POST-GRADUATE STUDY.

643 to the end of February, and the summer one from May lst In addition to the courses held in to the end of July. the two semesters there are Ferien-Curs (vacation courses) held in March and Oc:ober. Dr. Waters says that these offer special advantages to medical men ; there is a course in nearly every subject, and as they are for qualified men they are essentially practical. The work of the clinics begins in until late in the evening. and continues the early morning Professor Olshausen commences his gynaecological operations .at7 45 A.M and one of the medical clinics is held from 8 to 9 A.M. There are three medical clinics in

Annotations. "Ne quid nimis."

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. WE shall shortly publish an article dealing with the of Medicine of the University of London, pointing out the extent to which the reconstitution of the University has modified the conditions of education and examination in theFaculty of Medicine.

Faculty

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HINTS TO

MEDICAL VISITORS TO BERLIN.

VISITORS to foreign cities usually find it helpful to know of the experiences of those who have already traversed the same route, more especially when the objects of the journey are in each case the same, and an article entitled "Medical Notes from Berlin," contributed by Dr. Donald Bremner Waters to the July number of the Caledonian Medical Journal, contains passages which may be of interest to some of our readers. Dr. Waters commences with the remark that Berlin is a very fine city where there is a great wealth of clinical material and the teaching is exceedingly good. Most of the clinics are held in the Charite Hospital or in its vicinity and large numbers of students occupy apartments in the immediate neighbourhood, so that the 11 latin quarter" of Berlin may be said to form a circle with the Charit6 in the centre. There is not much difficulty in finding rooms, for in certain parts of the city almost every house-door has a card with the announcement, " Hier ist ein Zimmer zu vermiethen."" For those who prefer to reside in one of the suburbs in order to avoid the stir and bustle of the city proper Charlottenburg may be recommended, as it is not too far from the clinics and better room,; may perhaps be obtained there at no higher rates than in the central localities. Charlottenburg is three or four miles from the Charité, but there is an excellent train service with trains running every five minutes and a ticket for a month costs In exchange value a mark is almost only three marks. identical with a shilling, but in general a mark will go further in Germany than a shilling will in Great Britain. The rent of one room in Berlin may be estimated at from 30 to 40 marks per month, varying according to size and situation, and especially according to the floor on which the room is. Rooms on the first floor cost about double of those on the fourth. The landlady provides morning coffee, for which she charges from six to eight marks, but dinner, and generally supper, must be obtained out.,ide in one of the numerous restaurants, where the prices are moderate, if the visitor knows exactly where to go. The especially more conversant the visitor is with German the more he will profit by the opportunities offered in the clinics, and for some it would probably be advisable that they should begin by living in a pension or family. There is a truly bewildering choice of clinics, for in each of the important branches of medicine and surgery there are at least two courses, in some cases more, conducted either by the professors or by privat-docents, while additional classes are held by others not so intimately connected with the university. If the visitor desires to obtain a certificate from the university that he has attended classes it is necessary to matriculate. This costs only something like 18s. and full value is got; for the money, as a number of short (though by no means unimportant) courses are thereby open to the matriculant The fees for the various clinics are without further fee. much lower than for the corresponding courses in Greati As a rule, they cost about 30 to 40 marks, Britain. with the exception of practical classes, such as bacterioThere are two. which are somewhat dearer. ogy, &c., emesters in each year, the winter semester from Nov. lst

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Berlin, conducted by Professor Gerhardt,’ Professor von Leyden, and Professor Senator respectively. Systematic lectures are not delivered, the teaching being almost entirely clinical. The patient is brought before the students, short history of the case is given, and two or three students who are detailed for the purpose investigate the case under the supervision of the professor who thereupon sums up and discusses the diagnosis. A similar procedure takes place at the polyclinics, the only distinction being that more cases are discussed in the time. A point of difference between the German and British methods is that in the former the students rarely come into the wards. There are special classes conducted by the privat-docents and the assistants of the clinic, in order to instruct students in physical signs and in the method of investigating cases.

a

College, 46, Great Ormond-street, ambulance class in connexion with the College. The present instructor is, however, unable to Wehave carry on the work during the coming session. been requested to publish an appeal for a volunteer and we do so with pleasure. The class meets once a week in the evening at an hour to be settled by the instructor. Communications should be addressed to the secretary, Mr. E. C. Duchesne, at the College. THE

Men’s

Working

London, W.C.,

has

an

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THE report of the Principal Chemist of the Government Laboratory upon the work of the laboratory for the year ending March 31st, 1902, has been published and we propose to deal with it in

a

future number.

POST-GRADUATE ASSOCIATION

STUDY.

METROPOLITAN SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE. ARRANGEMENTS have now been made by which the Association of the Metropolitan Schools of Medicine is enlarged so as to include (with one exception) all the institutions recognised by the University of London as seats of medical education. On and after Oct. lst next St. Bartholomew’s Hospital and the five following special hospitals-the Brompton Hospital for Diseases of the Chest; the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond-street ; the London School of Tropical Medicine ; the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic ; and the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital (late Moorfields)-become members of the association, which already includes nine general hospitals. It is hoped that this widening of the scope of the association will have the effect of making it has been even more attractive in the future than it in the past. Amongst other privileges its ticket (the charge for which is 7 guineas for three months or 10 guineas for six months) will admit to the post-graduate courses carried on at the hospitals, both general and special, which share in the scheme. By means of clinical lectures and demonstrations, at which, so far as is possible, patients are shown, the wealth of clinical material, which would otherwise be almo t unmanageable, is made readily accessible. In connexion with the special departments of several of the general hospitals similar lectures and demonstrations will OF

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Since deceased.

644 also b.

given

placed at

their

regular hoars. disposal the best

at

Qualitied of all the

men

the operating

t the anaesthetists on have thus by days and post-graduates v work inwill be allowed to administer anaesthetics under their super-

hospital

i London. intendence. Special classes are held each session ; each This is a scheme of post-graduate instruction which will have opportunities of administering several different. should prove attractive abov; all others to graduate membersanassthetics. Post-mortem examinations are performed at. of the metropolitan schools who wish to widen their ideas by5 P. M. and demonstrations on recent pathological specimens ob3ervation of the methods of teaching and practice adoptedare given on Mondays and Fridays during each session, at at institutions other then their particular alnaa mater. The11 A.M. in the lecture room. Post-graduates also visit the office of the Association remains as before at the Examina-wards in the mornings with the house surgeons and house tion Hall, Victoria Embankment, W.C., where all information physicians ] ; they also often render assistance to these officers i the Casualty Department. Practical lectutes and demonmay be obtained between the hours of 12.30 and 3, except in on Saturdays.strations are given each afternoon (except Saturday) at 5 P.M. ’ the session. during MEDICAL GRADUATES’ COLLEGE AND POLYCLINIC. Fees.-The fee for the hospital practice, including all the This institution, of which Sir William Broadbent is demonstrations and lectures, is kl1 1s. for one weekT President, affords to medical men special facilities for ordinary ;&2 2s. for one month ; £4 4s. for three months ; ;&6 6s. for acquiring technical skill and for advancing their medicalsix months ; C99s. for one year ; and !!,21 for a life ticket ; and scientific knowledge. The building contains lecture andall fees to be paid in advance. If it is wished to pay the consulting-rooms, a pathological and clinical laboratory, a fee by instalments the price of the yearly ticket will be Roentgen ray room, an ophthalmoscope room, a museum, a .610 10s., payable by one instalment of £4 4s. and two of library, and reading and writing rooms, &c. Clinical lectures E3 3s., the first to be paid on joining, the second three are given each working day of the week except Saturday, at months later, and the third at the end of six months; the 4 P.M., and clinical lectures are given on alternate fee for a life ticket will be £23 2s., payable by four instaland General Wednesdays at 5.15 P.M. systematic ments of £44s. and two of .S3 3s., the first to be paid on join. lectures are given on special subjects twice a month. the second after three months, the third at the end of Classes are also held in practical bacteriology, mental ing, nine months, the fourth at the end of one year, and the diseases, hygiene and public health, and operative two final ones at intervals of three months. A course of Extra classes in any subject are formed to suit the attendance on either the medical or surgery surgical practice alone convenience of practitioners unable to attend those already be taken out for the fee of .633s. for three months. The may A complimentary ticket available for three fee for three months’ attendance in provided. any one special departsuccessive days will be issued to any practitioner upon pre- ment other than medicine or surgery is Z22s. for three A monthly journal, the months. Further information can sentation of his visiting card. be obtained on application Polyolinic, recording the work done in the college, is issued to the Dean at the West London Hospital. free to subscribers and members. The annual subscription NORTH-EAST LONDON POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE. for practitioners residing in Great Britain and Ireland is In connexion with the Tottenham Hospital, N., facilities one guinea and for practitioners non-resident in the United Kingdom half-a-guinea. Full information can be obtained are afforded to qualified medical men for taking part in from the Medical Superintendent at the college, 22, Chenies- the work of an active general hospital and of attending demonstrations of various branches of Medicine, Surgery, street, Gower-street, W.C. and Gynaecology, with opportunities for other forms of CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL. clinical instruction, including Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Classes for post-graduate study are held on each Thursday Throat, Nose, Diseases of the Skin, and Dentistry. Clinical of the week throughout the year at Charing Cross Hospital. Lectures are given from time to time by members of the The fee for each courseof ten lectures is.81Is. The first staff. Cases are demonstrated both in the wards and in the of the two winter courses this year will commence on various out-patient departments ; operations are performed Oct. 9th and will be conducted by the following members of afternoon of the week except Saturday. The fee for every the medical and surgical staff : Drs. Green, Bruce, Eden, a three months’ course of which may be begun at study, Willcocks, Murray, and Galloway, and Messrs. Boyd, Water- any time, in any single department, is £1 1s. A fee of house, Wallis, and Gibbs. Further information as to the .62 2s. admits to the whole practice of the hospital for dates and subjects can be obtained by communicating with a similar term, and a perpetual ticket for the practice the honorary secretary (Dr. Willcocks) at the hospital. of the hospital may, for the present, be obtained on payWEST LONDON POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE : WEST LONDONr ment of a fee of £3 3s. Medical practitioners who have attended a three months’ course in any department are HOSPITAL. The West London Hospital, Hammersmith-road, was the eligible for appointment as Clinical Assistants in those A certificate signed by the staff may be first general hospital in London to organise a systematic: departments. scheme for post-graduate teaching and to devote the clinical obtained at the end of three months’ hospital attendance. material in its wards and out-patient department solely to, Further information may be obtained from the Dean of the instruction of qualified men. The college was started in, the Post-Graduate College, Dr. A. J. Whiting, 142, Harley1895, and three years later its basis was enlarged by the street, W. METROPOLITAN EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT HOSPITAL, provision of accommodation for the post-graduates in the shape of lecture, reading, and writing rooms, &c., while. This hospital, which is situated in Grafton-treet, owing to the continued growth of the college these were. Tottenham-court-road, gives facilities for post-graduate transferred last year to a building especially constructed for* study. The fee for one month’s attendance at the hosthe purpose. The physicians and surgeons attend daily at is £1 1s. and for three months £22s. During the pital 2.30 r. M. Post-graduates accompany the staff on their visits session demonstrations will be given by the forthcoming to the wards. Instruction is given in the out-patient depart- members of the staff on the pathology and treatment of ment daily at 2.15 P.M. by the assistant physicians and diseases of the ear and respiratory passages. Short pracassistant surgeons. The out-patient department has recently tical classes will also be held in clinical pathology and been enlarged and there is now ample accommodation forr of these regions. Weekly clinical lectures surgical anatomy post-graduates to see and to examine the patients. There are are given by the staff on the special diseases treated at the special departments for Diseases of the Eye ; the Ear, Throat, hospital ; the time, date, and subject of these lectures are and Nose ; the Skin ; for Diseases of Women ; Medical previously announced in the medical journals. These Diseases of Children ; and for Orthopaedic Surgery and forr lectures are free to all medical practitioners and students. X-ray Work. Clinical Assistants are appointed from among PROVINCIAL POST-GRADUATE STUDY. the post-graduates. Practical classes for instruction in theseB The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in connexion subjects are held each session. They are limited in numberr n with University College, Liverpool, provides post-graduate and each member has opportunities of gaining experience in the methods of examination and treatment. Operations are e classes. Clinical instruction is given at the Royal Southern performed on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays, andd Hospital, which has a special ward for the reception and Saturdays at 2.30 P. .M. and on Thursdays at 3. 30 P. M. Post-5- treatment of tropical diseases. In the pathological departgraduates are allowed to stand close to the table and can seee ment of University College (Thompson-Yates Laboratories) The surgeons often avail themthe operations perfectly. investigations of specimens may be made. selves of the assistance of post-graduates at operations. Ample facilities are provided at Cambridge University for ;s Instruction is given in the administration of anaesthetics post-graduate study and research in anatomy, physiology, ’

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pathology, pharmacology, medicine and sirgery

are

and chemistry. Lectures 111 clinical given at Addenbrooke’s Hospital.

Various courses of lectures are from time t’l time available for graduates at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, the City

and some other institutions. Instruction in bacteriology and pathology is available for medical men throughout the year also at Belfast.

Hospital,

THE ARMY AS A MEDICAL CAREER.

medical officers will be able to avail themselves of the large and varied field of clinical material and hospital practice to be found in this metropolis. All this should prove for the mutual benefit of the State and the medical service. There is, then, no reason why a really good stamp of men should not in future be attracted to the army, nor any reason why they should not, with periodically recurring opportunities provided for tudy, be able to maintain a high professional standard and to keep themselves abreast with the progress of modern medical knowledge and

thought.

Lest it be thought that we lay too much stress upon this. matter we would point out that the Royal Army Medical Corps must first and foremost be regarded as a scientific branch of the service if it is to maintain a high and respected position, and this on the mere ground of self-intereht the officers and men of the army are quick to find out those whom they can trust when sick or wounded. They are naturally only too glad to avail themselves of the aid and skill of those who show that they are keenly interested in their profession and are ready to do all they can to support the position of such men, if only in order to retain the benefit of their services. It is, after all, a matter of common sense and experience that this should be so. Of course in this, as in every other walk in life, a man has to a large extent to make his own position by the exhibition of his personal qualities, but if in addition to being professionally capable he is in mind and manner a self-respecting gentleman it would be hard to find a better or more pleasant position in life than such a medical officer will occupy. An officer of this stamp has always made, and will so long as human nature remains what it is continue to make, many true friends in the army. And if he takes part in a campaign and serves on a battle-field he will experience what the ties of comradeship mean, will see surgery.on a big scale, and otherwise will learn lessons which he will never forget. There are besides some other things which medical service in the army Corps. The medical service having some years ago been organised offers that cannot be found in any other career. A medical man He sees in the course of his in the army is a cosmopolitan. as a corps with an autonomy of its own and the question of the military titles, rank, and status of its officers having been service-life many lands and many different peoples and settled in accordance with their wishes, and with those of the meets with many new and varied experiences as he travels profession generally, there still remained for solution the through fresh fields, each of them presenting stimulating problems of how the needful supply of highly qualified subjects for curiosity, observation, or inquiry ; he is afforded medical candidates could be obtained, and how the State opportunities for studying disease under different aspects could have the assurance that their scientific knowledge and and in different climates and under a variety of conditions ; and, if he is a lover of nature and has an open and intelligent professional efficiency would be always maintained. The official answer to these questions is to be found mind or a taste for natural history, he cannot fail in the in the last Royal Warrant published in THE LANCET course of his service to meet with a variety of interesting of March 29th, 1902, p. 912, and in the regulations objects and situations which rarely, if ever, fall in the way for admission into the Royal Army Medical Corps which of the civil practitioner in this country. He is a medical officer and has perforce duties other than medical to diswere published in THE LANCET of May 10th, 1902, p. 1339. There is little need to refer to the fierce fire of adverse charge, but he has a fixed and, on the whole, fairly good criticism which hailed the advent of the report of the War income and knows not the carking care and anxiety attendOffice Committee. We said at the time that at that stage ing monetary struggles in early professional life. There is, of course, another side. of the proceedings the report should be simply regarded Many hardships are as outlining an immature scheme, and that many of the inseparable from army life and foreign service, but on objections would disappear when it came to be considered in these things there is no need to dwell as they must all be detail, as it would have to be, whilst it was being formu- more or less obvious. It is, perhaps, worth mentioning that lated officially into the shape of a warrant and regulations. if in many respects the army medical officer has to encounter This is what has actually taken place, and as regards the obstacles and difficulties in the study and pursuit of his omission of all mention of India in the Royal Warrant profession which are not present in civil life he enjoys one we have since had the satisfaction of announcing advantage: the medical officer in dealing with soldiers is the Secretary of State’s decision that the warrant is dealing with men living in community under exactly the to be made applicable to that country. So far. same conditions ; he knows all about their environment, then, as official documents are concerned all seems to their mode of life, and their habits, so that under such cirbe open and above board as regards the terms, material cumstances the observations made regarding a body of advantages, and conditions of service offered to intending troops often part-tke very much of the nature of an candidates. The medical officer of the future will be largely experiment. To sum up the whole matter, we think, then, that for young master of his fate. He will on entering the service be in possession of a fairly liberal rate of pay and will learn much and well-trained medical men generally the army as a career that will be both new and interesting as well as much that offers many distinct advantages, and that for a certain class will hereafter prove useful to him. He will while serving in of enterprising and observant man service in it holds out the corps have special opportunities for the study of his pro- unique opportunities. fession and can accelerate his promotion and qualify for an appointment with extra pay as an expert in subjects for which he has any special knowledge, taste, or aptitude. Success CONGRESS OF MEDICAL ELECTROLOGY AND ill the Army Medical Service is no longer by a dead-level RADIOLOGY.—The Second International Congress of Medical seniority, the door is thrown open to professional merit and Electrology and Radiology will be held in Berne. SwitzerThe proceedings will comattainments in a way that has never before been, but which land, from Sept. Iht to the 6th. With the mence on August 31st with a reception at the Restaurant du we have always advocated should be, the case. The meetings will be held at the Institute of increased facilities for professional and scientific study, and Musee. the establishment of a staff medical college in London, Physiology. Biihlplatz, on Sept lst, 2nd 4th, 5th, and 6th, On Sept. 3rd the public medical services will be brought into clo.-e from 9 A M. to noon and from 3 to 5 P.M. relations with the medical rofession in civil life, and there will be an excursion to St. Beatenberg.

FEw matters of importance and interest to the medical profession, and especially to the medical student, have been more written about than the work and position of the Royal Army Medical Corps. After years of controversy between the Army Medical Service and various Governments we appear, however, to have reached at length a stage affording a more secure and satisfactory footing than has hitherto been the case. It cannot, we think, be denied that, as the result of the recent movement for the reform and reorganisation of the medical service of the army, many radical and salutary changes and improvements have been effected in all that appertains to that service. We are very glad to be able to say this because we have always felt that on every ground it was highly undesirable that there should be among the younger members of the profession anything like a boycott of an important public service with distinguished traditions. The present time, therefore, affords a very fitting and favourable opportunity for taking accurate stock of the Army Medical Department and for frankly and dispassionately considering what are the inducements held out to young medical men to throw in their lot with the army and to serve their country and their profession by joining the Royal Army Medical