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Some Facts from a Country Village Survey
the selling of held eggs and the large number of pullets' eggs. Then after prices reach their height the eggs are not held and there are fewer pullets eggs and more hens eggs and we get the highest quality
TABLE I.—Consumption of .a
Source of Supply
a " o
Total TABLE
ft
fi
111
o
h Hi
18.6 13.9 45.9 9.1 6.2 2.7 2.0 0.0
2224 1517 8225 1057 1082 340 280 0
16.23 14.87 23.90 15.54 23.52 17.00 18.66 0.00
733
99.4
14725
20.08
.9
Markets Farmers outside village From people keeping poultry in village Markets and farms Farmers and people in village Various sources—none definite Do not use poultry
gig
137 102 344 68 46 20 15 1
II.—Consumption
Source of Supply
Total
S.s
"s|&
Stores Farmers outside village From people keeping poultry in village Stores and farms Stores and people in village Farmers and people in village Various sources—none definite Do not use eggs
Eggs.
"^ I & 130 80 350 25 131 8 9 733 30
of
240
Poultry.
ill
4U
17.7 10.9 47.7 3.4 17.8 1.0 1.2
3120 1500 12561 375 2358 170 0
24.00 18.75 35.88 15.00 18.00 21.25 0.00
"997
20084
27.39
Z & H
nl 6.00 4.68 8.97 3.75 4.50 5.31 0.00 6.84
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at GWU on April 30, 2015
moved out, or was sick or unable to give the desired information making a visit unnecessary. In case party was away for some time the neighbor was asked the names and number in family, also if any of the year. WALLACE S. YOUNG. poultry was kept. It seemed difficult to get the exact inSOME FACTS FROM A COUNTRY formation from each family as to number of eggs consumed for only about 2% kept VILLAGE SURVEY. any record of eggs used. They were askA poultry survey was made in April, ed the possible consumption and an esti1915, of the village of Trumansburg, N. mate was made from this. In a few cases Y., the population of which, according to the consumption of eggs seemed so greatly the 1910 census was 1188. The village is exaggerated that it was necessary to resituated 3 miles from Cayuga Lake and 12 duce it considerably. miles from Ithaca on the Lehigh yalley It was impossible to get the accurate prorailroad running from New York City to duction per flock or per hen with the exBuitalo. There is also a good state road ception of two instances where poultry connecting Ithaca and Geneva, on which a keeping was a business. On one of these bus line has recently been established. The plants 600 hens were kept and on the other object of this survey was to study the 500. The average egg production of the flocks of poultry as to number, care, man- first 139 eggs per hen and of the second 110 agement method of marketing eggs and eggs per hen. poultry and the kind and amount of both Three hundred and twenty places were used by the consumer. visited and 235 survey sheets were filled Experience taught me that it was best to out representing 733 people who were old keep one's appearance as far from looking enough to consume eggs. No child under like a book agent as possible if a prompt two years of age was considered in the reply was wanted after ringing the door- survey. This gave an average of 3.1 perbell. Nevertheless as soon as my business sons per family able to consume eggs. was stated the parties questioned were There was a total of 159 people who were quite willing to give the desired informa- either sick or away or had moved in from tion; the connection between the citizen out of town of which no survey was made. The balance of population were small chiland the College being of the best. All the houses, stores and markets were dren and people who had worked in a silk visited unless specific information was mill there, but owing to the closing of the given by a neighbor that some one had mill for nearly a year they had moved piut of
£' « T i? w A w ° i ;*
horns. Out of 2657 S. C. W. Leghorns 1100 were kept on the two large plants heretofore mentioned. While Leghorns are not considered by some people a very desirable fowl to keep in the village because of their ability to get out of their yards, yet this survey shows that there were four time as many kept as there were B. P . Rocks. In most cases, however, the Leghorns were kept in larger flocks than the heavier breeds. It was considered that White Leghorns gave enough better results for amount of food consumed and amount of space taken to pay for putting up high fences to confine them, also the white eggs were more in demand by the dealers who shipped eggs to New York City. The Barred Plymouth Rocks ranked next, numbering 720 and seemed to be an especial favorite as a village fowl in small flocks. Where this variety was kept the people were more anxious for a good meat fowl and one easily confined, also in a great many instances they considered a brown egg richer than a white egg. Rhode Island Reds were quite in favor and as a matter of fact in a great many towns in New York State Barred Plymouth Rocks or Rhode Island Reds seem to be the most popular among the larger breeds. There were altogether 4131 pure bred hens and 744 mongrels making a total of 4875 fowls kept. This would allow 4.1 hens to every man, woman and child living in the village. Taking the averasre egg production at 80 eggs per hen, which would be a very low estimate, and the average egg consumption at 240 es-gs per person it will be seen that out of the surveys made reoresenting 733 oeople, each person would have a surplus of 288 egcs. Using this proportion of production it would seem that the poultry kept in Trumansburf could easily supply a town of at least 1700 inhabitants over two, vears of aee: with e«?s. « X^ZxfcMir^^^ < " *
i A7 m a 1 e s ' 1 6 1 bantams. ?1 ducks and 6590 er getotaling 11.867. f 73 was 20 acres or ok chickens,
^SStT:::::.v.::::::::::: It ™jr,r * «** ° Black Minorcas 48
«««feet Per
T ere were nearly twice as manvhouses w ! t h sfief} r o o f g a s w ; t h ? a M e r o o f g manv
Buff Orpingtons 30 Srr? yrPmgtons •£ of which were of the Cornell tvoe of Mottled Anconas JU house, all tvpes were in most instances Partridge Wyandottes 30 v e n t ;i a t ed by muslin curtains. In four BrownLeghorns OS c a s e s h e „ q w e r e k e T ) t j n t h e f,aseinent t o ^- ~L Wyandottes ^4 fams with comparative!v cood results. w - i • Rocks OS T j,e total floor snace of all the houses was White Minorcas 16 44 1 6 5 s a n a r e f p e t o r 37 „ , u a r e feet „ e r Columbian Wyandottes 5 b i r d y m m R a n d o1(1 w h i l e onl - te a f p w Pigeons • •. houses were larger than necessarv and Bantams 101 s o m e much too small, yet the conditions Ducks *1 taken as a whole were very good. Mongrels 744 There seemed to be ouite a difference of In table III, will be seen the number of opinion as to the method of feeding, 71 fowls in each of the sixteen varieties kept, flocks were fed dry mash, hard grain and the larger part of which were White Leg- table scraps, 51 flocks hard grain and ta31
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at GWU on April 30, 2015
town to get work. The depression caused by the closing of the mill would also tend to affect the amount of ee-gs and poultry consumed. Table I, shows that 46.9% of the people obtained their eggs from the parties keeping poultry in the village, 18.6% from the stores, 13.9% from farmers outside the corporation, 9.1% from the stores and farms, 6.2% from the stores and people in the village, 2.7% from the farmers and people in the village, and 2.0% from various sources none definite. Not only the larger amount or 46.9% of the eggs consumed came from the poultry kept in the village, but it was found that practically all the eggs bought of the stores also were thus produced while onlv 18.6% were bought in the country. The reason for this was the convenience of getting the eggs nearby which could be relied upon as being much fresher than those sent in by the farmers who were some times careless about gathering them regularly. The average consumption of eggs purchased of neighbors in the village was 23.90 dozens per person and the average consumption of eggs purchased at the stores was 16.23 per person. Where eggs were bouo-ht from a'l sources the average consumption was 20 08 or 240 egfs per person. One nerson did not eat eggs as they were considered too expensive. Table II, shows the amount of poultrv consiimed 47.7% of which was purchased of neople keening poultry in the village, 17.7% was bought of the markets, 10.9% from farmers outside the village, and 17.8% from farmers and peoole in the village. The average consumption per person was 27.36 pounds or approximately 7 fowls each. On comparing the amount of poultry eaten with the number of e^gs it will be found that one pound of poultry was consumed to every %& dozen eggs. TABLE III List of Varieties and 'Breeds Kept. White Leghorns 2657
PRODUCTION.
Survey No Street No Name No. in Family Amount of Land Devoted to Poultry Breeds Kept Pullets Cockerels Turkeys Hens 1 yr Cocks 1 yr Ducks Hens 2 yr Cocks 2 yr Geese Hens 3 yr Cocks 3 yr Pigeons Total Annual Egg Production— Total Per Hen Jan. 1 Apr. 1 Oct. 1 Price per dozen Breeding stock sold annually Market poultry sold annually Total sold '. Chicks reared annually Tvpe of houses Methods of hatching Methods of brooding Methods of feeding and ration Methods of marketing Amount of stock produced used in home... Total stock produced Hatching eggs sold annually Market eegs sold annually Totals old Amount eggs produced used in home Total eggs produced CONSUMPTION.
Poultry. Purchased. Amt. Price. Broilers Fryers Roasters Fowls Turkeys Ducks Geese Pigeons Total
;..
Produced. Amt. Price.
Eggs. Purchased. Produced. Amt. Price. Amt. Price. J».l-Ap.l Jo.l-O.1 Ja.l-Ap.l Ju.l-O.I Store eggs Farmers' Eggs Firsts Seconds Cold stge Total Source of supply The importance of the amount of poultry kept in the villages to my mind has not been given enough thought heretofore. If all the villages in the United States produced as much poultry and eggs as Trumansburg there would be a large surplus of eggs that could be credited to the American hen in view if the fact that the census does not give_ any credit to small flocks of poultry within the incorporations. It would be interesting to know just how much poultry was kept in all the villages in New York State and the proportion to the amount of eggs produced on the farm. The American hen is found in the best of society because she can always perform her work with the greatest of dignity if proper care is given her. R.
POULTRY
S.
MOSELEY.
EXTENSION WORK IN GEORGIA. Under the leadership of Mr. Jones, Boys' and Girls' Poultry Clubs were first introduced into Georgia. Last fall, under the Smith-Lever appropriation, we were able to put on a Poultry Club Agent, Mr. Taylor, of Purdue. We now have about 600 boys and girls enrolled for club work, and expect a fair majority of them to carry the work through to a successful completion this fall. The fact that over 60% of the farming that is done in Georgia is carried on by tenants, and that rent and credit is based entirely on cotton, has keot the Georgia "cracker" bound to a one-crop system. The live-stock has been of very poor grade, and, of course, where feed is scarce, very little stock of any kind is kept. The average farm flock consists of Georgia scrubs, that are allowed to roam all over the county, and are not even given roosting quarters. The climate is so mild that they roost in the trees. However, interest is beins: awakened in pure bred stock of all kinds. Pure bred dairy and beef sires, and pure bred stallions and boars are being brought into the state by farmers' organizations, and by progressive individuals. Pure bred chickens are rapidlv taking the place of the scrub in the farm flock. Diversification is on its way to Georgia. It may not come in this generation, but when it really comes, Georgia will be one of the wealthiest states in the Union.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at GWU on April 30, 2015
ble scraps, 9 hard grain, wet mash and table scraps, and 3 flocks wet mash, dry mash, hard grain and table scraps. Where dry mash was used in connection with hard grain the best results were obtained. In practically every case where mongrels were kept only hard grain and table scraps were given. It will be seen that table scraps composed a part of every ration and where only 4 or 5 hens were kept table scraps made up nearly the entire ration. If these were used the expense of keeping a few fowls would be comparatively small. How much better it would be then to have a few hens to eat up the table scraps than a bunch of cats and dogs. New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. Department of Poultry Husbandry, Ithaca, N. Y., April 7, 1915. No. 554. Poultry Survey of the Village of Trumansburg, N. Y.
TABLE I.—Consumption of .a
Source of Supply
a " o
Total TABLE
ft
fi
111
o
h Hi
18.6 13.9 45.9 9.1 6.2 2.7 2.0 0.0
2224 1517 8225 1057 1082 340 280 0
16.23 14.87 23.90 15.54 23.52 17.00 18.66 0.00
733
99.4
14725
20.08
.9
Markets Farmers outside village From people keeping poultry in village Markets and farms Farmers and people in village Various sources—none definite Do not use poultry
gig
137 102 344 68 46 20 15 1
II.—Consumption
Source of Supply
Total
S.s
"s|&
Stores Farmers outside village From people keeping poultry in village Stores and farms Stores and people in village Farmers and people in village Various sources—none definite Do not use eggs
Eggs.
"^ I & 130 80 350 25 131 8 9 733 30
of
240
Poultry.
ill
4U
17.7 10.9 47.7 3.4 17.8 1.0 1.2
3120 1500 12561 375 2358 170 0
24.00 18.75 35.88 15.00 18.00 21.25 0.00
"997
20084
27.39
Z & H
nl 6.00 4.68 8.97 3.75 4.50 5.31 0.00 6.84
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at GWU on April 30, 2015
moved out, or was sick or unable to give the desired information making a visit unnecessary. In case party was away for some time the neighbor was asked the names and number in family, also if any of the year. WALLACE S. YOUNG. poultry was kept. It seemed difficult to get the exact inSOME FACTS FROM A COUNTRY formation from each family as to number of eggs consumed for only about 2% kept VILLAGE SURVEY. any record of eggs used. They were askA poultry survey was made in April, ed the possible consumption and an esti1915, of the village of Trumansburg, N. mate was made from this. In a few cases Y., the population of which, according to the consumption of eggs seemed so greatly the 1910 census was 1188. The village is exaggerated that it was necessary to resituated 3 miles from Cayuga Lake and 12 duce it considerably. miles from Ithaca on the Lehigh yalley It was impossible to get the accurate prorailroad running from New York City to duction per flock or per hen with the exBuitalo. There is also a good state road ception of two instances where poultry connecting Ithaca and Geneva, on which a keeping was a business. On one of these bus line has recently been established. The plants 600 hens were kept and on the other object of this survey was to study the 500. The average egg production of the flocks of poultry as to number, care, man- first 139 eggs per hen and of the second 110 agement method of marketing eggs and eggs per hen. poultry and the kind and amount of both Three hundred and twenty places were used by the consumer. visited and 235 survey sheets were filled Experience taught me that it was best to out representing 733 people who were old keep one's appearance as far from looking enough to consume eggs. No child under like a book agent as possible if a prompt two years of age was considered in the reply was wanted after ringing the door- survey. This gave an average of 3.1 perbell. Nevertheless as soon as my business sons per family able to consume eggs. was stated the parties questioned were There was a total of 159 people who were quite willing to give the desired informa- either sick or away or had moved in from tion; the connection between the citizen out of town of which no survey was made. The balance of population were small chiland the College being of the best. All the houses, stores and markets were dren and people who had worked in a silk visited unless specific information was mill there, but owing to the closing of the given by a neighbor that some one had mill for nearly a year they had moved piut of
£' « T i? w A w ° i ;*
horns. Out of 2657 S. C. W. Leghorns 1100 were kept on the two large plants heretofore mentioned. While Leghorns are not considered by some people a very desirable fowl to keep in the village because of their ability to get out of their yards, yet this survey shows that there were four time as many kept as there were B. P . Rocks. In most cases, however, the Leghorns were kept in larger flocks than the heavier breeds. It was considered that White Leghorns gave enough better results for amount of food consumed and amount of space taken to pay for putting up high fences to confine them, also the white eggs were more in demand by the dealers who shipped eggs to New York City. The Barred Plymouth Rocks ranked next, numbering 720 and seemed to be an especial favorite as a village fowl in small flocks. Where this variety was kept the people were more anxious for a good meat fowl and one easily confined, also in a great many instances they considered a brown egg richer than a white egg. Rhode Island Reds were quite in favor and as a matter of fact in a great many towns in New York State Barred Plymouth Rocks or Rhode Island Reds seem to be the most popular among the larger breeds. There were altogether 4131 pure bred hens and 744 mongrels making a total of 4875 fowls kept. This would allow 4.1 hens to every man, woman and child living in the village. Taking the averasre egg production at 80 eggs per hen, which would be a very low estimate, and the average egg consumption at 240 es-gs per person it will be seen that out of the surveys made reoresenting 733 oeople, each person would have a surplus of 288 egcs. Using this proportion of production it would seem that the poultry kept in Trumansburf could easily supply a town of at least 1700 inhabitants over two, vears of aee: with e«?s. « X^ZxfcMir^^^ < " *
i A7 m a 1 e s ' 1 6 1 bantams. ?1 ducks and 6590 er getotaling 11.867. f 73 was 20 acres or ok chickens,
^SStT:::::.v.::::::::::: It ™jr,r * «** ° Black Minorcas 48
«««feet Per
T ere were nearly twice as manvhouses w ! t h sfief} r o o f g a s w ; t h ? a M e r o o f g manv
Buff Orpingtons 30 Srr? yrPmgtons •£ of which were of the Cornell tvoe of Mottled Anconas JU house, all tvpes were in most instances Partridge Wyandottes 30 v e n t ;i a t ed by muslin curtains. In four BrownLeghorns OS c a s e s h e „ q w e r e k e T ) t j n t h e f,aseinent t o ^- ~L Wyandottes ^4 fams with comparative!v cood results. w - i • Rocks OS T j,e total floor snace of all the houses was White Minorcas 16 44 1 6 5 s a n a r e f p e t o r 37 „ , u a r e feet „ e r Columbian Wyandottes 5 b i r d y m m R a n d o1(1 w h i l e onl - te a f p w Pigeons • •. houses were larger than necessarv and Bantams 101 s o m e much too small, yet the conditions Ducks *1 taken as a whole were very good. Mongrels 744 There seemed to be ouite a difference of In table III, will be seen the number of opinion as to the method of feeding, 71 fowls in each of the sixteen varieties kept, flocks were fed dry mash, hard grain and the larger part of which were White Leg- table scraps, 51 flocks hard grain and ta31
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at GWU on April 30, 2015
town to get work. The depression caused by the closing of the mill would also tend to affect the amount of ee-gs and poultry consumed. Table I, shows that 46.9% of the people obtained their eggs from the parties keeping poultry in the village, 18.6% from the stores, 13.9% from farmers outside the corporation, 9.1% from the stores and farms, 6.2% from the stores and people in the village, 2.7% from the farmers and people in the village, and 2.0% from various sources none definite. Not only the larger amount or 46.9% of the eggs consumed came from the poultry kept in the village, but it was found that practically all the eggs bought of the stores also were thus produced while onlv 18.6% were bought in the country. The reason for this was the convenience of getting the eggs nearby which could be relied upon as being much fresher than those sent in by the farmers who were some times careless about gathering them regularly. The average consumption of eggs purchased of neighbors in the village was 23.90 dozens per person and the average consumption of eggs purchased at the stores was 16.23 per person. Where eggs were bouo-ht from a'l sources the average consumption was 20 08 or 240 egfs per person. One nerson did not eat eggs as they were considered too expensive. Table II, shows the amount of poultrv consiimed 47.7% of which was purchased of neople keening poultry in the village, 17.7% was bought of the markets, 10.9% from farmers outside the village, and 17.8% from farmers and peoole in the village. The average consumption per person was 27.36 pounds or approximately 7 fowls each. On comparing the amount of poultry eaten with the number of e^gs it will be found that one pound of poultry was consumed to every %& dozen eggs. TABLE III List of Varieties and 'Breeds Kept. White Leghorns 2657
PRODUCTION.
Survey No Street No Name No. in Family Amount of Land Devoted to Poultry Breeds Kept Pullets Cockerels Turkeys Hens 1 yr Cocks 1 yr Ducks Hens 2 yr Cocks 2 yr Geese Hens 3 yr Cocks 3 yr Pigeons Total Annual Egg Production— Total Per Hen Jan. 1 Apr. 1 Oct. 1 Price per dozen Breeding stock sold annually Market poultry sold annually Total sold '. Chicks reared annually Tvpe of houses Methods of hatching Methods of brooding Methods of feeding and ration Methods of marketing Amount of stock produced used in home... Total stock produced Hatching eggs sold annually Market eegs sold annually Totals old Amount eggs produced used in home Total eggs produced CONSUMPTION.
Poultry. Purchased. Amt. Price. Broilers Fryers Roasters Fowls Turkeys Ducks Geese Pigeons Total
;..
Produced. Amt. Price.
Eggs. Purchased. Produced. Amt. Price. Amt. Price. J».l-Ap.l Jo.l-O.1 Ja.l-Ap.l Ju.l-O.I Store eggs Farmers' Eggs Firsts Seconds Cold stge Total Source of supply The importance of the amount of poultry kept in the villages to my mind has not been given enough thought heretofore. If all the villages in the United States produced as much poultry and eggs as Trumansburg there would be a large surplus of eggs that could be credited to the American hen in view if the fact that the census does not give_ any credit to small flocks of poultry within the incorporations. It would be interesting to know just how much poultry was kept in all the villages in New York State and the proportion to the amount of eggs produced on the farm. The American hen is found in the best of society because she can always perform her work with the greatest of dignity if proper care is given her. R.
POULTRY
S.
MOSELEY.
EXTENSION WORK IN GEORGIA. Under the leadership of Mr. Jones, Boys' and Girls' Poultry Clubs were first introduced into Georgia. Last fall, under the Smith-Lever appropriation, we were able to put on a Poultry Club Agent, Mr. Taylor, of Purdue. We now have about 600 boys and girls enrolled for club work, and expect a fair majority of them to carry the work through to a successful completion this fall. The fact that over 60% of the farming that is done in Georgia is carried on by tenants, and that rent and credit is based entirely on cotton, has keot the Georgia "cracker" bound to a one-crop system. The live-stock has been of very poor grade, and, of course, where feed is scarce, very little stock of any kind is kept. The average farm flock consists of Georgia scrubs, that are allowed to roam all over the county, and are not even given roosting quarters. The climate is so mild that they roost in the trees. However, interest is beins: awakened in pure bred stock of all kinds. Pure bred dairy and beef sires, and pure bred stallions and boars are being brought into the state by farmers' organizations, and by progressive individuals. Pure bred chickens are rapidlv taking the place of the scrub in the farm flock. Diversification is on its way to Georgia. It may not come in this generation, but when it really comes, Georgia will be one of the wealthiest states in the Union.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at GWU on April 30, 2015
ble scraps, 9 hard grain, wet mash and table scraps, and 3 flocks wet mash, dry mash, hard grain and table scraps. Where dry mash was used in connection with hard grain the best results were obtained. In practically every case where mongrels were kept only hard grain and table scraps were given. It will be seen that table scraps composed a part of every ration and where only 4 or 5 hens were kept table scraps made up nearly the entire ration. If these were used the expense of keeping a few fowls would be comparatively small. How much better it would be then to have a few hens to eat up the table scraps than a bunch of cats and dogs. New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. Department of Poultry Husbandry, Ithaca, N. Y., April 7, 1915. No. 554. Poultry Survey of the Village of Trumansburg, N. Y.