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Non-oral abuse of immediate-release hydrocodone
CPDD 77th Annual Meeting Abstracts (2015) / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156 (2015) e2–e101
83% to 100%, and none of the participants missed more than one counseling session. There was a significant decrease in opioid (heroin) use, 68% of the participants reported using heroin at 1 month, 13% at 2 months and none after 3 months of treatment. Fifty-one (35.2%) were HIV- positive, with four not previously known to be positive. All 51 HIV-positive participants received HIV treatment. Eighty-nine (68.0%) were HCV-positive, 42 (46.7%) were newly diagnosed. Only 2 participants (2.4%) had received HCV treatment. Conclusions: At 6-month, the findings showed the added value of an integrated treatment program on drug use, HIV detection, and access to HIV care. Long-term follow-up is needed to confirm the impact of this program. Financial support: NIDA R01-DA033671-01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1071 Mechanisms and reversal of adolescent cocaine-induced habits Lauren DePoy 1,2,3,∗ , Shannon Gourley 1,2,3 1 Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States 2 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States 3 Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Aims: Adolescence is a period of vulnerability to the development of many psychiatric disorders, including substance dependence disorders. Incubation of certain biological factors associated with addiction may play a causal role. We explored this hypothesis in the context of cocaine-induced stimulus-response habits, which are considered a factor in the development and maintenance of addiction. Methods: Adolescent or adult male C57BL6/J mice were exposed to cocaine (10 mg/kg i.p.), and decision-making strategies were characterized using response-outcome contingency degradation. Transgenic mice expressing thy1-derived YFP were utilized for dendrite and dendritic spine imaging. In separate experiments, STI-571, an Abl-family kinase inhibitor, was infused into the orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex (oPFC). Alternatively, fasudil, a Rhokinase inhibitor, or ifenprodil, an NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonist, were administered systemically. All compounds were delivered immediately following response-outcome contingency degradation, but before a subsequent probe test. Results: Mice with a history of subchronic cocaine exposure in adolescence developed stimulus-response habits at the expense of engaging in goal-directed decision-making strategies. In addition, oPFC dendritic spines were eliminated and dendrites were simplified. oPFC targeted infusion of STI-571 eliminated dendritic spines and biased responding towards stimulus-response habits, recapitulating the effects of adolescent cocaine. Conversely, fasudil and ifenprodil blocked cocaine-induced habits. Conclusions: Together, these findings suggest that adolescent cocaine exposure confers behavioral vulnerabilities to stimulusresponse habits in adulthood by altering cellular structure during development. Novel treatment strategies should aim to reverse the chronic effects of adolescent cocaine exposure, including behavioral, morphological, and neuroplastic consequences. Financial support: NIH DA034808, DA015040, the Emory Egleston Children’s Research Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, and P51OD11132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1072
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Non-oral abuse of immediate-release hydrocodone Angela DeVeaugh-Geiss ∗ , Howard Chilcoat, Nelson Sessler, Paul Coplan Purdue Pharma, Stamford, CT, United States Aims: Immediate-release (IR) hydrocodone combination products (e.g, IR hydrocodone/acetaminophen) are the most frequently prescribed and most abused opioid analgesics. Most IR hydrocodone abuse occurs through oral routes; however, data on non-oral abuse is limited. Therefore, non-oral abuse of IR hydrocodone was examined in 2 pharmacoepidemiologic studies. Methods: The study populations comprise substance abuse treatment-seeking individuals in the US (NAVIPPRO; 4Q11-1Q13) and opioid abusers in rural Kentucky (interviewed 12/10-09/11). Outcomes for the NAVIPPRO study include the number and proportion of individuals reporting intranasal or intravenous (IV) abuse of IR hydrocodone, and the opioid comparators IR oxycodone singleentity (SE) and extended-release (ER) morphine. Outcomes for the Kentucky study include the prevalence and frequency of intranasal and IV abuse among respondents. Results: The absolute number of individuals reporting intranasal abuse of IR hydrocodone was 316–355 per quarter (21–25% of all individuals reporting IR hydrocodone abuse), compared to 43–63 per quarter for ER morphine, or 21–28% of individuals abusing ER morphine. IV abuse of IR hydrocodone was rare, with approximately 15 individuals reporting IV abuse per quarter (∼1% of individuals reporting IR hydrocodone abuse), compared to 84–172 per quarter for ER morphine, or approximately 50–70% of ER morphine abusers. In the sample of rural Kentucky opioid abusers, 65% reported past 30-day intranasal IR hydrocodone abuse (mean days/month = 14); no respondents reported IV abuse of IR hydrocodone. Conclusions: Although the proportion of individuals entering substance abuse treatment who report snorting as a route of abuse for IR hydrocodone is relatively low, because IR hydrocodone is so widely abused the number of individuals snorting IR hydrocodone exceeds that of the comparator opioids. Within the sample of rural Kentucky opioid abusers, almost two-thirds reported snorting IR hydrocodone, with a relatively high frequency. Financial support: Funded by Purdue Pharma LP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1073 Facebook as a locating and tracking strategy among rural drug-using women Megan F. Dickson 1,∗ , Michele Staton-Tindall 2 , Carl Leukefeld 3 , Matthew Webster 3 , Carrie B. Oser 4 1 Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 2 College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 3 Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 4 Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Aims: The popularity of social media has exploded among the public in recent years, with Facebook (FB) leading the way. Individuals living in rural communities are just as likely as those living in urban areas to be FB users (71% vs. 75%; Duggan and Smith, 2013). Despite its popularity, FB has been underutilized in public health research to maintain contact with research participants.
83% to 100%, and none of the participants missed more than one counseling session. There was a significant decrease in opioid (heroin) use, 68% of the participants reported using heroin at 1 month, 13% at 2 months and none after 3 months of treatment. Fifty-one (35.2%) were HIV- positive, with four not previously known to be positive. All 51 HIV-positive participants received HIV treatment. Eighty-nine (68.0%) were HCV-positive, 42 (46.7%) were newly diagnosed. Only 2 participants (2.4%) had received HCV treatment. Conclusions: At 6-month, the findings showed the added value of an integrated treatment program on drug use, HIV detection, and access to HIV care. Long-term follow-up is needed to confirm the impact of this program. Financial support: NIDA R01-DA033671-01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1071 Mechanisms and reversal of adolescent cocaine-induced habits Lauren DePoy 1,2,3,∗ , Shannon Gourley 1,2,3 1 Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States 2 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States 3 Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Aims: Adolescence is a period of vulnerability to the development of many psychiatric disorders, including substance dependence disorders. Incubation of certain biological factors associated with addiction may play a causal role. We explored this hypothesis in the context of cocaine-induced stimulus-response habits, which are considered a factor in the development and maintenance of addiction. Methods: Adolescent or adult male C57BL6/J mice were exposed to cocaine (10 mg/kg i.p.), and decision-making strategies were characterized using response-outcome contingency degradation. Transgenic mice expressing thy1-derived YFP were utilized for dendrite and dendritic spine imaging. In separate experiments, STI-571, an Abl-family kinase inhibitor, was infused into the orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex (oPFC). Alternatively, fasudil, a Rhokinase inhibitor, or ifenprodil, an NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonist, were administered systemically. All compounds were delivered immediately following response-outcome contingency degradation, but before a subsequent probe test. Results: Mice with a history of subchronic cocaine exposure in adolescence developed stimulus-response habits at the expense of engaging in goal-directed decision-making strategies. In addition, oPFC dendritic spines were eliminated and dendrites were simplified. oPFC targeted infusion of STI-571 eliminated dendritic spines and biased responding towards stimulus-response habits, recapitulating the effects of adolescent cocaine. Conversely, fasudil and ifenprodil blocked cocaine-induced habits. Conclusions: Together, these findings suggest that adolescent cocaine exposure confers behavioral vulnerabilities to stimulusresponse habits in adulthood by altering cellular structure during development. Novel treatment strategies should aim to reverse the chronic effects of adolescent cocaine exposure, including behavioral, morphological, and neuroplastic consequences. Financial support: NIH DA034808, DA015040, the Emory Egleston Children’s Research Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, and P51OD11132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1072
e57
Non-oral abuse of immediate-release hydrocodone Angela DeVeaugh-Geiss ∗ , Howard Chilcoat, Nelson Sessler, Paul Coplan Purdue Pharma, Stamford, CT, United States Aims: Immediate-release (IR) hydrocodone combination products (e.g, IR hydrocodone/acetaminophen) are the most frequently prescribed and most abused opioid analgesics. Most IR hydrocodone abuse occurs through oral routes; however, data on non-oral abuse is limited. Therefore, non-oral abuse of IR hydrocodone was examined in 2 pharmacoepidemiologic studies. Methods: The study populations comprise substance abuse treatment-seeking individuals in the US (NAVIPPRO; 4Q11-1Q13) and opioid abusers in rural Kentucky (interviewed 12/10-09/11). Outcomes for the NAVIPPRO study include the number and proportion of individuals reporting intranasal or intravenous (IV) abuse of IR hydrocodone, and the opioid comparators IR oxycodone singleentity (SE) and extended-release (ER) morphine. Outcomes for the Kentucky study include the prevalence and frequency of intranasal and IV abuse among respondents. Results: The absolute number of individuals reporting intranasal abuse of IR hydrocodone was 316–355 per quarter (21–25% of all individuals reporting IR hydrocodone abuse), compared to 43–63 per quarter for ER morphine, or 21–28% of individuals abusing ER morphine. IV abuse of IR hydrocodone was rare, with approximately 15 individuals reporting IV abuse per quarter (∼1% of individuals reporting IR hydrocodone abuse), compared to 84–172 per quarter for ER morphine, or approximately 50–70% of ER morphine abusers. In the sample of rural Kentucky opioid abusers, 65% reported past 30-day intranasal IR hydrocodone abuse (mean days/month = 14); no respondents reported IV abuse of IR hydrocodone. Conclusions: Although the proportion of individuals entering substance abuse treatment who report snorting as a route of abuse for IR hydrocodone is relatively low, because IR hydrocodone is so widely abused the number of individuals snorting IR hydrocodone exceeds that of the comparator opioids. Within the sample of rural Kentucky opioid abusers, almost two-thirds reported snorting IR hydrocodone, with a relatively high frequency. Financial support: Funded by Purdue Pharma LP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1073 Facebook as a locating and tracking strategy among rural drug-using women Megan F. Dickson 1,∗ , Michele Staton-Tindall 2 , Carl Leukefeld 3 , Matthew Webster 3 , Carrie B. Oser 4 1 Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 2 College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 3 Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 4 Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Aims: The popularity of social media has exploded among the public in recent years, with Facebook (FB) leading the way. Individuals living in rural communities are just as likely as those living in urban areas to be FB users (71% vs. 75%; Duggan and Smith, 2013). Despite its popularity, FB has been underutilized in public health research to maintain contact with research participants.