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On the wind characteristics over the sea
Oceanographic Abstracts
601
KAWAMUl~ B. and T. SATe, 1963. Scoria-fall at the northeastward of Miyake Sima (Miyake Island) in 1962. (In Japanese; Eng. abstr.). Hydrogr. Bull., Tokyo, No. 73 (Publ. No. 981): 1-5. The bottom sediments, dredged from the northeastward of Miyake Sima, contain remarkable scoria grains erupted from Miyake Sima in 1962. When the drift due to current is corrected, the size and weight of scoria grains are very similar to the distribution of the scoria bed on land. KAWANABE Y., 1963. On the wind characteristics over the sea. (In Japanese; Eng. abstr.).
Umi to Sofa, 39 (3): 97-104. The wind structure and the variation of wind characteristics were discussed on the basis of observations in Osaka Bay from 18 to 22 January 1963. The turbulences under the influence of Awaji Island were found from the coast to a point about 10 km offshore for westerly monsoons. The gust factor and the intensity of turbulence over the sea were 1-3 and 0.I on an average, respectively. The scales of turbulence were obtained at some points. IO~TCHUM BOSTWmK H. and NATHANmL CORWIN, 1964. The persistence of " w i n t e r " water on the continental shelf south of Long Island, New York. Limnol. Oceanogr., 9 (4): 467-475. The deep water on the continental sbelf south of Montauk Point, Long Island, remains cold throughout the summer. Since this cold-water pool is surrounded by warmer water, it appears to be formed in the winter and to persist, with only gradual modification, for several months. The temperature and salinity of the water in this area have been observed on twenty cruises made during a 3-yr period. The cycle of temperature is described. The salinity changes in the deep water as it gradually warms are used to evaluate qualitatively whether the temperature change in each year was associated with admixture of higher-salinity warmer offshore waters or lowersalinity, warmer surface waters. The average salinity of the water on the continental shelf was closely correlated with the 6month average river flow of the Connecticut River, and it is shown that the salinity can be predicted to within error of estimate of approximately 0"3%° from this river flow. KHAN KHAN UMARDARAZ a n d YOSHiO HIYAMA, 1964. Mutual effect of Sr-Ca upon their uptake by fish and freshwater plants. Rec. Oceanogr. Wks., Japan, 7 (2): 107-122. The present investigations were carried out to determine whether the existence or addition of stable calcium or strontium affect the uptake of 8gSr and 45Ca by several freshwater organisms and a few marine fishes from environmental water and from their food. There were two types of experiment. The test organisms were reared in plastic and wooden tanks lined with polyethylene film and filled with 50-80 I. of water with various concentrations of stable calcium and strontium labelled by 89Sr and 45Ca, to determine the uptake of these from the environmental water through epithelial tissue. In the other series fishes were subjected to higher Ca-diet to evaluate its effect upon the incorporation of 9aSr and 45Ca into the organisms. KIHARA KOJO and N. MOROOKA, 1962. Studies on marine chitin-decomposing bacteria. 1. Classification and description of species. 3". Oceanogr. Soc., Japan, 18 (3): 147-152. Six strains of marine chitin-decomposing bacteria were isolated from the sea bottom deposits of Kisarazu Coast in Tokyo Bay and studied taxonomically. Effects of sodium chloride and sea water in an aqueous medium on chitin decomposition were investigated. KINo E. R., 1. ZlETZ and L. R. ALLDREDGE, 1964. Genesis of the Arctic Ocean Basin. Highaltitude aeromagnetic surveys provide new data on the earth's crust in this remote area. Science, 144 (3626): 1551-1557. Although the geologic-magnetic evidence that at least one part of the Arctic basin is underlaid by continental rocks apparently conflicts with the seismologic-gravity evidence that the deep-water areas have an oceanic crust, the data are not irreconcilable. It should be emphasized that all the geophysical interpretations are based on empirical methods or on arbitrary initial assumptions about densities and layering. Thus, transmission of the Lg phase is a criterion which may not be valid for a structurally complex situation. Dispersion analyses are based on comparisons with theoretical curves, and errors may be introduced in correcting for nonoceanic segments of the wave path. There is a considerable spread in the results of calculations based on various empirical formulas relating Bouguer gravity values to crustal thickness. Although the free-air gravity anomaly is close to zero in the deep-water areas, indicating higher-density material somewhere in the column of underlying rock, this requirement can be satisfied by density distributions other than that of a thin crust over dense mantle material. The seismological results can be largely accounted for if the Eurasian Basin is a genuine oceanic basin with a thin crust. Most of the earthquake paths used for both the Lg studies and the Rayleigha n d Love-wave dispersion studies cross this basin, which may not transmit the Lg phase. An estimate o f crustal thickness derived from the dispersion analyses may be an average value rather than the actual thickness for either of the basins taken separately. The formation of deep basins by subsidence of a crustal segment implies a mechanism for overcoming the initial isostatic conditions, because a sunken block of crustal material will displace a large volume of denser mantle material. Removal of crustal material from the base of the block
601
KAWAMUl~ B. and T. SATe, 1963. Scoria-fall at the northeastward of Miyake Sima (Miyake Island) in 1962. (In Japanese; Eng. abstr.). Hydrogr. Bull., Tokyo, No. 73 (Publ. No. 981): 1-5. The bottom sediments, dredged from the northeastward of Miyake Sima, contain remarkable scoria grains erupted from Miyake Sima in 1962. When the drift due to current is corrected, the size and weight of scoria grains are very similar to the distribution of the scoria bed on land. KAWANABE Y., 1963. On the wind characteristics over the sea. (In Japanese; Eng. abstr.).
Umi to Sofa, 39 (3): 97-104. The wind structure and the variation of wind characteristics were discussed on the basis of observations in Osaka Bay from 18 to 22 January 1963. The turbulences under the influence of Awaji Island were found from the coast to a point about 10 km offshore for westerly monsoons. The gust factor and the intensity of turbulence over the sea were 1-3 and 0.I on an average, respectively. The scales of turbulence were obtained at some points. IO~TCHUM BOSTWmK H. and NATHANmL CORWIN, 1964. The persistence of " w i n t e r " water on the continental shelf south of Long Island, New York. Limnol. Oceanogr., 9 (4): 467-475. The deep water on the continental sbelf south of Montauk Point, Long Island, remains cold throughout the summer. Since this cold-water pool is surrounded by warmer water, it appears to be formed in the winter and to persist, with only gradual modification, for several months. The temperature and salinity of the water in this area have been observed on twenty cruises made during a 3-yr period. The cycle of temperature is described. The salinity changes in the deep water as it gradually warms are used to evaluate qualitatively whether the temperature change in each year was associated with admixture of higher-salinity warmer offshore waters or lowersalinity, warmer surface waters. The average salinity of the water on the continental shelf was closely correlated with the 6month average river flow of the Connecticut River, and it is shown that the salinity can be predicted to within error of estimate of approximately 0"3%° from this river flow. KHAN KHAN UMARDARAZ a n d YOSHiO HIYAMA, 1964. Mutual effect of Sr-Ca upon their uptake by fish and freshwater plants. Rec. Oceanogr. Wks., Japan, 7 (2): 107-122. The present investigations were carried out to determine whether the existence or addition of stable calcium or strontium affect the uptake of 8gSr and 45Ca by several freshwater organisms and a few marine fishes from environmental water and from their food. There were two types of experiment. The test organisms were reared in plastic and wooden tanks lined with polyethylene film and filled with 50-80 I. of water with various concentrations of stable calcium and strontium labelled by 89Sr and 45Ca, to determine the uptake of these from the environmental water through epithelial tissue. In the other series fishes were subjected to higher Ca-diet to evaluate its effect upon the incorporation of 9aSr and 45Ca into the organisms. KIHARA KOJO and N. MOROOKA, 1962. Studies on marine chitin-decomposing bacteria. 1. Classification and description of species. 3". Oceanogr. Soc., Japan, 18 (3): 147-152. Six strains of marine chitin-decomposing bacteria were isolated from the sea bottom deposits of Kisarazu Coast in Tokyo Bay and studied taxonomically. Effects of sodium chloride and sea water in an aqueous medium on chitin decomposition were investigated. KINo E. R., 1. ZlETZ and L. R. ALLDREDGE, 1964. Genesis of the Arctic Ocean Basin. Highaltitude aeromagnetic surveys provide new data on the earth's crust in this remote area. Science, 144 (3626): 1551-1557. Although the geologic-magnetic evidence that at least one part of the Arctic basin is underlaid by continental rocks apparently conflicts with the seismologic-gravity evidence that the deep-water areas have an oceanic crust, the data are not irreconcilable. It should be emphasized that all the geophysical interpretations are based on empirical methods or on arbitrary initial assumptions about densities and layering. Thus, transmission of the Lg phase is a criterion which may not be valid for a structurally complex situation. Dispersion analyses are based on comparisons with theoretical curves, and errors may be introduced in correcting for nonoceanic segments of the wave path. There is a considerable spread in the results of calculations based on various empirical formulas relating Bouguer gravity values to crustal thickness. Although the free-air gravity anomaly is close to zero in the deep-water areas, indicating higher-density material somewhere in the column of underlying rock, this requirement can be satisfied by density distributions other than that of a thin crust over dense mantle material. The seismological results can be largely accounted for if the Eurasian Basin is a genuine oceanic basin with a thin crust. Most of the earthquake paths used for both the Lg studies and the Rayleigha n d Love-wave dispersion studies cross this basin, which may not transmit the Lg phase. An estimate o f crustal thickness derived from the dispersion analyses may be an average value rather than the actual thickness for either of the basins taken separately. The formation of deep basins by subsidence of a crustal segment implies a mechanism for overcoming the initial isostatic conditions, because a sunken block of crustal material will displace a large volume of denser mantle material. Removal of crustal material from the base of the block