Open Communication Protocols for Building Automation Systems

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The 3rd International workshop on Recent advances on Internet of Things: Technology and Application Approaches(IoT-T&A 2019) The 3rd International workshop onCoimbra, Recent advances November 4-7, 2019, Portugalon Internet of Things: Technology and Application Approaches(IoT-T&A 2019) November 4-7, 2019, Coimbra, Portugal

Open Communication Protocols for Building Automation Systems Open Communication Protocols for Building Automation Systems Karan Lohia,Yash Jain, Chintan Patel, Nishant Doshi* Pandit DeendayalJain, Petroleum University, Gandhinagar,India Karan Lohia,Yash Chintan Patel, Nishant Doshi*

Abstract

Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar,India

Abstract A Building Automation Systems (BAS) mainly focuses on automation of indoor conditions like Heating, Ventilation, lighting and Air-Conditioning. At the same time, its motive is to provide cost and energy efficient solutions and thereby making the buildings intelligent making theSystems Intelligent Building(IB), most important thing of becomes communication between the different devices. A BuildingInAutomation (BAS) mainly focuses on automation indoor the conditions like Heating, Ventilation, lighting and It is very importantAttothe choose right communication protocol for energy the communication between devices. In this we Air-Conditioning. same the time, its motive is to provide cost and efficient solutions andthe thereby making thepaper, buildings investigateInthe problems in different communication their becomes advantages which protocols should be used devices. in what intelligent making the Intelligent Building(IB), most protocols, important thing the and communication between the different situations. We will also conclude onecommunication protocol is not protocol enough for up the whole system. It is very important to choose thethat right forsetting the communication between the devices. In this paper, we investigate the problems in different communication protocols, their advantages and which protocols should be used in what situations. We will also conclude that one protocol is not enough for setting up the whole system. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Program Chairs. Peer-review under responsibility responsibility theConference Conference Peer-review under ofofthe Program Chairs. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under the Conference Program Chairs. Keywords: Type yourresponsibility keywords here,of separated by semicolons ; Keywords: Type your keywords here, separated by semicolons ;

1. Introduction 1. Introduction Since the dawn of time, mankind has endorsed the policy of 'comfort over everything'. It is no surprise then, humans have come up with creative solutions to the problems. Indeed, necessity is the mother of inventions. One doesn't need Since dawn has endorsed theLook policyatof overInternet everything'. It is no surprise then, humans to lookthe much faroffortime, one mankind such invention - Internet. our'comfort lives after was made public. Think of wonders have come up with creative solutions to the problems. Indeed, necessity is the mother of inventions. One doesn't need that can happen if Internet could be connected to all of the devices and not only computers. That time is not far away, to look much far for one such invention Internet. Look at our lives after Internet was made public. Think of wonders thanks to Internet of Things (IoT) [7] [8]. IoT helps us interconnect devices, which communicate among themselves that can happena if Internet could beautonomous connected tovehicle all of the devices and is notconnected only computers. Thatother time is not far on away, to accomplish task [7]. Consider (AV). An AV online with vehicles the thanks to Internet of Things (IoT) [7] [8]. IoT helps us interconnect devices, which communicate among themselves to accomplish a task [7]. Consider autonomous vehicle (AV). An AV is connected online with other vehicles on the * Corresponding author. Tel.:+917923275458; E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. Tel.:+917923275458; E-mail address: 1877-0509 © [email protected] The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review©under the Conference Program 1877-0509 2019responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier B.V. Chairs. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. 1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. 10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.020

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Karan Lohia et al. / Procedia Computer Science 160 (2019) 723–727 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

road and thereby, allowing vehicle-to-vehicle communication. This improves traffic management and road safety [9]. Similarly, we can interconnect other devices. One such area is buildings. All the components of buildings like HVAC can be controlled using communication between them. These buildings are called intelligent buildings. But as goes for any type of communication between entities, we need to establish some standards between them, or protocols. Building Automation Protocols are the rules and standards because of which communication is possible between different devices used for building automation [10]. Till Today, in most of the building automation systems, proprietary protocols are used. In these protocols also, different protocols are employed on different products of the same company. Gateways are used to integrate two different protocols. Gateway helps in converting from one protocol to other protocol. The development of gateway is not as easy as it sounds, as the developer should have knowledge about both the protocols. Also, because of gateways there is a lot of time wastage in conversion hence it slows down the response. The biggest challenge in using proprietary protocols is to add a new third-party subsystem into our system, as the protocols are not flexible enough to easily integrate a new subsystem [2]. Here comes the role of Open protocols. An open communication protocol allows vendors' equipment to interoperate without the need for proprietary interfaces or gateways. The main advantage of using open protocols is ease of expanding [11]. Many vendors use the same open protocols for their products and hence we get more choice. But with choice, comes responsibility. The open protocols are not interchangeable but are interoperable, that is, if one device implementing one protocol fails we cannot simply change it with another device using different open protocol [4]. We have to choose the protocol with considering the following points in our mind. Firstly, see the protocols with most number of products so that we don’t need to integrate more protocols. Secondly, we have to understand the cost involved. Thirdly, We have to take into consideration the standards defined by the government for our region and using our protocols don’t break those rules. Also, security is very important feature to consider because nowadays also some of the protocols lack the standard of security that should be maintained [6]. Open protocols can be mainly classified as Wired Protocols and Wireless Protocols. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages. While wireless protocols are more preferred for existing buildings because of its ease of installation, New buildings where performance and reliability are most important use wired protocols. Wireless Communication is quite cheap compared to Wired Communication. So, according to the situations we have to decide whether to use wireless or wired communications. We can also use the combination of both of them. Comparing different protocols will lead us to choose the best protocol that should be used in different situations and regions. Protocols will be compared on the basis of their type (Wired or Wireless), network topology they use, Medium used, transmission modes, their different applications in building automation, security, their advantages and the regions where they are most popular. The protocols that we will be comparing in this paper are: LonWorks, KNX, Bacnet, DALI, Enocean and Zigbee. 2. Protocols 2.1. BACnet BACnet stands for Building Automation and Control Network. It exclusively focusses on Building automation. It is most popular network protocol used by building automation system manufacturers worldwide use it for communication between different devices. It is supported and updated by ASHRAE. Currently, it is used by more than 800 vendors across wide range of products. Its flexible standards allow vendors to provide with custom and unique applications [1]. BACnet and LonWorks have overlapping scopes but both are not interoperable, but at system management level, Bacnet is still the first choice [3]. Five interoperability areas are defined in Bacnet which are device and network management, scheduling, data sharing, trending, alarm and event management [2]. BACnet complies



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with the ISO 16484-5 global standard, and is popularly used in the United States, Europe, and more than 30 other countries. 2.2. LonWorks Lonworks is an abbreviation for local operating network(LON). It is a control network system. It is based on the proprietary LonTalk protocol. LonWorks is basically a technology which consists of the various neuron chips from different vendors, the LonTalk protocol, the physical media that connects devices, various network management tools and all the products that are built around this platform [3][12]. It was developed specifically for building automation. It is a very popular technology across the world with millions of installed devices. It supports simple installation and flexible connectivity via different types of media. It is supported and promoted by LonMark International. This organization is responsible for developing standards and providing device certification. 2.3. DALI DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) is very useful for lighting control in building automation systems. DALI provides effective control over lighting by addressing each device separately. It supports 256 levels of brightness. High signal-to-noise ratio leads to reliable communication. Communication remains bidirectional so that we can take feedback of operating state of the lamp [14]. Its flexibility can be known by the fact that you can easily change the lamp in case of lamp failure. We can also integrate Emergency lighting with the help of this protocol. Up to 64 devices can be connected on a single DALI network [1]. Multiple networks can be connected through gateways. It is a worldwide standard. 2.4. KNX KNX is a internationally accepted standard for building automation. It is result of combination of three different standards: European Home Systems Protocol (EHS), BatiBUS and European Installation Bus (EIB)[3][5]. Its goal is to universally standardize communication between building automation devices for future evolution. It supports both multicast as well as point-to-point communication. Three configuration modes are supported by a KNX device. First one is Easy, second is system and final one is automatic. System mode is for sophisticated controls and require trained professional to work on it. For end user, it provides with the automatic mode. It works on Tree Topology which is very useful for large networks [3]. KNX Association is responsible for developing standards and providing device Certification. 2.5. EnOcean EnOcean technology is energy efficient wireless communication technology which was developed mainly for building automation. The protocol defines the use of energy harvesting devices which do not require any batteries or any other power source [13]. More than 800 certified products have been developed based on this protocol. Enocean devices use thermal and kinetic energy harvesting techniques which in turn leads to cost efficiency and greener environment. Also, as the technology is wireless it is more flexible. The initial cost of installation is also low. Adding a new device to the network is also quite simple and as it is wireless very cost-efficient as it can decrease the cost by 40% [13]. 2.6. Zigbee Zigbee is again a wireless standard for home and building automation, based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard [5] . One of the important feature of this protocol is mesh network topology which is auto routing and self-healing [7]. The main advantage in mesh network is that if one link is broken then devices can search through the mesh network to find a new route. This makes the communication reliable and flexible . Every Zigbee device can support up to 240

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applications, and hence have 240 endpoints. Zigbee Standard also has a long reach which makes it suitable for large buildings and campuses. Adding a new device is simple and budget-friendly. 3. Comparison of Communication protocols for Building Automation Table 1. Comparison of Protocols Parameter

BACnet

LonWorks

DALI

KNX

Enocean

Zigbee

Type(Wired/Wireless)

Wired/ Wireless

Wired/ Wireless

Wired/ Wireless

Wired/ Wireless

Wireless

Wireless

Network Topology

Star/Mixed Topology

Star/Mixed Topology

Line/Star Topology or Combination of both

Tree/Line/Star Topology

Point-to-Point Communication

Mesh Network

Developed By

ASHRAE

Echelon Corporation/ Motorola

Phillips

Konnex Association

Siemens AG

Zigbee Alliance

Medium Used

Twisted Pair, Wireless Mesh Fibre Optics

Twisted Pair, Power Lines, Fibre Optics, Wireless

Single Pairs of cable constitutes the bus for network

Twisted Pair, Power Line, Radio Frequency, IP/Ethernet

Wireless

Wireless

Transmission Modes

IP, Ethernet, LonTalk, ARCnet Zigbee, , MS/TP[1]

predictive persistent CSMA[1]

p-

Communication happens through Gateways

Communication happens through Gateways

CSMA/CD

TCP UDP

Applications

HVAC, lightning, physical security and fire protection.

Used for HVAC, lightning, process control, and home automation.

fluorescent HF ballasts, PE cells, wall switches, motion detectors and gateways to other protocols

Used for HVAC, lighting, remote access, security and energy management.

Occupancy sensors, key card switches, lightning controls and other room control applications.

Can be used for HVAC controllers, room controllers and occupancy.

Security

TLS(Transport Layer Security) and OAuth (Open Authorization)

No Data Encryption. Implements Sender Authentication.

No security measures implemented.

KNX Secure implements data encryption and authentication.

Data gets encrypted using AES algorithm with 128-bit key.

Data gets encrypted using AES algorithm with 128bit key.

or

4. Conclusion In this paper, we went through different open protocols used for building automation. DALI protocol is best for lighting control while BACnet wins the race at system management level. Enocean and Zigbee both being wireless, while Enocean focusses more on energy harvesting, Zigbee is more reliable and secure. LonWorks and Bacnet both are popular protocols for building automation with overlapping scopes, but still Bacnet can be used for more applications than LonWorks [2]. KNX providing different options for media uses tree topology which makes it first choice for larger network. DALI and Lonworks with no proper security measures implemented cannot be used for secured communication. KNX also is not that secure as you will have to have “KNX Secure” for implementing



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encryption and authentication. Also,Enocean does not provide a secure passage for communication. Zigbee , implements good level of security, in case of wired protocols BACnet is ahead of the others by quite a margin.When it comes to scalability ,the two wireless protocols are way ahead because the complications and the cost involved in making wired protocols scalable is very high.When compared among wired protocols BACnet is most scalable.After going through this paper we can conclude that no single protocol is enough for whole building to operate as each and every protocol has some limitations. Some protocols have speed but not reliability. Some does not provide secure connections. So, no protocol ticks all the parameters and so we will need to choose a protocol according to the requirements involved. For, lightning DALI protocol should be used. Zigbee can be the best protocol for connection between room controllers and the gateways. Enocean being wireless is good for indoor communication. For management systems, Bacnet is preferred. Acknowledgements This review is supported by School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. I thank entire Computer Science and Engineering Department for significantly contributing towards my knowledge. I would also like to thank our Head of Department, Prof T. P. Singh Sir for his encouragement and support. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

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