliva.
INTRODUCTION
Both smoking and drinking habits affect human body composition, but the biological mechanisms are obscure. Epidemiological studies have indicated that smokers weigh less than non-smokers, the other side, drinkers weigh more than non-drinkers [1,2]. We know in daily living that individuals who eat a large amount are not always obese. Digestive functions may be important factors influencing human body composition. Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme effective in the upper digestive tract [3], and saliva can be much more easily taken from human subjects than gastric and pancreatic juices. Thus, to detect biological effects of smoking and drinking habits on
Correspondence to: Teruo Nagaya, Department of Public Health, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu-shi 500, Japan.
258
human digestive functions, salivary proteins and amylase activity were determined, and smoking and drinking habits were surveyed in a young adult population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The subjects were 166 males and 180 females who had visited the Gifu-shi Central Public Health Center for a ‘health check for 30-year-olds’ from December 1990 to June 1991. All the subjects were 30 years old and apparently healthy. Smoking (cigarettes/day) and drinking (g aIcohol/day) habits were based on self-reported life style and daily nutritional intake. The data on the two habits were taken from medical records in the Public Health Center. Nonstimulated and expectorated whole saliva was collected from the subjects at 10:00-l I:00 a.m. before breakfast. After centrifugation of the saliva at 3000 rpm for 10 min, the supernatant was used as saliva samples. Within several hours of the samplings, salivary total proteins (mgiml) were determined by the Coomassie blue dye binding method using a Bio-Rad protein assay (Bio-Rad, CA), and salivary amylase activity (IU/ml) was determined by the Carboxy-methyl-amylose/DEX method using an Amylase B-test kit (Wako-Jyunyaku, Osaka). Amylase activity was also expressed relative to 1 mg of salivary total proteins (IUlmg). The linear correlation coefficient test was used in the tests to determine the relationship between smoking/drinking habits and salivary components. To detect the independent effects of the two habits on saliva, multiple regressions of salivary components on the two habits were analyzed, and the statistical significance of the partial
TABLE 1 MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) AND RANGE OF SALIVARY COMPONENTS AND TWO HABITS FOR 166 MALES AND 180 FEMALES Variable
Males (n= 166)
Females (I?=180)
mean (SD)
range
mean (SD)
range
Salivary Total proteins (mg/ml) Amylase activity (IU/ml);‘ Amylase activity (IUlmg)”
0.86 (0.66) 510 (419) 593 (337)
0.25-5.53 45-2726 99-l 956
0.85 (0.42) 525 (403) 599 (303)
0.23-2.68 37-2300 85-3371
Habits Smoking (cigarettes/day)” Drinking (g alcohol/day)”
11.2 (12.7) 18.2 (22.5)
O-50 O-l 16
“Sex differences were not significant (P>O.O5 by t-test). ‘No. of smokers/non-smokers; 86180 in males, 20/160 in females. ‘No. of drinker~non-drinkers~ 126140in males, 521128in females. All the subjects were 30 years old.
1.1 (3.7) 1.4 (3.6)
O-20 0- 26
259
regression coefficients was tested. A commercial software for personal computers (Lotus l-2-3, Lotus Development Corporation) was used in the multiple regression analysis. Statistical significance is denoted by PcO.05in all the tests. RESULTS
Mean, standard deviation and range of salivary components and the two habits for the subjects are presented in Table I. Number of smokers/non-smokers and drinkers/ non-drinkers were 86/80 and 126/40 in males, respectively, and 201160 and 521128 in females, respectively. The mean daily consumption of cigarettes/alcohol for the male smokers/drinkers was 21.6 cigarettes/24.0 g alcohol, and those for the female smokers/drinkers was 9.9 cigarettes/4.7 g alcohol. Almost of the smokers/drinkers were light or moderate smokers/drinkers. No significant sex differences were found in salivary proteins or amylase activity (P>O.O5 by t-test), although both smoking and drinking habits were much more common in males than in females. Linear correlation coefficients between salivary components and the two habits are presented in Table II. Multiple regression analysis of the salivary components on the two habits is summarized in Table III. Neither of the two statistical analyses found any significant influences of the two habits on salivary proteins or amylase activity. DISCUSSION
Light to moderate uses of tobacco or alcohol did not affect basal components of saliva in this survey. Light to moderate smoking or drinking habits may not influence basal digestive functions in the upper digestive tract. The effects of smoking and
TABLE II LINEAR CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS HABITS IN THE SUBJECTS Sex/habits
Salivary proteins (ms/ml)
BETWEEN SALIVARY COMPONENTS
Amylase activity (IU/ml)
(IU/mg)
Males (n=166) Smoking (cigarettes/day) Drinking (g alcohol/day)
-0.105 -0.049
-0.019 -0.087
0.065 -0.044
Females (n= 180) Smoking (cigarettes/day) Drinking (g alcohol/day)
-0.089 -0.036
-0.123 -0.060
-0.103 -0.045
Neither of the values was significant (P>O.O5). All the subjects were 30 years old.
AND TWO
260
TABLE III MULTIPLE REGRESSION THE SUBJECTS
ANALYSIS OF SALIVARY COMPONENTS
Sex/independent variable
ON TWO HABITS IN
Dependent variable proteins (mg/ml) -I
amylase (IU/ml)
amylase (IU/mg)
b
P
h
P
b
P
Males (n=166) Smoking (cigarettes/day) Drinking (g alcohol/day)
-0.005 -0.001
0.209 0.698
- 0.098 - 1.610
0.970 0.277
2.003 -0.864
0.341 0.468
Females (n= 180) Smoking (cigarettes/day) Drinking (g alcohol/day)
-0.010 -0.003
0.259 0.763
-12.823 - 4.638
0.123 0.579
-8.120 -2.499
0.194 0.691
h, partial regression coefficients. All the subjects were 30 years old
drinking habits on human body composition [ 1,2] may be independent from digestive functions. These effects of the two habits on body composition are more significant in older persons [1,2]. All the subjects in this study were 30-year-old smokers/drinkers who were exposed to tobacco/alcohol for at most 12 years. Much longer exposure may affect salivary components and digestive functions. Smoking can induce transient increases in salivary flow rate and induce transient changes in salivary components [4,5]. However, chronic effects of smoking habits on salivation are obscure. Heavy drinkers and alcoholic patients had a lower flow rate of stimulated saliva [6,7]. Either stimulated or nonstimulated salivary flow rate was not determined in this survey. Components and flow rate of sahva stimulated by food are probably more essential as an index for digestive functions.
REFERENCES 1 Albanes, D., Jones, Y., Micozzi, M.S. and Mattson, M.E. (1987) Associations between smoking and body weight in the US population: analysis of NHANES II. Am. J. Public Health 77,439444. 2 Williamson, D.F., Forman, M.R., Binkin, N.J., Gentry, E.M., Remington. P.L. and Trowbridge, F.L. (1987) Alcohol and body weight in United States adults. Am. J. Public Health 77, 13241330. 3 Herrera, J.L., Lyons II, M.F. and Johnson, L.F. (1988) Saliva: its role in health and disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 10, 569-578. 4 Macgregor, I.D.M. (1989) Effects of smoking on oral ecology. Clin. Prevent. Dent. 11.3-7. 5 B-Pikielna, N., Pangborn, M. and Shannon, 1.L. (1968) Effect of cigarette smoking on parotid secretion. Arch. Environ. Health 17, 731-738.
261
6 Dutta, S.K., Orestes, M., Vengulekur, S. and Kwo, P. (1992) Ethanol and human saliva: effect ofchronic alcoholism on flow rate, composition, and epidermal growth factor. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 87, 350-354. 7 Maier, H., Born, LA. and Mall, G. (1988) Effect of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on the function and morphology of the salivary glands. Klin. Wochenschr. 66 (Suppl. 1l), 140-150.
257
TOXLET 02881
No effects of smoking or drinking habits on salivary amylase
Teruo Nagaya” and Masanori Okmob “Department of Public Health, Gifu University School of Medicine. Gifu-shi (Japan) and bGifu-shi Central Public Health Center, Gifu-shi (Japan)
(Received 4 September 1992) (Accepted 10 November 1992) Key words; Salivary amylase; Digestive function; Smoking habits; Drinking habits; Body composition
SUMMARY Nonstimulated and expectorated whole saliva was collected from 166 males and 180 females. To investigate biological effects of smoking and drinking habits on digestive functions in healthy populations, salivary total proteins and amylase activity were determined in the saliva samples. Sex differences in the salivary components were not found. Neither of the two habits had any significant influences on salivary proteins or amylase activity in the subjects. Light to moderate uses of tobacco or alcohol may not influence basal components of saliva.
INTRODUCTION
Both smoking and drinking habits affect human body composition, but the biological mechanisms are obscure. Epidemiological studies have indicated that smokers weigh less than non-smokers, the other side, drinkers weigh more than non-drinkers [1,2]. We know in daily living that individuals who eat a large amount are not always obese. Digestive functions may be important factors influencing human body composition. Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme effective in the upper digestive tract [3], and saliva can be much more easily taken from human subjects than gastric and pancreatic juices. Thus, to detect biological effects of smoking and drinking habits on
Correspondence to: Teruo Nagaya, Department of Public Health, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu-shi 500, Japan.
258
human digestive functions, salivary proteins and amylase activity were determined, and smoking and drinking habits were surveyed in a young adult population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The subjects were 166 males and 180 females who had visited the Gifu-shi Central Public Health Center for a ‘health check for 30-year-olds’ from December 1990 to June 1991. All the subjects were 30 years old and apparently healthy. Smoking (cigarettes/day) and drinking (g aIcohol/day) habits were based on self-reported life style and daily nutritional intake. The data on the two habits were taken from medical records in the Public Health Center. Nonstimulated and expectorated whole saliva was collected from the subjects at 10:00-l I:00 a.m. before breakfast. After centrifugation of the saliva at 3000 rpm for 10 min, the supernatant was used as saliva samples. Within several hours of the samplings, salivary total proteins (mgiml) were determined by the Coomassie blue dye binding method using a Bio-Rad protein assay (Bio-Rad, CA), and salivary amylase activity (IU/ml) was determined by the Carboxy-methyl-amylose/DEX method using an Amylase B-test kit (Wako-Jyunyaku, Osaka). Amylase activity was also expressed relative to 1 mg of salivary total proteins (IUlmg). The linear correlation coefficient test was used in the tests to determine the relationship between smoking/drinking habits and salivary components. To detect the independent effects of the two habits on saliva, multiple regressions of salivary components on the two habits were analyzed, and the statistical significance of the partial
TABLE 1 MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) AND RANGE OF SALIVARY COMPONENTS AND TWO HABITS FOR 166 MALES AND 180 FEMALES Variable
Males (n= 166)
Females (I?=180)
mean (SD)
range
mean (SD)
range
Salivary Total proteins (mg/ml) Amylase activity (IU/ml);‘ Amylase activity (IUlmg)”
0.86 (0.66) 510 (419) 593 (337)
0.25-5.53 45-2726 99-l 956
0.85 (0.42) 525 (403) 599 (303)
0.23-2.68 37-2300 85-3371
Habits Smoking (cigarettes/day)” Drinking (g alcohol/day)”
11.2 (12.7) 18.2 (22.5)
O-50 O-l 16
“Sex differences were not significant (P>O.O5 by t-test). ‘No. of smokers/non-smokers; 86180 in males, 20/160 in females. ‘No. of drinker~non-drinkers~ 126140in males, 521128in females. All the subjects were 30 years old.
1.1 (3.7) 1.4 (3.6)
O-20 0- 26
259
regression coefficients was tested. A commercial software for personal computers (Lotus l-2-3, Lotus Development Corporation) was used in the multiple regression analysis. Statistical significance is denoted by PcO.05in all the tests. RESULTS
Mean, standard deviation and range of salivary components and the two habits for the subjects are presented in Table I. Number of smokers/non-smokers and drinkers/ non-drinkers were 86/80 and 126/40 in males, respectively, and 201160 and 521128 in females, respectively. The mean daily consumption of cigarettes/alcohol for the male smokers/drinkers was 21.6 cigarettes/24.0 g alcohol, and those for the female smokers/drinkers was 9.9 cigarettes/4.7 g alcohol. Almost of the smokers/drinkers were light or moderate smokers/drinkers. No significant sex differences were found in salivary proteins or amylase activity (P>O.O5 by t-test), although both smoking and drinking habits were much more common in males than in females. Linear correlation coefficients between salivary components and the two habits are presented in Table II. Multiple regression analysis of the salivary components on the two habits is summarized in Table III. Neither of the two statistical analyses found any significant influences of the two habits on salivary proteins or amylase activity. DISCUSSION
Light to moderate uses of tobacco or alcohol did not affect basal components of saliva in this survey. Light to moderate smoking or drinking habits may not influence basal digestive functions in the upper digestive tract. The effects of smoking and
TABLE II LINEAR CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS HABITS IN THE SUBJECTS Sex/habits
Salivary proteins (ms/ml)
BETWEEN SALIVARY COMPONENTS
Amylase activity (IU/ml)
(IU/mg)
Males (n=166) Smoking (cigarettes/day) Drinking (g alcohol/day)
-0.105 -0.049
-0.019 -0.087
0.065 -0.044
Females (n= 180) Smoking (cigarettes/day) Drinking (g alcohol/day)
-0.089 -0.036
-0.123 -0.060
-0.103 -0.045
Neither of the values was significant (P>O.O5). All the subjects were 30 years old.
AND TWO
260
TABLE III MULTIPLE REGRESSION THE SUBJECTS
ANALYSIS OF SALIVARY COMPONENTS
Sex/independent variable
ON TWO HABITS IN
Dependent variable proteins (mg/ml) -I
amylase (IU/ml)
amylase (IU/mg)
b
P
h
P
b
P
Males (n=166) Smoking (cigarettes/day) Drinking (g alcohol/day)
-0.005 -0.001
0.209 0.698
- 0.098 - 1.610
0.970 0.277
2.003 -0.864
0.341 0.468
Females (n= 180) Smoking (cigarettes/day) Drinking (g alcohol/day)
-0.010 -0.003
0.259 0.763
-12.823 - 4.638
0.123 0.579
-8.120 -2.499
0.194 0.691
h, partial regression coefficients. All the subjects were 30 years old
drinking habits on human body composition [ 1,2] may be independent from digestive functions. These effects of the two habits on body composition are more significant in older persons [1,2]. All the subjects in this study were 30-year-old smokers/drinkers who were exposed to tobacco/alcohol for at most 12 years. Much longer exposure may affect salivary components and digestive functions. Smoking can induce transient increases in salivary flow rate and induce transient changes in salivary components [4,5]. However, chronic effects of smoking habits on salivation are obscure. Heavy drinkers and alcoholic patients had a lower flow rate of stimulated saliva [6,7]. Either stimulated or nonstimulated salivary flow rate was not determined in this survey. Components and flow rate of sahva stimulated by food are probably more essential as an index for digestive functions.
REFERENCES 1 Albanes, D., Jones, Y., Micozzi, M.S. and Mattson, M.E. (1987) Associations between smoking and body weight in the US population: analysis of NHANES II. Am. J. Public Health 77,439444. 2 Williamson, D.F., Forman, M.R., Binkin, N.J., Gentry, E.M., Remington. P.L. and Trowbridge, F.L. (1987) Alcohol and body weight in United States adults. Am. J. Public Health 77, 13241330. 3 Herrera, J.L., Lyons II, M.F. and Johnson, L.F. (1988) Saliva: its role in health and disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 10, 569-578. 4 Macgregor, I.D.M. (1989) Effects of smoking on oral ecology. Clin. Prevent. Dent. 11.3-7. 5 B-Pikielna, N., Pangborn, M. and Shannon, 1.L. (1968) Effect of cigarette smoking on parotid secretion. Arch. Environ. Health 17, 731-738.
261
6 Dutta, S.K., Orestes, M., Vengulekur, S. and Kwo, P. (1992) Ethanol and human saliva: effect ofchronic alcoholism on flow rate, composition, and epidermal growth factor. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 87, 350-354. 7 Maier, H., Born, LA. and Mall, G. (1988) Effect of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on the function and morphology of the salivary glands. Klin. Wochenschr. 66 (Suppl. 1l), 140-150.