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On copying drawings, and use the graver
*,
T8E
FRANKLIN JOURNAL AKD
AIUERICAN MECBANICS'
MAGAZIXE.
9
in strokes with a point, the copper-plate being co1. Flnpmhg vered with a grountl, and the strokes aftcrwartls corroded with aqua fortis. 2. In strokes, with t!le graver alone, unassisted by aqua fortis. In this instance the de+: is traced with the dry point (which is a sharp tool) upon the plate, and the strokes are cut in the copper by the graver. This is generally called eugraving with the tool and dry poiiit, only. S. In strokes, but which are first etched with aqua fortis, and then finished wifh the graver: by which the two former methods arc united. ‘I‘his mode is the most universally practised, and has also the best eficct. 4. In dots, without strokes, which are performed with the point upon the wax or ground, and then bitten-in with aqua fortis, as in et,ching; but they arc aftorwartls hnrmonizcd and softened with dots between them. the graver, by makin, G several small additional Sometimes this mode of etJgra.virrg is ctliicted with the graver only, unassisted by the point, wlr~ch is \cry often the cast in the flesh, and 5. In dots, which are first etched as the the finer parts of’portraits. forypiug, Iht ;&envaui~ Iram~o!lizetl bx Jhe dry point, performed by I his operation is called opus a little hammer, instead of the graver. It was practisetl by Lutma and mfdki, or the work of the haninicr. 6. lu mezzatinto, which is erothers, but is nom newly exploded. formed by coveri:lg t!le plate with a strong dark ground, or rPeep shade, by mean5 01‘n f~crthctl tool, and corroding the dots with aqua ‘j’lrt: IJiIi’(s \\,!iirh WC to bc light, ill‘late !cft. upon a table, till it is cool. In the mean time. take a I)iccc of tmnsparcnt paper, and fastening it upon the original &sign, 111the usual manner for tracing, dw the whole of the ourlines m the most accurate manner, witlw black-lead pencil. The outline thus sketched, may be turned down upon the white ww, with which the plate is coated, and upon its being subjeded to the action of a press: such as is used for packing, or kept between several thicknesses of’paper: under a heavy weight, for an hour ix t:vo, on t;Lkiug it (JUt, the lhes on the transparent paper will be ncarL,y eradicated, but a lively copy of them will be found transferrc~l to llie white was on the plate, in the reversed position, which is ~xk~ss::~~yto make an imprrssion of the finished plate, resemble the firi$itill. now traced with a fine ‘I’hc pmr,il ma.rks on the xiln, b-ing )I C \_<,1., IF.--3% I,--J~L,Y, !SSG. IllilJ-
be
10
‘WE
FKANKLlN
JOURZI’AL
AXD
SO as just to touch the copper, the wax may be mehI outhue of the ctcs+a, wi\I bc Found on the plateWhen any sdl, subordinate part of a de&n, is to be transfeid t0 the plate, the emcees is the same, except t?lat the transpsrent paper is merely held down On the plat.e, and rubbed on the back with the burnish& instead Of pressing. 1t is nnw necessary to use the graver, the knob of the handie of which shoultl rc-st ;~~Binst the hollok of the hantl, the fore-finger ex-
steel
point,
~8, snd a perfw’t
tended
titwardr
tlla point, the thumb
on one side, and three
fingers
on the otlm, in such ii nmnnrr that the graver ma.y be applied flatly to the plate, pr~5sd fi~~~ard with greater or less Ibrce, or Wholly stoppi, as ortxsion rrxluircs, in any’ part Of its progress. The an. ncxetl engraving may, hOwever, best illustrate the operation.
AMERICAN
MECIIANICS’ blAGAZIRE.
,
11
is necessary for it t9 but it is no hinderance broad strokes were would be such as to overand very slight imperfections of the strokes, may be rubbed out with the burnisher; thosr which are rather deeper, will require the scraper, and afterwards the burnisher; but to take out the deepest strokes, the copper must be hammered up on the back, and when the defective part is so much raised, that the false strokes will disappear by reducing it to the gegera! level. it must be rubbed as in polishing a plate at first, and fiuished with a piece of soft charcoal. When sculpture is represented. as it is always supposed to be white marble, or sione, the en$ravil>g should be light and smooth, the eye should have no pupil, and a certain degree of stiffness, or clotted appearance, must 1~:given to the hair. Lmen, sl~ould be represented by smaller, and clost:r lines, lhan other sorts of cloth, and *b-y single strokes, exctrpt in some of the shades where it may occasIonally be proper to !lavc double strokes, to produce a good effect. Woollen clotll shou!d have two strokes, and they ought to be fine or wide according to the supposed filieucss or coarseness of its texture. In cross!tlF the strokc~., the second should be finer than the frst. NIIT~IIIXstaf& such a; silk or s&in, rcquirc strokes which are hnrdc:r all’d straighter tl~at others ; wllcn their cnlours are bright, they are done with. a single stroke ; when dark, they require a double one ; and the first strokes s!~uitl be interlined by others, which are finer. Shining metals, ;g,lass, and smooth water, require clean siilgle strokes, interlined by hner , except at the place of strongest refection, where the strokes should be single. For smooth water, the strokes must be horizontal; in rufiled water, they must follow the course of the wav-s. In representing mountains, the direction of the lines should be frequently int.errupted, to shew the irregularities of the surface; but the ~~ealer 11~::distance, the less of this should be perceived. 0 Dark clouds, greatly exercise the skill sf the engraver, and generally require two strokes. Somet.imes one set ot the strokes are curved, ar~tl the other straight; sometimes both are curved ; but in all cases, the intervals are more lozenge than for other objects. A serene sky, is represented by strokes parallel to the horizon, or by strokes following the same direction, but gently waved. According to the general rule for the sky? the strokes must be gradually stronger as they recede from the horizon. In tke*!ights of drapery, and other parts, where a few fine strokes are required, they should be put in with the dry-point, as that will be of the utmost rmportance. The direct light of the sun falling u on copper, produces a glare which preventd
12
I
THE
FRANKLIN
JOURNAL
AND
the window at which the artist‘sits, and the light he receives passes through it. Even of those engravings which are considered as wholly executed by the tool, the dark shadows, and such objects as trees, are usually done by etching, to which we nom proceed. (TO BE COSTINUBD.)
EFiGIJSlI
PATENTS.
StffJ%r(l, G’enflm~~a~for hi8 Invention +fuctu7+lcg I+F.s fbr *sealed
811~ .h!zcgztst,
the Conveymace
’u new niiethod of fMmuWkter and other lTuidss.
1825.
His patent. has two objects; first, to make pipes of clay, by a particular process; an,!, secondly, to unite those pipes, so as to form lengths of any inclehnite extent. In tlrcbfirst‘iristaflce, cylindrical plu s of wood are provided, equal. in dialneter to the intended bore of t !S.e pipe, and of any suitable or convenient Icngth; the plugs are to be coated on the outsides with soft clay, misetl up arid laid on in the usual way of making pottery WIW ; a hollow c~lirltlricnl ~noulrl is then provided, consisting of two half cylinders, wl~icll when united and securely fastened togethel;, form lhc moultl for tbc outside of the inlendcd pipe ; the cylindncnl wooden plug, with lhc clay surrounding it, is then passed throqh the Ilollow n1ou11!, ;illtl bci1rg squeezed hard, the superfluous rsattcr b~omes scrap~:~! trif’iu its pr~gess, and leaves the earthen pipe form., et1 upon its plug. I\‘!ICII this pipe has been dried, it may be readily drawn oft’ tlrt. ~lluq, and is :beu baked in the usual manner. Two cli2~~~ni sixotl pipes are thus to be made, the lesser pipes ex-. ncilg fitted to pass ficcly through the inside of the larger. The lesser pipes btr,~,, b’*(p i~~tror!uc:~tl into the Iarge~, the space between them is to be fillt~l ~~11 liquid cement of any kind, that is not subject to be aft’ected by moisture, (Parker’s cenlent is proposed,) and in thus uniting the popes, care must be taken that the joints, or ends of the two inner apes, are sufliciently covered by the outer pipes, for what is technica f ly called, blocking the joints. Enrolled, October, 18.25.
--_To WILLL~N TVrwos of
G11m2~~rgm.
--.--
of Newbon Noflage, in the Comfy Ji)p hi8 Znvention of certain Zmproveif Salt, part OJ’wiLich improvements are
Youm,
Bi~gitx~r,
71w1~tsii8 the i~hqfkcltr~e q~plirable to ollw us+1
purposes.
Thcrc are two cQccts proposed under this patent ; the first, is to plncc irou rafiers autl plates between the furnace, and the under side pi the boiler ill nhic:h the salt is to be evaporated, in order to prercut the irmetli~rtc :&on of the fire against the boiler ; cvhich, ipl he ordiunry construction of salt pans, and their fire-places, is very
T8E
FRANKLIN JOURNAL AKD
AIUERICAN MECBANICS'
MAGAZIXE.
9
in strokes with a point, the copper-plate being co1. Flnpmhg vered with a grountl, and the strokes aftcrwartls corroded with aqua fortis. 2. In strokes, with t!le graver alone, unassisted by aqua fortis. In this instance the de+: is traced with the dry point (which is a sharp tool) upon the plate, and the strokes are cut in the copper by the graver. This is generally called eugraving with the tool and dry poiiit, only. S. In strokes, but which are first etched with aqua fortis, and then finished wifh the graver: by which the two former methods arc united. ‘I‘his mode is the most universally practised, and has also the best eficct. 4. In dots, without strokes, which are performed with the point upon the wax or ground, and then bitten-in with aqua fortis, as in et,ching; but they arc aftorwartls hnrmonizcd and softened with dots between them. the graver, by makin, G several small additional Sometimes this mode of etJgra.virrg is ctliicted with the graver only, unassisted by the point, wlr~ch is \cry often the cast in the flesh, and 5. In dots, which are first etched as the the finer parts of’portraits. forypiug, Iht ;&envaui~ Iram~o!lizetl bx Jhe dry point, performed by I his operation is called opus a little hammer, instead of the graver. It was practisetl by Lutma and mfdki, or the work of the haninicr. 6. lu mezzatinto, which is erothers, but is nom newly exploded. formed by coveri:lg t!le plate with a strong dark ground, or rPeep shade, by mean5 01‘n f~crthctl tool, and corroding the dots with aqua ‘j’lrt: IJiIi’(s \\,!iirh WC to bc light, ill‘late !cft. upon a table, till it is cool. In the mean time. take a I)iccc of tmnsparcnt paper, and fastening it upon the original &sign, 111the usual manner for tracing, dw the whole of the ourlines m the most accurate manner, witlw black-lead pencil. The outline thus sketched, may be turned down upon the white ww, with which the plate is coated, and upon its being subjeded to the action of a press: such as is used for packing, or kept between several thicknesses of’paper: under a heavy weight, for an hour ix t:vo, on t;Lkiug it (JUt, the lhes on the transparent paper will be ncarL,y eradicated, but a lively copy of them will be found transferrc~l to llie white was on the plate, in the reversed position, which is ~xk~ss::~~yto make an imprrssion of the finished plate, resemble the firi$itill. now traced with a fine ‘I’hc pmr,il ma.rks on the xiln, b-ing )I C \_<,1., IF.--3% I,--J~L,Y, !SSG. IllilJ-
be
10
‘WE
FKANKLlN
JOURZI’AL
AXD
SO as just to touch the copper, the wax may be mehI outhue of the ctcs+a, wi\I bc Found on the plateWhen any sdl, subordinate part of a de&n, is to be transfeid t0 the plate, the emcees is the same, except t?lat the transpsrent paper is merely held down On the plat.e, and rubbed on the back with the burnish& instead Of pressing. 1t is nnw necessary to use the graver, the knob of the handie of which shoultl rc-st ;~~Binst the hollok of the hantl, the fore-finger ex-
steel
point,
~8, snd a perfw’t
tended
titwardr
tlla point, the thumb
on one side, and three
fingers
on the otlm, in such ii nmnnrr that the graver ma.y be applied flatly to the plate, pr~5sd fi~~~ard with greater or less Ibrce, or Wholly stoppi, as ortxsion rrxluircs, in any’ part Of its progress. The an. ncxetl engraving may, hOwever, best illustrate the operation.
AMERICAN
MECIIANICS’ blAGAZIRE.
,
11
is necessary for it t9 but it is no hinderance broad strokes were would be such as to overand very slight imperfections of the strokes, may be rubbed out with the burnisher; thosr which are rather deeper, will require the scraper, and afterwards the burnisher; but to take out the deepest strokes, the copper must be hammered up on the back, and when the defective part is so much raised, that the false strokes will disappear by reducing it to the gegera! level. it must be rubbed as in polishing a plate at first, and fiuished with a piece of soft charcoal. When sculpture is represented. as it is always supposed to be white marble, or sione, the en$ravil>g should be light and smooth, the eye should have no pupil, and a certain degree of stiffness, or clotted appearance, must 1~:given to the hair. Lmen, sl~ould be represented by smaller, and clost:r lines, lhan other sorts of cloth, and *b-y single strokes, exctrpt in some of the shades where it may occasIonally be proper to !lavc double strokes, to produce a good effect. Woollen clotll shou!d have two strokes, and they ought to be fine or wide according to the supposed filieucss or coarseness of its texture. In cross!tlF the strokc~., the second should be finer than the frst. NIIT~IIIXstaf& such a; silk or s&in, rcquirc strokes which are hnrdc:r all’d straighter tl~at others ; wllcn their cnlours are bright, they are done with. a single stroke ; when dark, they require a double one ; and the first strokes s!~uitl be interlined by others, which are finer. Shining metals, ;g,lass, and smooth water, require clean siilgle strokes, interlined by hner , except at the place of strongest refection, where the strokes should be single. For smooth water, the strokes must be horizontal; in rufiled water, they must follow the course of the wav-s. In representing mountains, the direction of the lines should be frequently int.errupted, to shew the irregularities of the surface; but the ~~ealer 11~::distance, the less of this should be perceived. 0 Dark clouds, greatly exercise the skill sf the engraver, and generally require two strokes. Somet.imes one set ot the strokes are curved, ar~tl the other straight; sometimes both are curved ; but in all cases, the intervals are more lozenge than for other objects. A serene sky, is represented by strokes parallel to the horizon, or by strokes following the same direction, but gently waved. According to the general rule for the sky? the strokes must be gradually stronger as they recede from the horizon. In tke*!ights of drapery, and other parts, where a few fine strokes are required, they should be put in with the dry-point, as that will be of the utmost rmportance. The direct light of the sun falling u on copper, produces a glare which preventd
12
I
THE
FRANKLIN
JOURNAL
AND
the window at which the artist‘sits, and the light he receives passes through it. Even of those engravings which are considered as wholly executed by the tool, the dark shadows, and such objects as trees, are usually done by etching, to which we nom proceed. (TO BE COSTINUBD.)
EFiGIJSlI
PATENTS.
StffJ%r(l, G’enflm~~a~for hi8 Invention +fuctu7+lcg I+F.s fbr *sealed
811~ .h!zcgztst,
the Conveymace
’u new niiethod of fMmuWkter and other lTuidss.
1825.
His patent. has two objects; first, to make pipes of clay, by a particular process; an,!, secondly, to unite those pipes, so as to form lengths of any inclehnite extent. In tlrcbfirst‘iristaflce, cylindrical plu s of wood are provided, equal. in dialneter to the intended bore of t !S.e pipe, and of any suitable or convenient Icngth; the plugs are to be coated on the outsides with soft clay, misetl up arid laid on in the usual way of making pottery WIW ; a hollow c~lirltlricnl ~noulrl is then provided, consisting of two half cylinders, wl~icll when united and securely fastened togethel;, form lhc moultl for tbc outside of the inlendcd pipe ; the cylindncnl wooden plug, with lhc clay surrounding it, is then passed throqh the Ilollow n1ou11!, ;illtl bci1rg squeezed hard, the superfluous rsattcr b~omes scrap~:~! trif’iu its pr~gess, and leaves the earthen pipe form., et1 upon its plug. I\‘!ICII this pipe has been dried, it may be readily drawn oft’ tlrt. ~lluq, and is :beu baked in the usual manner. Two cli2~~~ni sixotl pipes are thus to be made, the lesser pipes ex-. ncilg fitted to pass ficcly through the inside of the larger. The lesser pipes btr,~,, b’*(p i~~tror!uc:~tl into the Iarge~, the space between them is to be fillt~l ~~11 liquid cement of any kind, that is not subject to be aft’ected by moisture, (Parker’s cenlent is proposed,) and in thus uniting the popes, care must be taken that the joints, or ends of the two inner apes, are sufliciently covered by the outer pipes, for what is technica f ly called, blocking the joints. Enrolled, October, 18.25.
--_To WILLL~N TVrwos of
G11m2~~rgm.
--.--
of Newbon Noflage, in the Comfy Ji)p hi8 Znvention of certain Zmproveif Salt, part OJ’wiLich improvements are
Youm,
Bi~gitx~r,
71w1~tsii8 the i~hqfkcltr~e q~plirable to ollw us+1
purposes.
Thcrc are two cQccts proposed under this patent ; the first, is to plncc irou rafiers autl plates between the furnace, and the under side pi the boiler ill nhic:h the salt is to be evaporated, in order to prercut the irmetli~rtc :&on of the fire against the boiler ; cvhich, ipl he ordiunry construction of salt pans, and their fire-places, is very