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Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
540 THE death occurred on the 9th inst,, at his residence in that this investigation of Liebermann was only a portion of a larger one, having for its object the study of the " leuco" Putney, of Dr. Robert Gordon Latbam, F,R,S., F.R.C.P., the bodies that be obtainable by reducing colouring author of several works on philology, ethnology, and substances ofmight the anthraquinone group, in the course of lexicography. The deceased, who was a Fellow of King’s which it was found that alizarin, flavopurpurin, anthra. College, Cambridge, was for some time assistant physician purpurin, anthragallol, and other allied compounds, yield to the Middlesex Hospital, where he lectured on Materia similar reduction products, all of which are, when in solution, readily reconvertible into the original substance Medica and Forensic Medicine. by atmospheric oxidation. A quantity of the reduction products of alizarin and flavopurpurin were prepared for Fairly satisfactory results were purposes. AT the meeting of the Royal Medical Society of Edin- therapeutic obtained in cases of herpes tonsurans, pityriasis versicolor, burgh on March 9th, the diploma of honorary membership eczema marginatum, and psoriasis. Dr. Behrend reported was conferred upon Dr. John Duncan of Edinburgh and that the product from alizarin is of similar but inferior Sir Dyce Duckworth, who both held office as Presidents action to chrysarobin, although more intense than pyrogallic acid. These compounds are called anthrarobin, thepurpurin of the Society in 1861. product being distinguished from the alizarin product by is freely soluble in cold H.R.H. Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg, the letter P or F. Anthrarobin dilute aqueous solutions of the alkalies, ammonia and the has been pleased to appoint John Williams, M.D., to be alkaline earths, with the development of a brown-yellow ,Physician-Accoucheur to Her Royal Highness. colour, such solutions absorbing oxygen from the air with eagerness, and parsing through green to blue, and then to alizarin violet. It is soluble in alcohol, and may be kept unoxidised for a week in a well-corked bottle. It has the advantage over chrysarobin of producing no inflammation of the skin ; it colours the skin a slight brown, yet the staining produced on linen can be removed with soap and soda. HOW TO USE CREOLIN. -
Pharmacology
IN
reply to inquiries
and
from
Therapeutics.
numerous
medical brethren
HYGRINE.
as
Hygrine was obtained by Dr. Ralph Stockman from to the best methods of employing creolin in various classes distillation of so-called amorphous cocaine with water. A of cases, Dr. Max Eortum has published some additional drop of it placed on the tongue causes a burning sensation, account of his experience of this substance, the manufac- and it is an extremely irritating substance. Without turers of which are Messrs. W. Pearson and Co. of Hamburg. causing special symptoms, frogs died from the subcutaneous Solutions have at first a milky appearance, but if allowed injection of a drop of hygrine mixed with water. Considerto stand for any considerable time become brownish, owing able irritation was caused at the seat of injection, while the muscles all over the body, the bowel, and serous memto the resinous principles and naphthaline salts separating branes were studded with numerous minute haemorrhages, For solutions out. are employed-a surgical purposes two due evidently to the local irritation of the particles of 2 per cent. solution and aper cent. solution. The stronger Hence the importance of being certain that any one is used for the hands, the instruments, and hygrine. of cocaine is free from hygrine. Indeed, this specimen the surface of the patient’s body. This has no undesirable communication is very instructive and important in conThe on or on the instruments. weak solution effect the skin nexion with the occurrence of accidents after the injection is employed for irrigating wounds, for saturating tampons, of cocaine. The benzoic ethers formed by decomposition of Creolin has a decided and for moistening dressings, &c. cocaine are also very irritating to the mucous membranes, haemostatic action, and yet even in strong solutions does not Those interested in the chemistry of hygrine may consult act as a caustic. It may, if very strong, cause smarting, but the article in the Pharmaceutical Journal, third series, only temporarily. In a case where a pulmonary cavity com- No. 922. municated with the cavity of the pleura which had been
disinfecting
____________
for empyema, copious hemorrhage occurring some after the operation from the lung cavity, a plug soaked days in a 2 per cent. solution of creolin was inserted and stopped the haemorrhage at once, the only unpleasant effect produced being that the sputa tasted of creolin. In cases of large burns and bedsores permanent baths of creolin water have proved very successful. In the case of bedsores Dr. Max Kortum suspends the part affected in a pan containing a 5 per mille solution. In midwifery cases the vagina may be washed out with the t per cent. solution, both before and after delivery. Where the perineum is ruptured this solution has an excellent effect. when used to moisten compresses kept applied to the part. In a case of atony of the uterus post partum a plug soaked in a 2 per cent. solution proved very successful. Surgical dressings, gauze and moss applications, can be moistened every day or two with the creolin solution. In addition to watery solutions, creolin may be prescribed combined with oil or cerate, or as a powder with boracic acid as a basis. Cotton wool is also impregnated with it. The 5 per cent. oil may be used for itch or pediculi. In gonorrhoea injections of a watery solution of from 1 to5 per 1000 are very effectual, and in vesical catarrh a 1 per 1000 solution may be injected with advantage. Both in this affection and in gonorrhoea creolin may also be given internally in pills containing from It to 4t grains each, three or four times a day.
opened
ANTIIRAROBIN AND CHRYSAROBIN.
Chrysarobin, the chief component of Goa powder, becomes chrysophanic acid by oxidation. Liebermann has attempted to recover chrysarobin from the acid, but failed, for the reduction yielded a product in which two atoms of hydrogen had simply replaced one of oxygen. Liebermann and Seidler considered that the avidity for oxygen was the mechanism on which depended the therapeutical value oi chrysarobin. The Pharmaceutical Journal, No. 923, E3tateE
PROFESSOR OERTEL ON DIPHTHERIA. III.
the cervical and of most the constant clinical submaxillary glands of and have described writers phenomena diphtheria, necrobiotic changes and suppuration of them in this disease. (a) Cervical and submaxillary glands show numerous hxmorrhages in periglandular tissue and in capsule, and marked hyperplasia of the cells of the gland. Scattered foci, evidently necrobiotic, which stained faintly, can be seen throughout the gland, the change as a rule extending into the follicles, and occurring more in the cortical than in the medullary portion of the gland. As in other diphtheritic products, there occur a large number of large round epithelioid cells in which the nuclei are dividing and disintegrating, whilst the lymphoid corpuscles themselves show similar evidence of breaking up of chromatin and a chemical change in the nuclear juice, whereby it becomes capable of being stained by reagents. The change doubtless commences in the large round calls, and later infects the lymphoid corpuscles. At first the foci composed of the disintegrated products stain well; but as the process advances these foci become paler, and are converted into a granular mass, which is not only incapable of being stained, but undergoes the further coagulation and hyaline degeneration noted elsewhere. These foci may be limited in extent, and are then bounded by layers of normal lymphcorpuscles, whose nuclei present chromatin, diffused or in threads ; but, when the necrobiosis is extending, the products of degeneration and of disintegrating nuclei are found between the layers of normal cells. In other parts 5.
Lymplzatic Glands.-Enlargement of is
one
I I
Pharmacology
IN
reply to inquiries
and
from
Therapeutics.
numerous
medical brethren
HYGRINE.
as
Hygrine was obtained by Dr. Ralph Stockman from to the best methods of employing creolin in various classes distillation of so-called amorphous cocaine with water. A of cases, Dr. Max Eortum has published some additional drop of it placed on the tongue causes a burning sensation, account of his experience of this substance, the manufac- and it is an extremely irritating substance. Without turers of which are Messrs. W. Pearson and Co. of Hamburg. causing special symptoms, frogs died from the subcutaneous Solutions have at first a milky appearance, but if allowed injection of a drop of hygrine mixed with water. Considerto stand for any considerable time become brownish, owing able irritation was caused at the seat of injection, while the muscles all over the body, the bowel, and serous memto the resinous principles and naphthaline salts separating branes were studded with numerous minute haemorrhages, For solutions out. are employed-a surgical purposes two due evidently to the local irritation of the particles of 2 per cent. solution and aper cent. solution. The stronger Hence the importance of being certain that any one is used for the hands, the instruments, and hygrine. of cocaine is free from hygrine. Indeed, this specimen the surface of the patient’s body. This has no undesirable communication is very instructive and important in conThe on or on the instruments. weak solution effect the skin nexion with the occurrence of accidents after the injection is employed for irrigating wounds, for saturating tampons, of cocaine. The benzoic ethers formed by decomposition of Creolin has a decided and for moistening dressings, &c. cocaine are also very irritating to the mucous membranes, haemostatic action, and yet even in strong solutions does not Those interested in the chemistry of hygrine may consult act as a caustic. It may, if very strong, cause smarting, but the article in the Pharmaceutical Journal, third series, only temporarily. In a case where a pulmonary cavity com- No. 922. municated with the cavity of the pleura which had been
disinfecting
____________
for empyema, copious hemorrhage occurring some after the operation from the lung cavity, a plug soaked days in a 2 per cent. solution of creolin was inserted and stopped the haemorrhage at once, the only unpleasant effect produced being that the sputa tasted of creolin. In cases of large burns and bedsores permanent baths of creolin water have proved very successful. In the case of bedsores Dr. Max Kortum suspends the part affected in a pan containing a 5 per mille solution. In midwifery cases the vagina may be washed out with the t per cent. solution, both before and after delivery. Where the perineum is ruptured this solution has an excellent effect. when used to moisten compresses kept applied to the part. In a case of atony of the uterus post partum a plug soaked in a 2 per cent. solution proved very successful. Surgical dressings, gauze and moss applications, can be moistened every day or two with the creolin solution. In addition to watery solutions, creolin may be prescribed combined with oil or cerate, or as a powder with boracic acid as a basis. Cotton wool is also impregnated with it. The 5 per cent. oil may be used for itch or pediculi. In gonorrhoea injections of a watery solution of from 1 to5 per 1000 are very effectual, and in vesical catarrh a 1 per 1000 solution may be injected with advantage. Both in this affection and in gonorrhoea creolin may also be given internally in pills containing from It to 4t grains each, three or four times a day.
opened
ANTIIRAROBIN AND CHRYSAROBIN.
Chrysarobin, the chief component of Goa powder, becomes chrysophanic acid by oxidation. Liebermann has attempted to recover chrysarobin from the acid, but failed, for the reduction yielded a product in which two atoms of hydrogen had simply replaced one of oxygen. Liebermann and Seidler considered that the avidity for oxygen was the mechanism on which depended the therapeutical value oi chrysarobin. The Pharmaceutical Journal, No. 923, E3tateE
PROFESSOR OERTEL ON DIPHTHERIA. III.
the cervical and of most the constant clinical submaxillary glands of and have described writers phenomena diphtheria, necrobiotic changes and suppuration of them in this disease. (a) Cervical and submaxillary glands show numerous hxmorrhages in periglandular tissue and in capsule, and marked hyperplasia of the cells of the gland. Scattered foci, evidently necrobiotic, which stained faintly, can be seen throughout the gland, the change as a rule extending into the follicles, and occurring more in the cortical than in the medullary portion of the gland. As in other diphtheritic products, there occur a large number of large round epithelioid cells in which the nuclei are dividing and disintegrating, whilst the lymphoid corpuscles themselves show similar evidence of breaking up of chromatin and a chemical change in the nuclear juice, whereby it becomes capable of being stained by reagents. The change doubtless commences in the large round calls, and later infects the lymphoid corpuscles. At first the foci composed of the disintegrated products stain well; but as the process advances these foci become paler, and are converted into a granular mass, which is not only incapable of being stained, but undergoes the further coagulation and hyaline degeneration noted elsewhere. These foci may be limited in extent, and are then bounded by layers of normal lymphcorpuscles, whose nuclei present chromatin, diffused or in threads ; but, when the necrobiosis is extending, the products of degeneration and of disintegrating nuclei are found between the layers of normal cells. In other parts 5.
Lymplzatic Glands.-Enlargement of is
one
I I