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Pesticide exposure in a farming village in a developing country
PosterSession 2G. Pesticides
IP2G1881
CARCINOGENICRISK CHARACTERIZATION FOR CAPTAN
E.B. Gordon *, SA Mobley, B. Elliott. Makhteshim-Agan ofNorth America Inc., New York, NY; Tomen Agro lnc., San Francisco, CA, USA; CentralToxicology Laboratory. Chesire, England Captan is a non-systemic protective fungicide that is used on a variety of crops worldwide. Captan dietary concentrations of 800 ppm and above have produced duodenal tumors in mice. Currently, the U.S. EPA has assigned captan a B2 classification ("probable human carcinogen"). However, advances in the understanding of the carcinogenic process coupled with recent mechanistic studies support an opposing view; that is, for the duodenum , captan is non-genotoxic; act locally and reversibly; has a clear threshold; and, pursuant to its use as an agrochemical, poses no risk to man. The weight of evidence supporting this conclusion includes the absence of genotoxicity in vivo; the identification of duodenal cell villi as the target of toxicity; the compensatory proliferation of crypt cells following villi disruption; and, the presence of transformed cells in the crypts that are subject to promotion under continued proliferative pressure. No Observed Effect Levels (NOELs) have been demonstrated for intestinal tumors, villi disruption and increased proliferation. In addition, rapid degradation due to hydrolysis and interaction with thiols as well as the rapid degradation of the active degradate, thiophosgene, restricts the target organ to the gastrointestinal tract. This rapid neutralization is particularly relevant when assessing risk following dermal exposure. A cancer risk characterization that integrates chemical/physical properties and anticipated exposures with the mechanism of tumor development shows essentially no risk to humans.
1P2G1891
PESTICIDE EXPOSUREIN A FARMINGVILLAGE IN A DEVELOPINGCOUNTRY
Maritza Rojas *3 ,1 , Jon Reid2 , Exila Rivero'", Rita Rincorr'. 3 Universidadde Carabobo, Centrode Investigaciones
ToxicoI6gicas (CITUC), Calle 144 No, RIO-2II La Ceiba. Valencia, Venezuela; }DirectorCITUC; 2 University of Cincinnati, OH, USA This study was designed and performed by the Universidad de Carabobo, Centro de Investigaciones Toxicologicas (CITUC), Venezuela, and the University of Cincinnati, Department of Environmental Health, USA, to test methodology and analyze preliminary data on demographics, pesticide usage, health, environment and lifestyles in a representative fanning community in Venezuela to determine if pesticide misuse may be contributing to public health problems. A questionnaire was administered in the village selected and a geographic information system was utilized to investigate spatial aspects of the data obtained. Overall, a statistical significance of pesticide related symptoms (p < 0.01) was exhibited by fanners vs non-farmers with an odds ratio calculation of 5.7 (2.9 to 18.8,95% confidence limits). Additionally, the geographic analysis showed a cluster of fanners with symptoms on the east side of the village which coincided with reported foul air odor and proximity to farms using pesticides. These results indicated that a public health problem associated with pesticide use. An expanded study, including clinical and environmental parameters is proposed.
IP2G190 I THE IMPLICATION OF NITRITES AND ORGANOCHLORINEPESTICIDESON IODINE METABOLISM TO SCHOOLCHILDREN ON IASSY CITY
Carmen Hura *, M. Leanca, I. Palamaru, L. Rusu. InstituteofPublic Health, Ia.'iSY, Romania The last years the reassessment of IDD prevalence in Romania relieved an extension of goiter distribution and high goiter prevalence
141
even at normal concentration of urine iodine. These facts put to look for eventually interaction of some chemical pollutants [nitrites, organochlorine pesticides (POC)] and iodine metabolism. In our study we used a group of 100 schoolchildren with ages among 6-18 years old, all have been living on lassy city. Whole group was medical examined and urinary measurement for iodine, nitrites and POC. The determination urinary iodine was made according one of the methods of the International Conceil for Central of IDD. For urinary nitrites measurement we have used the method based on their reaction with sulphonamide on a strong acid environment; the POC urinary were analysed by gaz-chromatographic method. Mean values of urinary iodine ranged between 1.51 J.Lgldl girls (14-17 years old) and 5.19 J.Lgldl girls (16-18 years old) and between 3.86 J.Lgldl boys (14-17 years old) and 4.89 tLgldl boys (16-18 years old). The value of urinary nitrites varried between 0.04 and 5.85 mg/l. Urinary levels of HCH-total varried between 1.764 J.Lg/I (boys) and 0.463 J.Lg/I (girls) respectively for DDT-total varried between 10.29 J.Lg/I (boys) and 3.12 J.Lg/I (girls). The presence of the nitrites especially on large concentration and POC, together with know factors has probably influence on the goiter genesis process. We intended extend this studies.
1P2G191
I
HUMAN EXPOSUREAT CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS RISK FOR THE PUBLIC HEALTH
Carmen Hura *, M. Leanca, I. Palamaru, L. Rusu. Institute of Public Health, lassy, ~omiinia The authors present the research results obtained in 1996-1997 periode of some chemical pollutants with cancer risk (organochlorine pesticides residues, heavy metals) in some food from Eastern Romania districts in relation with their presence in human body (serum, urine). Organochlorine pesticide residues were analysed by gaz-chromatographic method and the concentrations of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni) were analysed by atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry. In 1996-1997 was analysed this chemical pollutants in milk, bread and daily diets as well as in serum and urine from the adults (20-50 years old) which consumed this foods. The results showed the presence of these chemical pollutants in all analysed samples, but in smaller concentrations than /980-1990 periode. The presence of this pollutants in food and human body required to continue the analysed of these in the aim respected MAL and the reduction their presence in food. The determinations of the chemical pollutants in food and human body are important in environmental monitoring for the prevention, control and reduction of pollution as well as occupational health, legal decisions and epidemiological studies.
IP2G1921
ARYLESTERASE AND PARAOXONASE ENZYMES ACTIVITY IN ADULT IN CITY OF KASHAN
M. Ghazi-Khansari *, Sh. Alvani, A. Samadi. Departmentof
Pharmacology, School ofMedicine, Tehran University ofMedical Sciences, P. O. Box 13145-784, Tehran,l.R., Iran Arlyesterase and paraoxonase are belong to the A-esterase group of enzymes. These enzymes are present in human serum and inhibited by organophosphate insecticides. The objective of this study was to find the activity of these two enzyme among healthy individuals in city of Kashan, Iran. Moreover the relationship of serum lipid and lipoprotein levels and these enzymes were also examined. The blood samples were taken from 187 healthy individuals (82 male and 105 female) who did not have any symptomatic diabetic and/or cardiovascular disease record. Paraoxonase activity was determined by using paraoxon (I mM:) as substrate. The rate of formation of p-nitrophenol during 5 minutes was recorded as paraoxonase activity
IP2G1881
CARCINOGENICRISK CHARACTERIZATION FOR CAPTAN
E.B. Gordon *, SA Mobley, B. Elliott. Makhteshim-Agan ofNorth America Inc., New York, NY; Tomen Agro lnc., San Francisco, CA, USA; CentralToxicology Laboratory. Chesire, England Captan is a non-systemic protective fungicide that is used on a variety of crops worldwide. Captan dietary concentrations of 800 ppm and above have produced duodenal tumors in mice. Currently, the U.S. EPA has assigned captan a B2 classification ("probable human carcinogen"). However, advances in the understanding of the carcinogenic process coupled with recent mechanistic studies support an opposing view; that is, for the duodenum , captan is non-genotoxic; act locally and reversibly; has a clear threshold; and, pursuant to its use as an agrochemical, poses no risk to man. The weight of evidence supporting this conclusion includes the absence of genotoxicity in vivo; the identification of duodenal cell villi as the target of toxicity; the compensatory proliferation of crypt cells following villi disruption; and, the presence of transformed cells in the crypts that are subject to promotion under continued proliferative pressure. No Observed Effect Levels (NOELs) have been demonstrated for intestinal tumors, villi disruption and increased proliferation. In addition, rapid degradation due to hydrolysis and interaction with thiols as well as the rapid degradation of the active degradate, thiophosgene, restricts the target organ to the gastrointestinal tract. This rapid neutralization is particularly relevant when assessing risk following dermal exposure. A cancer risk characterization that integrates chemical/physical properties and anticipated exposures with the mechanism of tumor development shows essentially no risk to humans.
1P2G1891
PESTICIDE EXPOSUREIN A FARMINGVILLAGE IN A DEVELOPINGCOUNTRY
Maritza Rojas *3 ,1 , Jon Reid2 , Exila Rivero'", Rita Rincorr'. 3 Universidadde Carabobo, Centrode Investigaciones
ToxicoI6gicas (CITUC), Calle 144 No, RIO-2II La Ceiba. Valencia, Venezuela; }DirectorCITUC; 2 University of Cincinnati, OH, USA This study was designed and performed by the Universidad de Carabobo, Centro de Investigaciones Toxicologicas (CITUC), Venezuela, and the University of Cincinnati, Department of Environmental Health, USA, to test methodology and analyze preliminary data on demographics, pesticide usage, health, environment and lifestyles in a representative fanning community in Venezuela to determine if pesticide misuse may be contributing to public health problems. A questionnaire was administered in the village selected and a geographic information system was utilized to investigate spatial aspects of the data obtained. Overall, a statistical significance of pesticide related symptoms (p < 0.01) was exhibited by fanners vs non-farmers with an odds ratio calculation of 5.7 (2.9 to 18.8,95% confidence limits). Additionally, the geographic analysis showed a cluster of fanners with symptoms on the east side of the village which coincided with reported foul air odor and proximity to farms using pesticides. These results indicated that a public health problem associated with pesticide use. An expanded study, including clinical and environmental parameters is proposed.
IP2G190 I THE IMPLICATION OF NITRITES AND ORGANOCHLORINEPESTICIDESON IODINE METABOLISM TO SCHOOLCHILDREN ON IASSY CITY
Carmen Hura *, M. Leanca, I. Palamaru, L. Rusu. InstituteofPublic Health, Ia.'iSY, Romania The last years the reassessment of IDD prevalence in Romania relieved an extension of goiter distribution and high goiter prevalence
141
even at normal concentration of urine iodine. These facts put to look for eventually interaction of some chemical pollutants [nitrites, organochlorine pesticides (POC)] and iodine metabolism. In our study we used a group of 100 schoolchildren with ages among 6-18 years old, all have been living on lassy city. Whole group was medical examined and urinary measurement for iodine, nitrites and POC. The determination urinary iodine was made according one of the methods of the International Conceil for Central of IDD. For urinary nitrites measurement we have used the method based on their reaction with sulphonamide on a strong acid environment; the POC urinary were analysed by gaz-chromatographic method. Mean values of urinary iodine ranged between 1.51 J.Lgldl girls (14-17 years old) and 5.19 J.Lgldl girls (16-18 years old) and between 3.86 J.Lgldl boys (14-17 years old) and 4.89 tLgldl boys (16-18 years old). The value of urinary nitrites varried between 0.04 and 5.85 mg/l. Urinary levels of HCH-total varried between 1.764 J.Lg/I (boys) and 0.463 J.Lg/I (girls) respectively for DDT-total varried between 10.29 J.Lg/I (boys) and 3.12 J.Lg/I (girls). The presence of the nitrites especially on large concentration and POC, together with know factors has probably influence on the goiter genesis process. We intended extend this studies.
1P2G191
I
HUMAN EXPOSUREAT CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS RISK FOR THE PUBLIC HEALTH
Carmen Hura *, M. Leanca, I. Palamaru, L. Rusu. Institute of Public Health, lassy, ~omiinia The authors present the research results obtained in 1996-1997 periode of some chemical pollutants with cancer risk (organochlorine pesticides residues, heavy metals) in some food from Eastern Romania districts in relation with their presence in human body (serum, urine). Organochlorine pesticide residues were analysed by gaz-chromatographic method and the concentrations of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni) were analysed by atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry. In 1996-1997 was analysed this chemical pollutants in milk, bread and daily diets as well as in serum and urine from the adults (20-50 years old) which consumed this foods. The results showed the presence of these chemical pollutants in all analysed samples, but in smaller concentrations than /980-1990 periode. The presence of this pollutants in food and human body required to continue the analysed of these in the aim respected MAL and the reduction their presence in food. The determinations of the chemical pollutants in food and human body are important in environmental monitoring for the prevention, control and reduction of pollution as well as occupational health, legal decisions and epidemiological studies.
IP2G1921
ARYLESTERASE AND PARAOXONASE ENZYMES ACTIVITY IN ADULT IN CITY OF KASHAN
M. Ghazi-Khansari *, Sh. Alvani, A. Samadi. Departmentof
Pharmacology, School ofMedicine, Tehran University ofMedical Sciences, P. O. Box 13145-784, Tehran,l.R., Iran Arlyesterase and paraoxonase are belong to the A-esterase group of enzymes. These enzymes are present in human serum and inhibited by organophosphate insecticides. The objective of this study was to find the activity of these two enzyme among healthy individuals in city of Kashan, Iran. Moreover the relationship of serum lipid and lipoprotein levels and these enzymes were also examined. The blood samples were taken from 187 healthy individuals (82 male and 105 female) who did not have any symptomatic diabetic and/or cardiovascular disease record. Paraoxonase activity was determined by using paraoxon (I mM:) as substrate. The rate of formation of p-nitrophenol during 5 minutes was recorded as paraoxonase activity