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Sensation seeking, salivary cortisol, smoking and alcohol habits
Abstracts / Personality and Individual Differences 60 (2014) S48–S78
Reward sensitivity relates to increased response in reward brain areas during the processing of reward cues. However, it is unknown how this trait modulates brain connectivity. We analyzed the relationship between effective connectivity and personality in response to anticipatory reward cues from the midbrain and nucleus accumbens to the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala, respectively. Forty-four males performed an adaptation of the Monetary Incentive Delay Task and completed the Sensitivity to Reward scale. Sensitivity to reward scores related to stronger activation in the nucleus accumbens and midbrain during the processing of reward cues. Psychophysiological interaction analyses revealed that midbrain-medial orbitofrontal cortex connectivity was negatively correlated with sensitivity to reward scores for high compared with low incentive cues. Also, nucleus accumbens-amygdala connectivity correlated negatively with sensitivity to reward scores during reward anticipation. Our results suggest that high reward sensitivity modulates brain connectivity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.302
Reward sensitivity modulation of brain activity during response inhibition P. Fuentes, A. Barrós-Loscertales, A. Rodríguez-Pujadas, N. VenturaCampos, J.C. Bustamante, V. Costumero, P. Rosell-Negre, C. Ávila Universitat Jaume I, Spain This work investigated the relationship between individual differences in reward sensitivity and the activity of brain regions involved in response inhibition. Participants (n = 51, 20 females) performed a stop-signal task while undergoing fMRI scanning. Inhibition of dominant responses during the task was associated to activation of bilateral anterior insula. Parameter estimates from these activation clusters were extracted to run an ROI analysis. Reward sensitivity, as measured by the Sensitivity to Reward (SR) scale from the SPSRQ (Torrubia et al., 2001), was negatively correlated with activity in right anterior insula. A whole-brain correlation analysis was also conducted, in which SR scores were negatively correlated with activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and the left supramarginal gyrus. These results suggest that individual differences in reward sensitivity may involve differences in cognitive processing that are manifested as distinct patterns of brain activation, even in the absence of explicit reward contingencies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.303
Self-regulation of learning activity and its relationship with individual differences of high school students V. Morosanova, I. Tsyganov, A. Vanin, E. Philippova Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Russia This study investigates the relationship between self-regulation of learning activity as the ability to set learning goals consciously and to regulate the process of achieving them, curiosity and emotional state. Individual differences of self-regulation of learning activity manifest themselves the way people set goals, model the significant conditions, program actions and evaluate results (Morosanova, 1998). Sample: 249 high school students aged 14–18. Methods: Self-Regulatory Profile of Learning Activity-SPLAQ (Morosanova, 2011) and State-Trait Personality Inventory-STPI (Spielberger, 1979, Russian version Andreeva, Prikhojan, 2006). Results showed significant positive correlation between self-regulation and curiosity and significant negative correlation between self-regulation, anxiety and anger. On the basis of three factors (Self-Regulation, Motivation and Adaptation) which explained 67% of dispersion a K-means clus-
S69
ter analysis revealed 4 groups of participants. The comparison of academic results of groups showed that participants with higher level of three factors were able to get higher scores on the final exams. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.304
Sensation seeking and personality dimensions M. Egorova, O. Parshikova, S. Pyankova Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia The purpose of the study was to examine the association of sensation seeking with personality traits, including broad personality traits, self-regulation, self-esteem, emotional status and some others. Participants (432 students, males, ages 16–26), were administered 15 personality questionnaires, and Russian version of Sensation Seeking Scale, which contained TAS for extreme activities, TAS for everyday activities, ES and BS. General sensation seeking and sensation seeking sub-traits were positively related to extraversion and psychoticism and negatively to neuroticism. Sensation seeking preference associated with masculinity, internal locus of control, low self-efficacy in the past (according to retrospect self-assessment) and relatively high self-efficacy in present time. Preference to highsensation activities (TAS for extreme activities) was negatively related to anxiety and frustration and positively to self-regulation and emotional intelligence. The study was supported by RFBR (project 11-06-00271). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.305
Sensation seeking and sensitivity to reward among addicted physicians A. Díaz, M. Gomà-i-Freixanet, D. Braquehais, E. Bruguera Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Sensation seeking and Sensitivity to Reward are personality traits related to impulsivity. These two traits have also been demonstrated to be related to addictive behaviors, such as Substance Use Disorders (SUD). There are no studies analyzing these traits in physicians with SUD and/or Mental Disorders (MD) diagnoses. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between these personality traits and SUDs in a sample of physicians attended with these diagnoses. The sample was constituted by 70 participants admitted to the Inpatient Unit of the Barcelona Integral Care Program for Impaired Physicians (ICPIP). The sample was divided into 3 groups according to the existence of either SUD, MD, or both disorders at a time. The Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V) and the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) were administered. Results evidence differences between the three groups and emphasize their importance when elaborating individualized therapeutic strategies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.306
Sensation seeking, salivary cortisol, smoking and alcohol habits D. Kornienko Perm State Pedagogical University, Russia Previous studies have highlighted the fact that the associations of cortisol with SS are still controversial (ex.: Croissant et al., 2008; Rosenblitt et al., 2001; Zuckerman, 1994). The relationship between cortisol level, sensation seeking and alcohol and smoking habits is the task of this study. Saliva samples were taken from 159 students to measure salivary cortisol concentrations. Zucker-
S70
Abstracts / Personality and Individual Differences 60 (2014) S48–S78
man’s Sensation Seeking Scale was used to assess different aspects of SS. The group with high and low SS revealed no significant correlations between cortisol level and SS scores. Group with average SS scores has negative correlations between cortisol level and ‘‘sensation seeking’’ (r = 0.26, p < 0.01) ‘‘thrill and adventure seeking’’ (r = 0.29, p < 0.01). Alcohol habit positively correlates with ‘‘thrill and adventure seeking’’ (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) and ‘‘activity–passivity’’ (r = 0.43, p < 0.01) only at high level of SS. Smoking habits has no significant correlations. Cortisol level positively correlate with smoking habits (r = 0.31, p < 0.01) in group with low SS scores. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.307
Social exclusion mediates the relationship between psychopathy and aggressive humor style in noninstitutionalized young adults M. Keita, F. Hiroshi, U. Mitsuhiro Hiroshima University, Japan The purpose of the present study was to investigate social exclusion as a possible mediator of the association between psychopathy and negative humor styles in noninstitutionalized young adults. One hundred and thirty-nine university students participated by responding to questionnaires that assess psychopathy, the experience of exclusion from friends, and four humor styles (selfenhancing, affiliative, aggressive, and self-defeating). There was a significant positive association between psychopathy, social exclusion, and aggressive styles of humor, and a negative association between psychopathy and affiliative styles of humor. Moreover, the results of a mediation analysis indicated that the association between psychopathy and aggressive humor style is completely explained by the experience of social exclusion. These results suggest that high psychopathic participants are more often socially excluded, which leads such individuals to adopt an aggressive humor style relative to low psychopathic individuals. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.308
Structural models of achievement motivation K. Gogol, M. Brunner, T. Goetz, F. Preckel, R. Martin University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg A key observation when assessing achievement motivation is that students demonstrate significant individual differences on corresponding measures and that these measures show a complex pattern of mutual associations. The central idea of structural models of achievement motivation is to formally and parsimoniously explain these individual differences and associations by a small number of latent constructs. A series of structural models were examined that make different predications how to capture the interplay between domain-specific and domain-general components of academic self-concepts, interests, and anxiety, respectively. Further, these various structural conceptualizations of academic self-concepts, interests, and anxiety were synthesized into several alternative integrative structural conceptualizations of achievement motivation that cover both cross-construct and cross-domain interplays. These structural models formally integrate the fragmented and diverse research on different constructs of achievement motivation across an array of subjects. The statistical analyses were based on representative data from 11,646 ninth-grade students. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.309
Temperament profiles in patients with bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, and obesity W. Oniszczenko University of Warsaw, Poland The purpose of this study was to identify the profile of temperament traits postulated by the Regulative Theory of Temperament in bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence and obese patients. Four groups participated in the study: 149 patients hospitalized for bipolar disorder (BD); 194 patients with alcohol dependence (AD); 163 severely obesity patients (OP); 207 healthy controls. Temperament traits were assessed with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory. Group BD had lower level of briskness, endurance, and activity and higher level of emotional reactivity compared with the control group. Group AD had only lower level of sensory sensitivity than the control group. Group OP had lower level of briskness, perseveration, endurance and activity compared with the control group. The results suggest that temperamental traits postulated in the regulative theory of temperament may be considered as endophenotypes for affective disorders and obesity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.311
Temperament, social support, the therapeutic relationship and burnout syndrome in Gestalt and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists M. Rzeszutek, K. Schier University of Finance and Management in Warsaw, Poland This research examines the relation of temperament and social support with the level of burnout syndrome among Gestalt and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists. Gender and age are treated as control variables. The study was conducted on 200 participants: 100 Gestalt psychotherapists and 100 cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists. The results show that symptoms of burnout, among psychotherapists included in the study mostly depend on perceived social support, briskness and perseveration. Perseveration increases burnout symptoms, whereas perceived social support and briskness decrease them. Additionally, the study demonstrated a higher level of burnout syndrome among Gestalt psychotherapists in comparison with cognitivebehavioral psychotherapists. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.312
Temporal stability of individual differences in acquisition and generalization of fear D. Torrents-Rodas, M.A. Fullana, A. Bonillo, O. Andión, X. Caseras, R. Torrubia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain An important number of studies suggest that individual differences in acquisition and generalization of fear may be implicated the etiology of anxiety disorders. A prerequisite of this idea is that measures of these processes should show individual stability over time. However, this prerequisite has rarely been tested. In order to investigate this question, seventy-five healthy individuals participated in a two-session fear-conditioning and fear-generalization paradigm. Measures of conditioning included fear-potentiated startle, skin conductance response and online risk ratings for the unconditioned stimulus. Time between sessions spanned approximately 8 months. ANOVAs showed that for the whole sample the acquisition and generalization of fear did not differ across sessions. On the other hand, generalizability coefficients showed that indi-
Reward sensitivity relates to increased response in reward brain areas during the processing of reward cues. However, it is unknown how this trait modulates brain connectivity. We analyzed the relationship between effective connectivity and personality in response to anticipatory reward cues from the midbrain and nucleus accumbens to the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala, respectively. Forty-four males performed an adaptation of the Monetary Incentive Delay Task and completed the Sensitivity to Reward scale. Sensitivity to reward scores related to stronger activation in the nucleus accumbens and midbrain during the processing of reward cues. Psychophysiological interaction analyses revealed that midbrain-medial orbitofrontal cortex connectivity was negatively correlated with sensitivity to reward scores for high compared with low incentive cues. Also, nucleus accumbens-amygdala connectivity correlated negatively with sensitivity to reward scores during reward anticipation. Our results suggest that high reward sensitivity modulates brain connectivity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.302
Reward sensitivity modulation of brain activity during response inhibition P. Fuentes, A. Barrós-Loscertales, A. Rodríguez-Pujadas, N. VenturaCampos, J.C. Bustamante, V. Costumero, P. Rosell-Negre, C. Ávila Universitat Jaume I, Spain This work investigated the relationship between individual differences in reward sensitivity and the activity of brain regions involved in response inhibition. Participants (n = 51, 20 females) performed a stop-signal task while undergoing fMRI scanning. Inhibition of dominant responses during the task was associated to activation of bilateral anterior insula. Parameter estimates from these activation clusters were extracted to run an ROI analysis. Reward sensitivity, as measured by the Sensitivity to Reward (SR) scale from the SPSRQ (Torrubia et al., 2001), was negatively correlated with activity in right anterior insula. A whole-brain correlation analysis was also conducted, in which SR scores were negatively correlated with activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and the left supramarginal gyrus. These results suggest that individual differences in reward sensitivity may involve differences in cognitive processing that are manifested as distinct patterns of brain activation, even in the absence of explicit reward contingencies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.303
Self-regulation of learning activity and its relationship with individual differences of high school students V. Morosanova, I. Tsyganov, A. Vanin, E. Philippova Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Russia This study investigates the relationship between self-regulation of learning activity as the ability to set learning goals consciously and to regulate the process of achieving them, curiosity and emotional state. Individual differences of self-regulation of learning activity manifest themselves the way people set goals, model the significant conditions, program actions and evaluate results (Morosanova, 1998). Sample: 249 high school students aged 14–18. Methods: Self-Regulatory Profile of Learning Activity-SPLAQ (Morosanova, 2011) and State-Trait Personality Inventory-STPI (Spielberger, 1979, Russian version Andreeva, Prikhojan, 2006). Results showed significant positive correlation between self-regulation and curiosity and significant negative correlation between self-regulation, anxiety and anger. On the basis of three factors (Self-Regulation, Motivation and Adaptation) which explained 67% of dispersion a K-means clus-
S69
ter analysis revealed 4 groups of participants. The comparison of academic results of groups showed that participants with higher level of three factors were able to get higher scores on the final exams. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.304
Sensation seeking and personality dimensions M. Egorova, O. Parshikova, S. Pyankova Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia The purpose of the study was to examine the association of sensation seeking with personality traits, including broad personality traits, self-regulation, self-esteem, emotional status and some others. Participants (432 students, males, ages 16–26), were administered 15 personality questionnaires, and Russian version of Sensation Seeking Scale, which contained TAS for extreme activities, TAS for everyday activities, ES and BS. General sensation seeking and sensation seeking sub-traits were positively related to extraversion and psychoticism and negatively to neuroticism. Sensation seeking preference associated with masculinity, internal locus of control, low self-efficacy in the past (according to retrospect self-assessment) and relatively high self-efficacy in present time. Preference to highsensation activities (TAS for extreme activities) was negatively related to anxiety and frustration and positively to self-regulation and emotional intelligence. The study was supported by RFBR (project 11-06-00271). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.305
Sensation seeking and sensitivity to reward among addicted physicians A. Díaz, M. Gomà-i-Freixanet, D. Braquehais, E. Bruguera Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Sensation seeking and Sensitivity to Reward are personality traits related to impulsivity. These two traits have also been demonstrated to be related to addictive behaviors, such as Substance Use Disorders (SUD). There are no studies analyzing these traits in physicians with SUD and/or Mental Disorders (MD) diagnoses. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between these personality traits and SUDs in a sample of physicians attended with these diagnoses. The sample was constituted by 70 participants admitted to the Inpatient Unit of the Barcelona Integral Care Program for Impaired Physicians (ICPIP). The sample was divided into 3 groups according to the existence of either SUD, MD, or both disorders at a time. The Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V) and the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) were administered. Results evidence differences between the three groups and emphasize their importance when elaborating individualized therapeutic strategies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.306
Sensation seeking, salivary cortisol, smoking and alcohol habits D. Kornienko Perm State Pedagogical University, Russia Previous studies have highlighted the fact that the associations of cortisol with SS are still controversial (ex.: Croissant et al., 2008; Rosenblitt et al., 2001; Zuckerman, 1994). The relationship between cortisol level, sensation seeking and alcohol and smoking habits is the task of this study. Saliva samples were taken from 159 students to measure salivary cortisol concentrations. Zucker-
S70
Abstracts / Personality and Individual Differences 60 (2014) S48–S78
man’s Sensation Seeking Scale was used to assess different aspects of SS. The group with high and low SS revealed no significant correlations between cortisol level and SS scores. Group with average SS scores has negative correlations between cortisol level and ‘‘sensation seeking’’ (r = 0.26, p < 0.01) ‘‘thrill and adventure seeking’’ (r = 0.29, p < 0.01). Alcohol habit positively correlates with ‘‘thrill and adventure seeking’’ (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) and ‘‘activity–passivity’’ (r = 0.43, p < 0.01) only at high level of SS. Smoking habits has no significant correlations. Cortisol level positively correlate with smoking habits (r = 0.31, p < 0.01) in group with low SS scores. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.307
Social exclusion mediates the relationship between psychopathy and aggressive humor style in noninstitutionalized young adults M. Keita, F. Hiroshi, U. Mitsuhiro Hiroshima University, Japan The purpose of the present study was to investigate social exclusion as a possible mediator of the association between psychopathy and negative humor styles in noninstitutionalized young adults. One hundred and thirty-nine university students participated by responding to questionnaires that assess psychopathy, the experience of exclusion from friends, and four humor styles (selfenhancing, affiliative, aggressive, and self-defeating). There was a significant positive association between psychopathy, social exclusion, and aggressive styles of humor, and a negative association between psychopathy and affiliative styles of humor. Moreover, the results of a mediation analysis indicated that the association between psychopathy and aggressive humor style is completely explained by the experience of social exclusion. These results suggest that high psychopathic participants are more often socially excluded, which leads such individuals to adopt an aggressive humor style relative to low psychopathic individuals. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.308
Structural models of achievement motivation K. Gogol, M. Brunner, T. Goetz, F. Preckel, R. Martin University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg A key observation when assessing achievement motivation is that students demonstrate significant individual differences on corresponding measures and that these measures show a complex pattern of mutual associations. The central idea of structural models of achievement motivation is to formally and parsimoniously explain these individual differences and associations by a small number of latent constructs. A series of structural models were examined that make different predications how to capture the interplay between domain-specific and domain-general components of academic self-concepts, interests, and anxiety, respectively. Further, these various structural conceptualizations of academic self-concepts, interests, and anxiety were synthesized into several alternative integrative structural conceptualizations of achievement motivation that cover both cross-construct and cross-domain interplays. These structural models formally integrate the fragmented and diverse research on different constructs of achievement motivation across an array of subjects. The statistical analyses were based on representative data from 11,646 ninth-grade students. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.309
Temperament profiles in patients with bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, and obesity W. Oniszczenko University of Warsaw, Poland The purpose of this study was to identify the profile of temperament traits postulated by the Regulative Theory of Temperament in bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence and obese patients. Four groups participated in the study: 149 patients hospitalized for bipolar disorder (BD); 194 patients with alcohol dependence (AD); 163 severely obesity patients (OP); 207 healthy controls. Temperament traits were assessed with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory. Group BD had lower level of briskness, endurance, and activity and higher level of emotional reactivity compared with the control group. Group AD had only lower level of sensory sensitivity than the control group. Group OP had lower level of briskness, perseveration, endurance and activity compared with the control group. The results suggest that temperamental traits postulated in the regulative theory of temperament may be considered as endophenotypes for affective disorders and obesity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.311
Temperament, social support, the therapeutic relationship and burnout syndrome in Gestalt and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists M. Rzeszutek, K. Schier University of Finance and Management in Warsaw, Poland This research examines the relation of temperament and social support with the level of burnout syndrome among Gestalt and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists. Gender and age are treated as control variables. The study was conducted on 200 participants: 100 Gestalt psychotherapists and 100 cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists. The results show that symptoms of burnout, among psychotherapists included in the study mostly depend on perceived social support, briskness and perseveration. Perseveration increases burnout symptoms, whereas perceived social support and briskness decrease them. Additionally, the study demonstrated a higher level of burnout syndrome among Gestalt psychotherapists in comparison with cognitivebehavioral psychotherapists. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.312
Temporal stability of individual differences in acquisition and generalization of fear D. Torrents-Rodas, M.A. Fullana, A. Bonillo, O. Andión, X. Caseras, R. Torrubia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain An important number of studies suggest that individual differences in acquisition and generalization of fear may be implicated the etiology of anxiety disorders. A prerequisite of this idea is that measures of these processes should show individual stability over time. However, this prerequisite has rarely been tested. In order to investigate this question, seventy-five healthy individuals participated in a two-session fear-conditioning and fear-generalization paradigm. Measures of conditioning included fear-potentiated startle, skin conductance response and online risk ratings for the unconditioned stimulus. Time between sessions spanned approximately 8 months. ANOVAs showed that for the whole sample the acquisition and generalization of fear did not differ across sessions. On the other hand, generalizability coefficients showed that indi-