- Email: [email protected]
P-289 Comparison of DNA adduct levels in nasal mucosa lymphocytesand bronchial mucosa of cigarettes smokers and interaction with metabolic gene polymorhisms
Posters / Epidemio/ogy/Tobacco control
$190
smoking. These facts parallels the 10 years delay in reduction of ADL than in squamous cells carcinoma (SCC) [3] Sharp increases in adencoarcinoma tended to occur in areas of high vehicle density [4] Substantial Increases in adonocarcinoma also occurred among nonsmokers [,5] ] h e incidence rate of adonocarcinoma in Singapore Chinese women (97% nonsmokers) more than tdpled fTom about 1970 to about 1990
6(~]
251]
2OO
[P-~
Adenoc~a
C i g a r ~ packs/capita)
10(] 0 "~ ~"
~= 20
"e -
1966
1971
1976
Year
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
Trend of incidence of lung squamous cell carcinoma and adonocarcinoma White males. USA
Conclusions: The temporal ir'o'ease in the use of low tar c~garettes is not in accord with the increase in adenoca~noma inodonce. In oontrast, temporal and geographic patterns of increasng air pollution suggest that it has a major role in the increase in ADL both in smokers and nor. smokers. Studios exploring the relationship between air pollution and ADL are needed. [~8~
Assessment of domastlc cooking as a risk factor tor the development of lung cancer In non-smoking Indian women
R Dalai ~ D Behera 2. B T2 ~SCB Medical College, Cuttack, India, aPostgtaduate ln~Jtute of Medical Education and ReseatS, Chand/ga~, India
4O
o.
boosted the rlcetin~spec~fic IgG levels to maximal t]ters of about 11000 in the presence of Alum compared to 7000 for subjects vaccinated with NicQb alone No induction of nicotine-specific IgM and IgG antibodies was observed in subjects receiving placebo Phase I1: Efficacy: Data will be available in Q2. 2005 and will be presented at the meeting Conclusions: NicQb is safe. wall tolerated and highly immunogenic Neutralizing the adciction driving nicotine in cigarette smoke by vaccination of the smoker holds promise to significantly reduce avoidable incidents of cancer and other smo~ng related disease.
Safety. tolerablllty and efficacy of a therapeutic vaccine for nicotine dependence
J. Cornuz ~. F Jungi 2. T Cemy 2. K Klingler ~. P Maurer 4. P Mueller 4
~Untwrstty Hospital, Lausanne, Sv,,Ttzer/and, 2Kantonsspita/ St. Gallon, St Gallon, Swit/ertand, ~Lung Center Hirs/anden, Zuerich, Sv~/er/and, 4 Cytos Btotechnology AG, Zuench, Sv#izerland Background: Smoking causes 90% of all lung cancers. The vast maJonty of cigarette smokers who try to quit ultimately fall because of high relapse rates. Clearly novel approaches are needed for the treatment and prevention of nicotine adclction. Cytos0O2NicQb is a thorabout]c vaccine that aims at induction of nicotine sboc~fic ant]bodies that neutralize rlootino in the blood and reduce nicot]ne uptake into the brain. In this way rloot]no should loose its rs~arding central effects ]]"is should enable smokers to break their pattern of adciction and protect them from full relapse in case of occasional 'slips' Methods: NicQb was tested in Phase I for safety, tolerabllity and immunogenicity and in Phase II for efficeo/ Phase I: 40 healthy non-smokers were included in a single center, randomized. placebo-controlled, parallel-group dose comparison study Doses tested were ,50p.g and 100N.g NicQb without alum. and 100p.g vaccine with alum Each subject received two i.m. injections of the rospectrvo vaccine dose 4 weeks apart. Phase I1:300 smokers wtlling to qJit were included in a multi~,,entor, ran dom[zed, doubl~blind, placebo~:ontrellod off]oacy study. Participants received 5 i.m. injections of 100~g of the vacOne or placebo with alum at monthly intervals. Pnmary ondpo~nt of the study is continuous abstinence from smoking in months 4.5. and 6 after first vacOnat]on. Continuous abstinence is monitored by self reporting, detect]on of the nicotine metabolite cetinine in urine samples and by measuring of carbon monmdde in e~d'laled air Results: Phase I: Vaccination with NicQb was generally safe and wall tolerated Of the recorded adverse events (hE). 93% were rated as mild, 7% as moderate and none as severe Local reactions were the most prominent AE observed, which mostly disappeared witPin 1 3 days after inject]on Some subjects reported flu4ike symptoms Most often these symptoms appeared 2 12 hours after injection and usually had disappeared 24 hours post dose. All subjects immunized with NicQb showed significant ant] nicotine IgM antibody t]ters already 7 days after the frst immunlzat]on. Nicotine specific IgG t]tors became apparent after day 7. By day 14 a 100% responder rate in the presence and absence of Alum was observed. The second immunization at day 28
Background: A number of etiological factors have been described as the cause of lung cancer in non smokers. These include passive smoking, dietary factors and air pollution Studies rrom CPina have shown that coal burring at home is a significant nsk factor for development of lung cancer in non-smoking females (Wu et al Lung Cancer 1996) Coal smoke contains many potential carcinogens like SO2. CO. TSP. B(a)P. radon, theron Use of kerosene for cooking has also been seen associated with development of lung cancer but not in all studies Incense smoke is suggested as a carcinogen since it contains high levels of benzpyreno Domestic cooking is an important function of an average Indian heusewlfe. On an average, an Indian woman spends about four to sO( hours daily for cooking. Manly four different types of cooking fuels are used in this ceunlry: Biomass fuel (Wood. Cow dung cake. agricultural waste, coal etc.); Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG); Kerosene and a mixture of those. Use of these fuels cause a number of respiratory problems (Behera 1988. 1991. 1994. 1995. 1998. 2001). ]hey contain a largo number of cerclnogons (Smith et al 1972; Aggarwal et al 1972; Behera 1995). Thus these women are at increased risk of exposure to these carcinogens The present communication is the extension of our eadier study where we have tried to find out the role of indoor air pollution due to domestic cooking as a contnbutor to the causation of lung cancer in a group of women having bronchogonic carcinoma Methods and Results: ]his is a case control study in which g0 women with proven lung cancer and 62 females having a non-malignant respiratory disease ware included The age in the cases varied from 30 80 years (54,5 ± 10 1) and in the controls the age ranged from 31-70 years (47.5+10.5) (P> 0.05). ]here were 72 non smokers and 18 smokers in the females' cases Co= 0.010). Adenocarclnoma was the commonest form of malignanoy (n= 46) in the whole group and was the predominant form in the nonsmok]ng females (n = 32). In smoking females squamous and small cell carcinoma were the common cause. In the control group there were 58 non smokers and 4 smokers. The odds ratio for smoking was 5.32. 66 patients had history of esposure to smoke (passive smokers) CO< 0 001) and 39 were not passive smokers CO 0 21(3) In the control group there were 23 passive smokers and 44 were non-passive smokers CO 0 006) For passive smoking the odds ralJo was 3 14 Of all the ceoldng fuels studied the contribution of e0¢posure to biemass fuel was significant (p < 0 001) with an odds ratio of 6 5 Exposure index was calculated by multiplying the average duration of cooking daily multiplied by the number of years cooked by the subject ]he cooking inde= in case of lung cancer cases was 151.5:--84.9 vs. 86.7±58.6 ] h e risk of dif~rent cooking fuels among non smoking cases was estimated. The p value for LPG was 0.056; for kerosene it was 0.666; for biomass 0.000 and for mixed fuel p was 0.001. Passive stooling was not an important centhbutor for those non smoking females (o>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, this ongc~ng study has shown biomass fuel exposure as a pnncipal risk factor in the causation of lung cancer among nonsmoking women in India. Betto~venhlated kitchens and use of smokeless chimneys should be emphasized as a measure to lessen the nsk of lung cancer in Indian women [ P ~ e ] Active and passive smoking among students of Polish high schools - national survey research T. Darocha I . P. Skoczylas I . A. Smolon 2. K. Gozdziuk ~. 1Student Scientific
Group at the Department ot Chest S u r e t y ct Medtcal University sn Lumen, Jaczews~e~o 8, Lut~ln, Poland. 2Department ot Mathematics and Btostet/stJcs Medcal University in Lubtin, At Raclawicloe f, Lub/in, Poland, 4Department Chest Surgery of MeOfca/ University in Lubtin, Jaczewsklego 8, Poland Background: Evaluation of the range of nicotinism problem among Polish young people Identification of factors that influences the decision to start and to give up smoking among high school students Evaluation of subjective symptoms of a young smoker Methods: ] h e anonymous survey study assumed 49886 students (26333 male. 23553 female), aged 16-19 years. The average ago was 17.2-J-1.05. ]he respondents came from 136 towns, randomly selected from 16 provinces. ]he rate of questionnaire retum was 96%. The relieving factors were analyzed: se~. age. school. BMI. parents education, oompany of smokers, initiation age
Posters / Epidemiotogy/Tobacco control of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked a day. espendituras connected with smelting, parents knowledge about their children smelting, do parents allow children to smoke in their presence, and subjec0ve health ailments connected with smoking The following statistic procedures were used to identify the factors that influence the most intensively smoking of tabacco: test of homogon~/X 2. Pareto analysis and Io~Tlinear analys~s and mult]vanate discriminatory analysis. 5% inference error was assumed with significance asslgeed at p <0.05. The statistic study was realized basing on the Stat]sclc 6 0 software (StatSoft. USA) Rs.=ult.=: Prevalence of tobacco smoking in selected group was 14144 people (28 35%) Intention to give up smoking was declared by 9541 persons (67 46%) Staflsficel analysis revealed the correlation between smoking and se0¢. age. school, wealth status. Body Mass Inde= (BMI). time spend among smokers and smoking by parents or sibling CO<0 05) All investigated factors proved to have significant influence on giving up smoldng Co <0 05) Conclusions: Initiation of smoking of tobacco happens at very young ago. Essential factors discriminating subgroups of smokers and nor. smokers were: sex. ago. school, financial status, time spent among smokers and smoking parents and/or siblings. Generalized discriminatory model allows better prediction of nor. smoking than smoking. Factors. such as: st]'ess and meetings and alcohol favor intensive smoking. Spending much time with smokers influences the decision of starting smoking and of its continuation. Special educefional programs showing eady negative consequences of tobacco smoking on health should be presented to young people
rP~
Comparison of DNA adduct levels In nasal mucosa lymphocytes and bronctllal mucosa of clgarattss smokers and Interaction with metabolic gone polymor'nlsms
R Feller1]~ A Vema 2. A Quagiia ~. M Non 4 IA~enda Ospedale Universit~
San Marline, Italy, 2National C a n e r lns~ute, Italy, 3 Cltmca malaise Apparato Resprato#o, Italy,, 4Unitd di Epidemid/ogta Amb~entale, Italy Background: The recent introduction of biomarkers in population studies of lung cancer has improved the tTad~]onal op4demiological approach, aspoOally in the detection of high~lsk groups. Many invaluable carolnogens form DNA adducts ~an initial event in lung carcinogenesis and therefore the ident]ficabon of easily accessible sources of DNA is considered a leading priority in the field In this study we compared the frequeno/of DNA adducts in samples from nasal brushing, bronchial biopsy and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in a group of fifty-five subjects-both smokers and non smokers-undergoing broncho.sco W for clagnostic purposes Methods: Subjects included in the study were consecutive patients undergoing brenchoscopy for diagnostic purposes A questionnaire concerning current and past smoking habits, and possible exposure to carcinogens was administered to all partlc~pants at the start of the study by trained intePae~,vers. Each subject who signed the consent form was interviewed, asked to provide a unne sample and underwent blood draw. A nasal mucosa brushing was also obtained. At the end of this procedure subjects received the scheduled brenchosce W. which included the biopsy of brenctlal mucosa Nasal cells and brenctlal biopsies were processed to obtein purified DNA. The P~ostlabeling assay was used to analyze the presence of DNA adducts Benzopyrene modified DNA was routinely processed in the analysis Genotype determination: GSTM1 and GSTI'I genotypes was examined tnghether The method had both pdmers sets in the same PCR. included a third pnmer set for albumins as inner centTol Reaction products were identified by agarese gel eleotTophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide CYP1A1 polymorphism analysis was performed by PCR ~llowed by digestion with resIJ'lction enzymes (Rosthct]on Fragment Length Polymorphism) Rssults: The level ofDNA adducts in the nasal mucose cells, in the brendlal mucosa and in PBL accorclng to the selected DNA adducts characteristics of the study subjects were clfforent in the three different tissues, v~th the nasal mucosa showing a 34% higher frequency than bronchial mucosa and more than double with respeot to PBL (p = 0.002). The results of multivariate analysis based on the Iognormal regression model confirmed the increases of DNA adducts levels in the group of smokers when compared to those who have never smoked The DNA adduct levels were slightly higher in all tissues in males than in females, probably refle~ng different smoking patterns in the two genders, and in nasal brushings of subjects who received a clagnosis of cancer at the end of clinic ascertainment Conduslona: In conclusion, this study confirmed the reliability of Lympheoytes as surrogate tissue for assessing esposure to inhalable carcinogens, but also nasal mucosa appeared to be a suitable surrogate of damages occurnng in the lower respiratory tract. The s~geifK:ant correlation between the levels of D N A adducts in lymphocytes and in nasal mucose with the corrosponclng values in the bronchial mucosa st]-ongly supports this conclusion. The effect of ogarettes stooling in the nasal mucosa is evident and a quantitative relationship with the number of cigarettes smoking was described. The good sensitivity of the assay and the acceptability of nasal brushing support the suitabilP:y of this approach for biemonitodng of populations e0~posed to inhelable carcinogens
S191
P~P-~0] Manganses superoxlde clsrnutase and cetaless genetic polymorphlsms, activity levels and lung cancer risk In Chinese In Hong Kong J He. J Mak. S He. M Ip. K Tsang. W Lain. M Chart-Young UniverstJ~f
Department ot Medicine, 7he Umverstty ct Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Background: Ant]osidants play an important role in counteracting the effects of potential carcinogens We aim to investigate the risk of lung cancer development with respect to manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase genetic polymorphisms, and their association with erythroofte ant]oxidant acOvities Methods: This is a prospective case-contTol study involving patients with confirmed lung cancer and healthy contToIs Genotyping of MnSOD and cetalase in DNA ex'h"acted from penpheral white cells was performed by polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism. Erythrocyte superosido clsmutaso and catalase activities wore measured spoctrephctometrlcally using chemical I~netic reactions. Results: We recr~tod 340 patients with lung cancer (67% males. 59.3±11.0 years. 55% adencoarolnoma) and 268 healthy contToIs. The allelic froquonOes of the vanant in MnSOD (Val allele) and catalase (C allele) genes are common (>95%). with similar dis1~but]on, in both lung cancer patients and contToIs. The hemozygous vadant genotypes of MnSOD and catalase were not associated with increased lung cancer nsk The erythrocyte SOD activity was significantly lower in lung cancer patients compared to centToIs (27±33 versus 62±30 U/g heemoglobin: p < 0 001). irrespective of different genotypes However catalase eo~vity was not different between patients and centTolS (0 036±0 061 versos 0 032±0 02,SU/g haemoglobin), though it was lower among those with CC genotype compared with TC and TT genotypes in lung cancer patients Conclusions: The common Ala16Val MnSOD polymorphism and C T substitution in the promoter region of the catalase gone confer no increased nsk of lung cancer of Chinese in Hong Kong.
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Smoking, air pollution, and the hlgtt rates of lung cermer In developing country nepal
S. Joshi. S. Bk. N. Pandit. Nepal Medical Co#ego and Teachtng Hosp/tal, Nepal
Background: smoking and indoor pollution is major problem in urban and rural commurtty of nepal This study was to find out the epidemiology and prevalence of lung cancer in community Methods: A case-contTol study involving interviews and clinical reports with 764 patients with lung cancer and 795 population based oont]'ols was conducted in different part of Nepal. where mortality rates are high among men and women. Results: Cigarette smoking was found to be the prlnObal cause of lung cancer in this population, aocounting for 55% of the lung cancers in males and 37% in females. The attnbutabie risk percentage among I~malos is high compared to elsewhere in Nepal. largely because of a higher prevalence of smoking among women After adjustment for smoking, there were also significant increases in lung cancer risk associated with several measures of exposure to air pollutants Risks were twice as high among those who reported smoky outdoor environments, and increased in propo~on to years of sleeping on beds heated by coal-burning stoves (chulo). and to an overall index of indoor air pollution Threefold increase in lung cancer nsk was found among men industnal occupation The associations with both smoking and indoor air pollution were st]'ongor for squarnous cell and small cell carcinomas than for adencoa~noma of the lung. Conclusions: our research supports the hypothesis that smoking and indoor air pollution is the major risk factors for lung cancer in developing oounb'y. Burning coal indoors and smoking wore assoaated with lung cancer mortally in a major commurlty of Nepal
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Changes In lung cancer presentation In 13 year Interval (comparison of data bases from 1990. and 2003.)
D Jovanovic~ S Popevic 1. R Stevic2. M Velinovic 1. L Nagorrt~bradovic 1. D. Marlc I . N. Vasic ~. T. Adzic ~. llns~tute for Lung Dtseases and TB, Clm/cal
Center of S e t , a, Belgrade, Sett~a: 2tns~ute for Radiology, Clinical Center ct Sett~a, Sett~a The aim was to estimate changes and cifferences in lung cancer (LC) charactedstios in 13 years interval since there is obvious increase in the number of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases per year The data sources were Lung Cancer Consiliary Books at the Institute of Lung Diseases. Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade where every year about 70% of newly clagnosed lung cancer patients Cots) from whole Serbia are presented in order to obtain cons~liary decision for treatment option. In 1990 there were 833 newly ckagnosed LC pts while in 200~1403 pts: the LC pts number increased for 68.43% in 13 years period. Male to female ratio was 4.6:1 (82.23%: 17.77%) in 1990. and 3.7:1 (78.90%: 21.10%) in 2003. indicating the significant increase of lung cancer morbidity among women.
$190
smoking. These facts parallels the 10 years delay in reduction of ADL than in squamous cells carcinoma (SCC) [3] Sharp increases in adencoarcinoma tended to occur in areas of high vehicle density [4] Substantial Increases in adonocarcinoma also occurred among nonsmokers [,5] ] h e incidence rate of adonocarcinoma in Singapore Chinese women (97% nonsmokers) more than tdpled fTom about 1970 to about 1990
6(~]
251]
2OO
[P-~
Adenoc~a
C i g a r ~ packs/capita)
10(] 0 "~ ~"
~= 20
"e -
1966
1971
1976
Year
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
Trend of incidence of lung squamous cell carcinoma and adonocarcinoma White males. USA
Conclusions: The temporal ir'o'ease in the use of low tar c~garettes is not in accord with the increase in adenoca~noma inodonce. In oontrast, temporal and geographic patterns of increasng air pollution suggest that it has a major role in the increase in ADL both in smokers and nor. smokers. Studios exploring the relationship between air pollution and ADL are needed. [~8~
Assessment of domastlc cooking as a risk factor tor the development of lung cancer In non-smoking Indian women
R Dalai ~ D Behera 2. B T2 ~SCB Medical College, Cuttack, India, aPostgtaduate ln~Jtute of Medical Education and ReseatS, Chand/ga~, India
4O
o.
boosted the rlcetin~spec~fic IgG levels to maximal t]ters of about 11000 in the presence of Alum compared to 7000 for subjects vaccinated with NicQb alone No induction of nicotine-specific IgM and IgG antibodies was observed in subjects receiving placebo Phase I1: Efficacy: Data will be available in Q2. 2005 and will be presented at the meeting Conclusions: NicQb is safe. wall tolerated and highly immunogenic Neutralizing the adciction driving nicotine in cigarette smoke by vaccination of the smoker holds promise to significantly reduce avoidable incidents of cancer and other smo~ng related disease.
Safety. tolerablllty and efficacy of a therapeutic vaccine for nicotine dependence
J. Cornuz ~. F Jungi 2. T Cemy 2. K Klingler ~. P Maurer 4. P Mueller 4
~Untwrstty Hospital, Lausanne, Sv,,Ttzer/and, 2Kantonsspita/ St. Gallon, St Gallon, Swit/ertand, ~Lung Center Hirs/anden, Zuerich, Sv~/er/and, 4 Cytos Btotechnology AG, Zuench, Sv#izerland Background: Smoking causes 90% of all lung cancers. The vast maJonty of cigarette smokers who try to quit ultimately fall because of high relapse rates. Clearly novel approaches are needed for the treatment and prevention of nicotine adclction. Cytos0O2NicQb is a thorabout]c vaccine that aims at induction of nicotine sboc~fic ant]bodies that neutralize rlootino in the blood and reduce nicot]ne uptake into the brain. In this way rloot]no should loose its rs~arding central effects ]]"is should enable smokers to break their pattern of adciction and protect them from full relapse in case of occasional 'slips' Methods: NicQb was tested in Phase I for safety, tolerabllity and immunogenicity and in Phase II for efficeo/ Phase I: 40 healthy non-smokers were included in a single center, randomized. placebo-controlled, parallel-group dose comparison study Doses tested were ,50p.g and 100N.g NicQb without alum. and 100p.g vaccine with alum Each subject received two i.m. injections of the rospectrvo vaccine dose 4 weeks apart. Phase I1:300 smokers wtlling to qJit were included in a multi~,,entor, ran dom[zed, doubl~blind, placebo~:ontrellod off]oacy study. Participants received 5 i.m. injections of 100~g of the vacOne or placebo with alum at monthly intervals. Pnmary ondpo~nt of the study is continuous abstinence from smoking in months 4.5. and 6 after first vacOnat]on. Continuous abstinence is monitored by self reporting, detect]on of the nicotine metabolite cetinine in urine samples and by measuring of carbon monmdde in e~d'laled air Results: Phase I: Vaccination with NicQb was generally safe and wall tolerated Of the recorded adverse events (hE). 93% were rated as mild, 7% as moderate and none as severe Local reactions were the most prominent AE observed, which mostly disappeared witPin 1 3 days after inject]on Some subjects reported flu4ike symptoms Most often these symptoms appeared 2 12 hours after injection and usually had disappeared 24 hours post dose. All subjects immunized with NicQb showed significant ant] nicotine IgM antibody t]ters already 7 days after the frst immunlzat]on. Nicotine specific IgG t]tors became apparent after day 7. By day 14 a 100% responder rate in the presence and absence of Alum was observed. The second immunization at day 28
Background: A number of etiological factors have been described as the cause of lung cancer in non smokers. These include passive smoking, dietary factors and air pollution Studies rrom CPina have shown that coal burring at home is a significant nsk factor for development of lung cancer in non-smoking females (Wu et al Lung Cancer 1996) Coal smoke contains many potential carcinogens like SO2. CO. TSP. B(a)P. radon, theron Use of kerosene for cooking has also been seen associated with development of lung cancer but not in all studies Incense smoke is suggested as a carcinogen since it contains high levels of benzpyreno Domestic cooking is an important function of an average Indian heusewlfe. On an average, an Indian woman spends about four to sO( hours daily for cooking. Manly four different types of cooking fuels are used in this ceunlry: Biomass fuel (Wood. Cow dung cake. agricultural waste, coal etc.); Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG); Kerosene and a mixture of those. Use of these fuels cause a number of respiratory problems (Behera 1988. 1991. 1994. 1995. 1998. 2001). ]hey contain a largo number of cerclnogons (Smith et al 1972; Aggarwal et al 1972; Behera 1995). Thus these women are at increased risk of exposure to these carcinogens The present communication is the extension of our eadier study where we have tried to find out the role of indoor air pollution due to domestic cooking as a contnbutor to the causation of lung cancer in a group of women having bronchogonic carcinoma Methods and Results: ]his is a case control study in which g0 women with proven lung cancer and 62 females having a non-malignant respiratory disease ware included The age in the cases varied from 30 80 years (54,5 ± 10 1) and in the controls the age ranged from 31-70 years (47.5+10.5) (P> 0.05). ]here were 72 non smokers and 18 smokers in the females' cases Co= 0.010). Adenocarclnoma was the commonest form of malignanoy (n= 46) in the whole group and was the predominant form in the nonsmok]ng females (n = 32). In smoking females squamous and small cell carcinoma were the common cause. In the control group there were 58 non smokers and 4 smokers. The odds ratio for smoking was 5.32. 66 patients had history of esposure to smoke (passive smokers) CO< 0 001) and 39 were not passive smokers CO 0 21(3) In the control group there were 23 passive smokers and 44 were non-passive smokers CO 0 006) For passive smoking the odds ralJo was 3 14 Of all the ceoldng fuels studied the contribution of e0¢posure to biemass fuel was significant (p < 0 001) with an odds ratio of 6 5 Exposure index was calculated by multiplying the average duration of cooking daily multiplied by the number of years cooked by the subject ]he cooking inde= in case of lung cancer cases was 151.5:--84.9 vs. 86.7±58.6 ] h e risk of dif~rent cooking fuels among non smoking cases was estimated. The p value for LPG was 0.056; for kerosene it was 0.666; for biomass 0.000 and for mixed fuel p was 0.001. Passive stooling was not an important centhbutor for those non smoking females (o>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, this ongc~ng study has shown biomass fuel exposure as a pnncipal risk factor in the causation of lung cancer among nonsmoking women in India. Betto~venhlated kitchens and use of smokeless chimneys should be emphasized as a measure to lessen the nsk of lung cancer in Indian women [ P ~ e ] Active and passive smoking among students of Polish high schools - national survey research T. Darocha I . P. Skoczylas I . A. Smolon 2. K. Gozdziuk ~. 1Student Scientific
Group at the Department ot Chest S u r e t y ct Medtcal University sn Lumen, Jaczews~e~o 8, Lut~ln, Poland. 2Department ot Mathematics and Btostet/stJcs Medcal University in Lubtin, At Raclawicloe f, Lub/in, Poland, 4Department Chest Surgery of MeOfca/ University in Lubtin, Jaczewsklego 8, Poland Background: Evaluation of the range of nicotinism problem among Polish young people Identification of factors that influences the decision to start and to give up smoking among high school students Evaluation of subjective symptoms of a young smoker Methods: ] h e anonymous survey study assumed 49886 students (26333 male. 23553 female), aged 16-19 years. The average ago was 17.2-J-1.05. ]he respondents came from 136 towns, randomly selected from 16 provinces. ]he rate of questionnaire retum was 96%. The relieving factors were analyzed: se~. age. school. BMI. parents education, oompany of smokers, initiation age
Posters / Epidemiotogy/Tobacco control of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked a day. espendituras connected with smelting, parents knowledge about their children smelting, do parents allow children to smoke in their presence, and subjec0ve health ailments connected with smoking The following statistic procedures were used to identify the factors that influence the most intensively smoking of tabacco: test of homogon~/X 2. Pareto analysis and Io~Tlinear analys~s and mult]vanate discriminatory analysis. 5% inference error was assumed with significance asslgeed at p <0.05. The statistic study was realized basing on the Stat]sclc 6 0 software (StatSoft. USA) Rs.=ult.=: Prevalence of tobacco smoking in selected group was 14144 people (28 35%) Intention to give up smoking was declared by 9541 persons (67 46%) Staflsficel analysis revealed the correlation between smoking and se0¢. age. school, wealth status. Body Mass Inde= (BMI). time spend among smokers and smoking by parents or sibling CO<0 05) All investigated factors proved to have significant influence on giving up smoldng Co <0 05) Conclusions: Initiation of smoking of tobacco happens at very young ago. Essential factors discriminating subgroups of smokers and nor. smokers were: sex. ago. school, financial status, time spent among smokers and smoking parents and/or siblings. Generalized discriminatory model allows better prediction of nor. smoking than smoking. Factors. such as: st]'ess and meetings and alcohol favor intensive smoking. Spending much time with smokers influences the decision of starting smoking and of its continuation. Special educefional programs showing eady negative consequences of tobacco smoking on health should be presented to young people
rP~
Comparison of DNA adduct levels In nasal mucosa lymphocytes and bronctllal mucosa of clgarattss smokers and Interaction with metabolic gone polymor'nlsms
R Feller1]~ A Vema 2. A Quagiia ~. M Non 4 IA~enda Ospedale Universit~
San Marline, Italy, 2National C a n e r lns~ute, Italy, 3 Cltmca malaise Apparato Resprato#o, Italy,, 4Unitd di Epidemid/ogta Amb~entale, Italy Background: The recent introduction of biomarkers in population studies of lung cancer has improved the tTad~]onal op4demiological approach, aspoOally in the detection of high~lsk groups. Many invaluable carolnogens form DNA adducts ~an initial event in lung carcinogenesis and therefore the ident]ficabon of easily accessible sources of DNA is considered a leading priority in the field In this study we compared the frequeno/of DNA adducts in samples from nasal brushing, bronchial biopsy and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in a group of fifty-five subjects-both smokers and non smokers-undergoing broncho.sco W for clagnostic purposes Methods: Subjects included in the study were consecutive patients undergoing brenchoscopy for diagnostic purposes A questionnaire concerning current and past smoking habits, and possible exposure to carcinogens was administered to all partlc~pants at the start of the study by trained intePae~,vers. Each subject who signed the consent form was interviewed, asked to provide a unne sample and underwent blood draw. A nasal mucosa brushing was also obtained. At the end of this procedure subjects received the scheduled brenchosce W. which included the biopsy of brenctlal mucosa Nasal cells and brenctlal biopsies were processed to obtein purified DNA. The P~ostlabeling assay was used to analyze the presence of DNA adducts Benzopyrene modified DNA was routinely processed in the analysis Genotype determination: GSTM1 and GSTI'I genotypes was examined tnghether The method had both pdmers sets in the same PCR. included a third pnmer set for albumins as inner centTol Reaction products were identified by agarese gel eleotTophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide CYP1A1 polymorphism analysis was performed by PCR ~llowed by digestion with resIJ'lction enzymes (Rosthct]on Fragment Length Polymorphism) Rssults: The level ofDNA adducts in the nasal mucose cells, in the brendlal mucosa and in PBL accorclng to the selected DNA adducts characteristics of the study subjects were clfforent in the three different tissues, v~th the nasal mucosa showing a 34% higher frequency than bronchial mucosa and more than double with respeot to PBL (p = 0.002). The results of multivariate analysis based on the Iognormal regression model confirmed the increases of DNA adducts levels in the group of smokers when compared to those who have never smoked The DNA adduct levels were slightly higher in all tissues in males than in females, probably refle~ng different smoking patterns in the two genders, and in nasal brushings of subjects who received a clagnosis of cancer at the end of clinic ascertainment Conduslona: In conclusion, this study confirmed the reliability of Lympheoytes as surrogate tissue for assessing esposure to inhalable carcinogens, but also nasal mucosa appeared to be a suitable surrogate of damages occurnng in the lower respiratory tract. The s~geifK:ant correlation between the levels of D N A adducts in lymphocytes and in nasal mucose with the corrosponclng values in the bronchial mucosa st]-ongly supports this conclusion. The effect of ogarettes stooling in the nasal mucosa is evident and a quantitative relationship with the number of cigarettes smoking was described. The good sensitivity of the assay and the acceptability of nasal brushing support the suitabilP:y of this approach for biemonitodng of populations e0~posed to inhelable carcinogens
S191
P~P-~0] Manganses superoxlde clsrnutase and cetaless genetic polymorphlsms, activity levels and lung cancer risk In Chinese In Hong Kong J He. J Mak. S He. M Ip. K Tsang. W Lain. M Chart-Young UniverstJ~f
Department ot Medicine, 7he Umverstty ct Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Background: Ant]osidants play an important role in counteracting the effects of potential carcinogens We aim to investigate the risk of lung cancer development with respect to manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase genetic polymorphisms, and their association with erythroofte ant]oxidant acOvities Methods: This is a prospective case-contTol study involving patients with confirmed lung cancer and healthy contToIs Genotyping of MnSOD and cetalase in DNA ex'h"acted from penpheral white cells was performed by polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism. Erythrocyte superosido clsmutaso and catalase activities wore measured spoctrephctometrlcally using chemical I~netic reactions. Results: We recr~tod 340 patients with lung cancer (67% males. 59.3±11.0 years. 55% adencoarolnoma) and 268 healthy contToIs. The allelic froquonOes of the vanant in MnSOD (Val allele) and catalase (C allele) genes are common (>95%). with similar dis1~but]on, in both lung cancer patients and contToIs. The hemozygous vadant genotypes of MnSOD and catalase were not associated with increased lung cancer nsk The erythrocyte SOD activity was significantly lower in lung cancer patients compared to centToIs (27±33 versus 62±30 U/g heemoglobin: p < 0 001). irrespective of different genotypes However catalase eo~vity was not different between patients and centTolS (0 036±0 061 versos 0 032±0 02,SU/g haemoglobin), though it was lower among those with CC genotype compared with TC and TT genotypes in lung cancer patients Conclusions: The common Ala16Val MnSOD polymorphism and C T substitution in the promoter region of the catalase gone confer no increased nsk of lung cancer of Chinese in Hong Kong.
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Smoking, air pollution, and the hlgtt rates of lung cermer In developing country nepal
S. Joshi. S. Bk. N. Pandit. Nepal Medical Co#ego and Teachtng Hosp/tal, Nepal
Background: smoking and indoor pollution is major problem in urban and rural commurtty of nepal This study was to find out the epidemiology and prevalence of lung cancer in community Methods: A case-contTol study involving interviews and clinical reports with 764 patients with lung cancer and 795 population based oont]'ols was conducted in different part of Nepal. where mortality rates are high among men and women. Results: Cigarette smoking was found to be the prlnObal cause of lung cancer in this population, aocounting for 55% of the lung cancers in males and 37% in females. The attnbutabie risk percentage among I~malos is high compared to elsewhere in Nepal. largely because of a higher prevalence of smoking among women After adjustment for smoking, there were also significant increases in lung cancer risk associated with several measures of exposure to air pollutants Risks were twice as high among those who reported smoky outdoor environments, and increased in propo~on to years of sleeping on beds heated by coal-burning stoves (chulo). and to an overall index of indoor air pollution Threefold increase in lung cancer nsk was found among men industnal occupation The associations with both smoking and indoor air pollution were st]'ongor for squarnous cell and small cell carcinomas than for adencoa~noma of the lung. Conclusions: our research supports the hypothesis that smoking and indoor air pollution is the major risk factors for lung cancer in developing oounb'y. Burning coal indoors and smoking wore assoaated with lung cancer mortally in a major commurlty of Nepal
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Changes In lung cancer presentation In 13 year Interval (comparison of data bases from 1990. and 2003.)
D Jovanovic~ S Popevic 1. R Stevic2. M Velinovic 1. L Nagorrt~bradovic 1. D. Marlc I . N. Vasic ~. T. Adzic ~. llns~tute for Lung Dtseases and TB, Clm/cal
Center of S e t , a, Belgrade, Sett~a: 2tns~ute for Radiology, Clinical Center ct Sett~a, Sett~a The aim was to estimate changes and cifferences in lung cancer (LC) charactedstios in 13 years interval since there is obvious increase in the number of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases per year The data sources were Lung Cancer Consiliary Books at the Institute of Lung Diseases. Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade where every year about 70% of newly clagnosed lung cancer patients Cots) from whole Serbia are presented in order to obtain cons~liary decision for treatment option. In 1990 there were 833 newly ckagnosed LC pts while in 200~1403 pts: the LC pts number increased for 68.43% in 13 years period. Male to female ratio was 4.6:1 (82.23%: 17.77%) in 1990. and 3.7:1 (78.90%: 21.10%) in 2003. indicating the significant increase of lung cancer morbidity among women.