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topic ; lie had found rough, smooth, and intermediate colonies bv continued culture on serum agar ; in one case the rough, in another the smooth were more virulent. The forms were quite distinct by agglutination but yielded equal amounts of the same toxin.--F. S. FOWWEATHER (Leeds) preferred the neutral potassium oxalate method with neutral potassium gold chloride for the preparation of gold sols for the Lange test.-A. T. GLENNY, C. G. POPE, and H. WADDINGTON (Beckenham) found a boraxboracic acid salt mixture the best diluent for Schick toxin.-R. A. O’BRIEN and C. C. OKELL (Beckenham) said that human experience had shown that diluted toxins for the Schick and Dick tests kept quite satisfactorily in this diluent.-G. R. JAMBS, A. JOE, and R. SWYER (London) found that scarlet fever toxin could be preserved without loss of potency for Dick testing by drying over sulphuric acid and phosphorus pentoxide.-T. DALLING (Beckenham) reported that welchii toxin and antitoxin could be titrated by intravenous injection in mice, intradermically in guinea-pigs, or by the hsemolytic effect in vitro, and proposed a provisional antitoxic unit.P. HARTLEY (London) found that the simultaneous injection of muscle extract or peptone broth much depressed the antitoxic response of a guinea-pig to a second injection of diphtheria toxin.-C. H. BROWNING and R. GhjLBRAusBN (Glasgow) showed that experimental trypanosomiasis in mice might be ultimately cured after repeated relapses by giving the same dose of the same trypanocidal preparation.W. H. TYLER (Cardiff) described the preparation of an extract of tubercle bacilli active in the tuberculin reaction by extraction with water and dilute alkali, precipitation with acid and ammonium sulphate and dialysis.-J. W. McLEOD and J. GORDON (Leeds) showed that an oxidase test with dimethylparaphenylenediamine was a useful help in isolating the gonococcus, the cholera vibrio, and other bacteria.C. H. WHITTLE (Cambridge) found types 1. and III. of the pneumococcus more virulent than type IV.; all strains isolated from cases of pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and empyema were highly virulent.E. C. LowE (Liverpool) suggested from his experience that the organism responsible for an infection might be isolated from a mixture by a preliminary incubation in the patient’s fresh blood.-W. MAIR (London) described a uniquely virulent strain of B. diphtherice, the effects of which could not be wholly neutralised by any quantity of diphtheria antitoxin.-J. CRAIGIE (St. Andrews) found that by violent shaking the flagella could be detached from the typhoid bacillus (without killing the organism) and subsequently broken up practically to invisibility; the flagella and stripped bodies each show their characteristic agglutination.-D. NABARRO (London) described his observations on the variability and mutations of dysentery bacilli and the occurrence of anomalous forms in human stools.-F. H. STEWART (Cheddleton) showed variation and papillation in B. roli ml1tabilis; A. H. MILLER (Bournemouth) films of blood and bone-marrow from acute myeloblastic leuksfmia; E. H. LEPPER and E. SYLK (London) infarction of the uterus from syphilitic arteritis ; E. BE. LEPPER and D. CAREW-HuNT (London) a congenital hernia of the diaphragm ; M. J. STEWART and A. L. TAYLOR (Leeds) an adenomyoma in a Meckel’s diverticulum ; G. S. WILSON (London) an improved pattern of Mclntosh and Fildes’s anaerobic jar ; G. S. WILLIAMSON (London) specimens illustrating the development of the lymph system of the thyroid ; and C. V. PATRICK (London) thoraeopagous twins. same

Medical Societies. PATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. A

of this Society was held in the Medical Thomas’s Hospital, London, on Jan. 6th and 7th, Profs. L. S. DUDGEON and J. M. BEATTIE in the chair. G. SCOTT WILLIAMSON and INNES H. PEARSE (London) hold that Graves’s disease is due to an excess of the real secretion of the thyroid gland which contains no iodine and does not accelerate the metamorphosis of tadpoles. A short course of iodine, partial excision or rest in bed all lead to the appearance of colloid which contains iodine and is active in the tadpole test.—J. DAVIDSON (Glasgow) described an example of the rare condition in which osteophytes arise inside the skull during the puerperium ; the dura is thickened and cedematous and contains foci of amorphous calcareous deposit as well as true bone.--S. C. DYKE (Wolverhampton) detailed a case of long-standing jaundice with multiple xanthomata and splenomegaly, the latter due to great numbers of large phagocytic cells showing no lipoid histologically, though on chemical analysis the spleen contained much cholesterol: the blood cholesterol was extremely high.-J. B. DUGUID and J. MILLS (Cardiff) had found that doubly refractile crystals developed in tissues kept in watery liquids even after thorough fixation in formalin.-G. HADFIELD (Bristol) had met with four cases of acute bilateral necrosis of the globus pallidus, three of them after coal-gas poisoning. There was extensive ferruginous infiltration of the walls of the bloodvessels which was found also in many normal brains.M. J. STEWART and S. J. HARTFALL (Leeds) drew attention to the abundance of lipoidal foamy cells in the stromata of certain tumours, due to the phagocytosis of the remains of degenerated tumour cells. They also described a case in which multiple adenomata composed of pancreatic islet tissue were found in the pylorus and duodenum.-T. LuMSDEN (London) discussed the causes of regression in implanted tumours ; this, he thought, was due in immunised animals to the tumour cells being killed by blood antibodies and the secretions of leucocytes rather than to a failure of the host to provide stroma.A. M. BEGG and J. A. MURRAY (London) from a study of the growth of a filtrable fowl tumour concluded that the tumours resulting from the inoculation of dead cells arose from the endothelium of the blood-vessels of the host; hence the tumour was a real endothelioma-J. S. YouNG (Leeds) by putting a mixture of Soudan III bilesalts and oil into the pleural cavity had induced remarkable proliferation, hyperplasia, and metaplasia of the pleural endothelium and the alveolar epithelium, in one instance going as far as stratified squamous epithelium.-L. J. ’WITTS (Cambridge) described the increase in the monocytes of the blood which could be induced by B. rnonocytogenes and of lymphoid tissue.-R. MUIR and J. S. YOUNG (Glasgow) found that free hsemoglobin circulating in the blood was not excreted into the bile ; it did not lead to an accumulation of iron in the liver but in the kidney.—A. E. BOYCOTT (London) discussed the use and abuse of the word " antigen."-A. FELIX and L. OLITSI:1 (Jerusalem) described a long series of observations on the use of preserved bacterial emulsions for diagnostic agglutination tests by qualitative receptor analysis; H agglutinins are often absent in human typhoid and nothing is so satisfactory as live bacilli.—F. W.ANDREWES (London) had noticed that the colonies of hsemolytic streptococci on plates could be distinguished into " rough" and " smooth " ; the rough were more virulent and agglutinated specifically, the smooth giving group reactions.—G. H. EAGLES (London) dealt with the MEETING

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LIVERPOOL MEDICAL INSTITUTION. AT a meeting held on Dec. 15th, the President, Dr. J. C. M. GIVEN, in the chair, Mr. R. WATSON JONES read a paper on the Ritual of Fracture Reduction. He said that the most valuable-and at the same -