Post-world war II treaty research sources, finding tools, and status information sources

Government PublicationsReview, Vol. 12, pp. l-23, 1985 Printed in the USA. All rights reserved.

0277-9390/U $3.00 + .oo Copyright D 1985 Pergamon Press Ltd

POST-WORLD WAR II TREATY RESEARCH SOURCES, FINDING TOOLS, AND STATUS INFORMATION SOURCES DEBORA CHENEY Reference Department, Ellen Clarke Bertrand Library, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837

Abstract-Since World War II, the number of treaties and the subjects those treaties touch upon have steadily increased. As a result, many researchers need to locate treaty texts and determine a treaty’s status. This bibliographical essay describes treaty sources, finding tools, and status information sources for treaties concluded since World War II. The publications of international organizations, national governments, and commercial publishers are described.

Since World War II, the number of treaties registered with the United Nations Secretariat has steadily increased. Today, nations use treaties not only to establish order in the wake of war, but more frequently to create binding legal obligations on nearly every subject from aeronautics to zootechnics. As the number of treaties and the subjects they address have increased, many researchers-especially lawyers, students, business people, and librarians need to examine treaty texts or to determine a treaty’s status. Two series-Clive Parry’s Consolidated Treaty Series and the League of Nations Treaty Series {ANTS) [l] - have made historical (i.e., pre-United Nations) treaty research less difficult. However, many post-World War II treaties, especially those concluded in the last five years, are still difficult to locate both because of the long delays between a treaty’s conclusion and its publication in any treaty source, and because of a complex ratification process that varies from treaty to treaty and may take many years. Although several sources describe treaty research in its entirety, or emphasize the treaty sources of a particular government [2], no source provides a concise summary of post-World War II treaty research. For that reason, this essay will concentrate on the treaty sources, finding tools, and status information sources that should be used to locate treaties concluded since World War II.

TREATY SOURCES International organizations and national governments may publish their treaties in an official gazette, in a treaty series, in their statutes, or in some combination of these sources. Many of these sources serve as official records of an organization’s or government’s international obligations. However, some organizations and governments publish their treaties more quickly and more exhaustively than others (e.g., the United States and the United Kingdom). Hence, treaty research is often difficult because some treaties may be available in several sources (usually multilateral treaties) and thus may be relatively easy to locate, while other treaties may be available in only one source (usually bilateral treaties, or treaties of limited scope or of temporary effect) and thus may be extremely difficult to locate. For this reason, researchers need to take into account the type of treaty (multilateral or bilateral), the parties to the treaty, and the date the treaty was signed before beginning a treaty search.

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After doing this, the researcher should be able to identify those treaty sources that are more likely to contain the needed treaty. In general, treaty sources fall into three categories: (1) organization sources- those that include treaties concluded by members of an international organization; (2) national sources- those that include treaties signed by a particular government; and (3) subject sources- those that include treaties in a particular subject area. Organization Sources The United Nations Treaty Series {UNTS) [3j is the largest treaty collection. In spite of its size, however, UNTS is not comprehensive. The treaty collections of other organizations such as the Council of Europe, the European Communities, and the Organization of American States (OAS), often contain treaties not available in UNTS. In addition, the treaty sources of smaller, specialized organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), may also contain treaties that have not been included in UNTS. Although the collections of these organizations are not nearly as large as UNTS, they represent a particular geopolitical or subject orientation that makes them valuable treaty sources which the researcher should not overlook. United Nations. UNTS includes registered treaties between members of the UN, or between members and non-members. In fact, some countries that are not members of the UN register all of their treaties with the Secretariat so that the treaties will be included in UNTS; for example, Switzerland has done this since 1974 [4]. Every treaty included in UNTS is reproduced in its original language as well as in French and English; each entry includes the ratification date and any declarations, reservations, or extensions. Although UNTS is the most comprehensive treaty collection, it still has four major disadvantages. First, the treaties in UNTS are arranged chronologically by their registration date rather than by the date they were signed. Although the UN Charter (Sec. 102) requires all member states to register their treaties, and although only registered treaties may be involved before any organ of the UN or brought before the International Court of Justice, the Secretariat can impose few sanctions against those states that do not register, or that delay registering their treaties. Therefore, the registration date can be, and often is, far removed from the date a treaty was signed. Second, UNTS no longer includes the texts of all registered treaties. In 1977 UNTS began to postpone publishing the texts of “limited interest” treaties. Consequently, some treaties registered between February 23, 1973 and December 31, 1976 were assigned UNTS registration numbers, but only information such as the title, the parties, and the date of entry into force appeared in UNTS. Then, in 1979, UNTS began to completely omit some registered bilateral treaties. Those treaties that will not be published in UNTS are marked with an asterisk in Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat During the Month of. . . [5]. This policy continues and has affected treaties registered after January 1, 1977 161. Third, UNTS has a considerable backlog of treaties that have not yet been published. This backlog has caused a seven-year delay between the date a treaty is registered and the date it is published in UNTS. In January 1978, the UN General Assembly adopted a nine-year recovery plan to eliminate this backlog by December 1988, at which time the UN hopes to be able to publish all treaties within one year of the date they are registered [7]. And fourth, UNTS does not have timely indexes. Each index volume indexes fifty volumes of UNTS- the most recent in-

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dexes UNTS volumes 701-750 (treaties registered on September 21, 1970). Currently, UNTS has more than 1000 volumes. A series as large as UNTS is bound to have disadvantages, but it does have one major advantage: because of its size, it contains many treaties that would be virtually unavailable to most researchers. Thus, unless the researcher has a strong reason to believe a treaty was not registered with the UN Secreta,iat, or feels that another collection, such as an organization source, a national source, or a subject source, would be more suitable, UNTS is a good starting place for most treaty research. The Council of Europe. Treaties between the members of the Council are included in its European Treaty Series (ETS) 181.ETS is arranged by the date the treaties were signed and does not include declarations and reservations nor has it any indexes. Another source for these same treaties is European Conventions and Agreements [9]. Currently, the four volumes of European Conventions contain all treaties through December 30, 1982 (ETS no. 108). Like ETS, European Conventions is arranged chronologically by the date the treaties were signed; unlike ETS, European Conventions does include reservations and declarations. Only volumes one and two of European Conventions are included in the index volume. The European Communities. The texts of a11 basic instruments governing the European Communities are available in Treaties Estab~jshing the European Communities and its supplement, Amendments to the 1978 Edition [lo]. This volume has no index. An abridged edition (1980) [l l] with the same title contains the official texts of the same treaties, but omits most of the protocols and annexes available in the 1978 edition. Treaties between European Communities member and non-member states or between the European Communities and other international organizations appear in Collection of Agreements Concluded by the European Communities [12]. This series began with five volumes containing treaties concluded between 1958 and 1975; since then, a new volume has been published each year. Volume five contains a cumulative index to the first five volumes. Each volume since volume five has had its own country and subject index and is arranged in parts corresponding to the different units of the European Communities (the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC)); each volume includes multilateral and bilateral treaties. Collection of Agreements is available in French, Italian, German, Danish, and Dutch. The texts of treaties or amendments not yet available in Collection of Agreements or Treaties Establishing the European Communities can be found in the European Communities’ Official ~ournaZ, Series L [ 131. Each daily issue of Series L has a table of contents for access. Series L is also indexed in the monthly and annually cumulated indexes to the Official Journal. However, researchers must wait approximately two months for each index. Organization of American States (OAS). The OAS collects the texts of multilateral treaties among its member states, including the United States, in the OAS Treaty Series [ 141. Treaty texts are reproduced in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French. Another source for OAS treaties is The Inter-American System: Treaties, Conventions and Other Documents [15]. When complete, this set will have three volumes: Volume I - Legal-Political Affairs; Volume II-Economic-Social; and Volume III-Education, Science, Culture. Each volume will contain a chronological compilation of the most important instruments in each subject area. An-

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notations will help the researcher read and analyze the documents. Presently, only volume I, parts one and two, are available, and include documents on topics such as diplomatic and territorial asylum, extradition, terrorism, private international law, the promotion and protection of human rights, and the legal status of women. An index is available in part two. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The IAEA publishes treaties registered with its Secretariat in the IAEA Information Circular [16]. Each Information Circular contains the text of a single treaty and also includes information about its date of entry into force, a UNTS citation (if available), and a list of the original languages of the treaty. Because each rnformation Circular arrives unbound, treaty-by-treaty, the texts of some treaties are available more quickly in the Informafio~ Circulars than in UNTS, although they may eventually appear in that series as well. International Labour Organisation (ILO). Treaties adopted by the IL0 conferences are available in InternationaI Labour Conventions and Recommendations 1919-81 (through the 67th Session) [17]. This compilation is arranged by subject, and, within each subject, in the order the agreements were adopted. To keep this text to one volume, the IL0 has omitted the standard final provisions of some agreements, as well as some treaties that have been replaced or superseded by more recent instruments [ 181. Conventions and Recommendations has two tables of contents for access-one, by subject, and the other by Conference listed chronologically. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). An excellent source for all treaties corresponding to UNESCO’s areas of concern (i.e., education, natural science, social science, culture and community, libraries and archives, copyright, neighboring rights, and statistics) is UNESCO’s Standard-Setting Instruments 1191. This loose-leaf volume is arranged by subject, and, within each subject, by the type of agreement - convention, recommendation, or declaration. Srandard-Setting rnstr~menfs has no index. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Two sources are available for agreements between the WMO and other organizations, such as the UN and the IAEA: Basic Documents (ExcIuding Technical Regulations), and Agreements and Working Arrangements with Other InternafionaI Organizations [20j. The contents of these two sources overlap, but Agreements and Working Arrangements contains many more agreements than Basic Documents. Neither volume has an index, but both have a table of contents for access. National Sources National sources are important for those treaties not registered with the UN Secretariat. Although some governments register most of their treaties (e.g., the United States and Canada), other governments register few of their treaties (e.g., the USSR and France) [21]. As a result, treaties in the latter category will not be published in UNTS unless their treaty partners register them with the Secretariat. Frequently, a national publication is the only source for such a treaty. However, these sources are often of limited use due to language barriers, the quality of the indexing, and the time lag between the ratification of a treaty and its publication in a national collection. In addition, only research libraries that support strong programs in international law or political science are likely to own many of these sources. Like their organization counterparts, national treaty sources take many forms. For example, Germany publishes its treaties in its gazettes, the Bundesgesetzblatt, Part 2 (if they re-

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quire the approval of the legislature) and the ~~~desanzeiger (if they do not require the approval of the legislature) [ZZ]. Australia and Canada publish their treaties in their own Treaty Series 1231.Switzerland publishes its treaties in its statutes the Reeueil OfficieI des Lois et Ordonnances 1241. And France publishes its treaties first in its gazette, the Journal Officiel, Lois et D&wets edition, before the treaties are collected in its treaty series, the Recueif des Trait& et Accords de la France [25]. It may be necessary to use these national sources to locate some treaties, but two collections- those of the United Kingdom and of the United States-are particularly valuable treaty sources because they contain a large number of treaties (between them, the United Kingdom and the United States have more treaty partners than any other two countries [26]). In addition, the two collections are valuable because they have developed reliable publication records and they publish in English. The Uniied kingdom. The United Kingdom Treaty Series [27] is part of a select group of Pariiamentary Papers known as the Command Papers, that is, documents that did not originate in Parliament, but because of their contents are considered necessary to the work of Parliament, Command Papers derive their name from the note, “By Command of Her Majesty,” which is printed on their title pages, despite the fact that department heads, such as the Minister of the Foreign Office, select which documents will be published “by command.” Although the Treaty Series is part of the Command Papers, it has its own indexing system. Annual indexes (“Index to the Treaty Series”) and consolidated indexes (“General Index to Treaty Series”) that cover three to four years are available and can be located through the annual indexes to the Parliamentary Papers. For example, the “1968-70 General Index to Treaty Series” is located at T.S. 89 (1972) CMND. 5044, and the “X976 Index to the Treaty Series” is located at T.S. 114 (1976) CMND. 6788. These indexes give both the Treaty Series and the Command Paper numbers (both are needed to locate a treaty) for each treaty, as well as the place and date the treaty was signed, and a date of entry into force for the United Kingdom. Both indexes are divided into two parts: part I-General Treaties, and part II-Bilateral Treaties and General Index of Subjects. Each index also includes subject and country access [28]. The United States. Since 1950, the United States has collected its treaties in United States and Other International Agreements ( UST) [29]. Before that, U.S. treaties were published in the Statutes at Large (STATS) [30]. Today, U.S. treaties are published first in pamphlet format (slip treaty) as part of the series Treaties and Other International Agreements ( TZAS) [31], where they are assigned a TZAS number that remains with the treaty in the bound volumes of UST. TZAS numbers are assigned chronologically by the date the treaty was signed. Although TZAS slip treaties are issued “in advance” of the bound volumes of UST, researchers must wait as long as four years after a treaty is signed until it is published as a slip treaty. However, all U.S. treaties must be ratified by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. As a result, some treaties may be available more quickly in Senate Executive Documents and can be located through the Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications or the Congressional Information Services Index. All treaties in UST and TZAS are reproduced in the original language of the treaty and in English. Each USTvolume has an index, located in the front or the back of the volume. Both UST and TZAS include executive agreements. Subject Sources Of course the treaty collections of the specialized agencies mentioned above contain subject-related treaties, but other subject-oriented sources will contain treaties without

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regard for the originating agency. These alternate sources are rarely cited in the finding tools but include treaties on a variety of subjects, e.g., arms control and disarmament, the environment, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the law of the sea, the law of war, maritime boundaries, nuclear energy, private international law, and terrorism. Arms Control and Disarmament. All post-World War II arms agreements in which the United States has participated have been collected by the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements: Texts and Histories of Negotiations [32]. The most recent edition (1982) is arranged chronologically. All protocols and annexes for each treaty have been included, as well as a list of signatories and parties and a narrative written by the Agency. The IAEA has collected many of the most important treaties on arms control and disarmament in International Treaties Relating to Nuclear Control and Disarmament 1331. Included in this volume are the “Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons” (pp. 35-40); the “Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water” (pp. 7-10); and the “Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America” (pp. 17-34). All treaties are in English, and the treaties are arranged in chronological order. The Environment. The editors of International Protection of the Environment: Treaties and Related Documents [34] have collected 1,200 treaties on subjects such as pollution control, the conservation of the natural and the cultural environment, the peaceful uses of atomic energy, air and noise pollution, and the prohibition of the use of chemical, biological, bacteriological, nuclear and other weapons in this 31-volume set. Most documents are in English; those that are not are accompanied by an English summary. A citation to the official source is provided for all documents. The index volume includes subject access, chronological access that also gives the date of entry into force for each treaty, and keyword access based on treaty titles. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Basic Instruments and Selected Documents: Protocols, Decisions, Reports (BZSD) in four volumes and its annual Supplement contain any new protocols, accessions, and successions to GATT [35]. Because GATT undergoes frequent changes, BZSD Supplements are useful for a summary of recent developments. The Law of the Sea. The United Nations Legislative Series includes several volumes that collect treaties on the law of the sea. The most recent volume, National Legislation and Treaties Relating to the Law of the Sea [36], contains both multilateral and bilateral treaties in five areas: the territorial sea and contiguous zones; the economic or fishing zone; the continental shelf; the high seas; and fishing and conservation of the living resources of the sea. National Legislation has a single “subject index and table of contents” for access. Treaties are in either English or French. Many of these treaties are also available in International Protection of the Environment: Treaties and Related Documents 1371. The Law of War. There are two sources for the treaties basic to the law of war: Laws of Armed Conflicts, edited by Dietrich Schindler and Ji?i Toman, and Documents on the Laws of War, edited by Adam Roberts and Richard Guelff [38]. Schindler and Toman have collected 80 documents, including treaties, UN resolutions, and reports in this revised edition that brings its coverage to June 1977. The lists of signatories and parties, however, are current through October 1980. The full texts of reservations are included. Roberts and Guelff

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7

have included only 29 documents in their volume, but they do include the 1980 “UN Convention on Prohibition or Restrictions on the Use of Certain conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects.” For each document, Roberts and Guelff provide prefatory notes that discuss the genesis of the document and give the signature date, the date of entry into force, the original languages, and a citation to the official source. Both texts have an index. Maritime Boundaries. The texts of maritime boundary agreements are available as part of the series Limits in the Seas [39]. This series is prepared by the Geographer of the Department of State, and is available from that department. Each treaty is accompanied by an analysis of the treaty and a map showing the boundary. Nuclear Energy. The IAEA has collected ten precedent-setting agreements, such as the “Convention on the Establishment of a Security Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy”; the “Agreement on the Joint Operation of the Halden Boiling Water Reactor”; and the “Agreement Concerning the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Project ‘Dragon”’ in coltslateral Agreements [40], All treaties are in English. The volume is arranged chronologically, with a table of contents for access. The IAEA has also collected treaties that discuss the civil liability for any damage resulting from operating a nuclear installation or a nuclear-powered ship, or from transporting nuclear materials in International Conventions on Civil viability for Nuciear Damage [41]. Each treaty is in English, French, Russian, and Spanish; the volume is also arranged chronologically with a table of contents for access. Private International Law. The Hague Conference on Private InternationaI Law has met every four years since 1951 (the next Conference wiil be in 1984) and has concluded treaties on subjects such as divorce, adoption, marriage, the form of wills, and child abduction. These treaties are available in Co~~e~ti~n of Conventions I95I-I98~ (through the 14th session) [42]. The treaties in this volume are arranged in chronological order by the date of signature, with a table of contents for access. Conventions nos. l-10 are in French only [43], but nos. 11-24 are in French and English. These same treaties, as well as committee minutes and preliminary drafts of the treaties, are also available in the Actes et ~~c~rne~ts 1441 published for each session of the Hague Conference. Terrorism. An excellent source for general and European treaties encompassing terrorist acts; for general, European, and Inter-American treaties outlining extradition agreements; and for general, African, and inter-American treaties relating to asylum is Tra~s~atio~a~ Terrorism: Conventions and Commentary-A Compilation of Treaties, Agreements, and declarations of Especiaf Interest to the United States, edited by Richard Lillich [45]. Trans~ati~~aZ Terrorism is current to March I, 1982 and will be supplemented regularly. Lillich has added three valuable appendices: Appendix I- Past Efforts, Appendix II - Proposed Conventions, and Appendix III-Country-by-Country List of Ratifications and Accessions; an index is also available. One day, international organizations and national governments may be willing to cooperate to ensure that no treaty remains unpublished (while other treaties are published in several sources). Until that happens, however, UNTS and the treaty sources of countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States will continue to be the backbone of treaty research, with other organization sources, nationaf sources, and subject sources serving as supplements.

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FINDING

TOOLS

Because so many of the sources described above are poorly indexed, many commercial publishers have made available finding tools that help the researcher locate and identify the treaties in these sources. Some of these finding tools are international in scope; others are limited to the treaties of a particular organization or government; and still others are limited to treaties on a particular subject. International Finding Tools The largest and most comprehensive index is R. Rohn’s World Treaty Index, second edition [46]. Rohn has indexed the treaties in LNTS, UNTS, and 100 national sources. The second edition of this index includes treaties concluded in 1980. The treaty entries in volumes two and three include the signature date, a treaty citation, the title, and the names of the parties. Volume one also includes a “Treaty Profiles” section that enables the researcher to compare certain statistical information for most countries and organizations, such as the absolute number of treaties, the percentage of treaties, the number of partners, and the names of those partners. The World Treaty Index has a party (i.e., country and organization) index and a keyword index to the treaty entries. This index is an invaluable finding tool because of the time period it covers and because of the number of treaty sources it includes. Organization Finding Tools The UN, the European Communities, and the International Civil Aeronautics Organization (ICAO) publish indexes that help the researcher locate treaties between their member states. United Nations (UN). All treaties that have been registered with the UN Secretariat are listed in Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat During the Month of. . . [47]. Each issue of the Statement has two parts: part 1 includes agreements registered ex officio (i.e., when the UN is a party to the treaty, when the UN is authorized in the treaty to register the agreement, or when the UN is the depository); part 2 includes agreements filed and recorded by specialized agencies, and by member and non-member states. Both parts include the UNTS registration number, and the dates of conclusion and of entry into force for each entry. An asterisk marks those registered treaties that will not be published in UNTS. Each issue also has an index with subject and party access; an annually cumulated index is included in the December issue. Although it is computer-produced, the Statement has a sizeable backlog; there is still a two-year time lag between the time a treaty is registered and the time it is listed in the Statement. The Statement is available in French and in English. The European Communities. The Register of Current Community Legal Instruments (Position as of [date/) [48] is a relatively new finding tool to European Communities “statutes in force” (including treaties). The Register can be used to locate treaties between member states or treaties related to external matters. The two-volume Register (plus addenda) gives a citation (usually in the European Communities’ Official Journal) to each treaty and to any amendments. Volume two has a chronological and alphabetical index. Although the Register is a welcome addition to European Communities treaty research, users should remember that it is only an index to “statutes in force” and may not be a complete list of those statutes [49].

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International Civil Aeronautics Organization (ICAO). Aeronautical Agreements and Arrangements- Tables of Agreements and Arrangements Registered with the Organization I January 1946-31 December 1979 and its annual Supplements [SO]are divided into five parts that include agreements between states, agreements between international organizations and states, agreements which are no longer in force, and agreements registered with the ICAO through December 31 of the year of the volume or supplement. Each part lists separately multilateral and bilateral agreements. Each entry includes the names of the parties, the dates of signature and entry into force, the ICAO registration number, the UNTS registration number, a citation to UNTS (if available), and the subject of the treaty. National Finding Tools Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States have indexes devoted to the treaties in their national treaty sources. Canada. Christian L. Wiktor has compiled a two-volume index to the treaties in the Canadian Treaty Series (CTS) titled Canadian Treaty Calendar, 1928-78 [51]. Volume one is divided into a chronological list of treaties and a numerical list arranged by CTS numbers. Volume two includes a bilateral treaty index, a multilateral treaty index, and a subject index. Each treaty title is given in both English and in French. The Calendar includes 1,500 treaties and agreements dating back to 1842 and is the only cumulated index to CTS. The United Kingdom. C. Parry and C. Hopkins have compiled an index to the treaties in the United Kingdom Treaty Series titled An Index of British Treaties 1101-1968 [52]. This threevolume index includes both multilateral and bilateral treaties. The treaty entries in volumes two and three are arranged chronologically by the treaties’ signature date. Volume one indexes the treaty entries; multilateral treaties are indexed by subject and bilateral treaties are indexed by country and subject. The Index of British Treaties also includes a parallel citation to those treaties that are also available in LNTS and UNTS. The United States. Five indexes are available to locate United States treaties: United States Treaties and Other rnternational Agreements cumulative Index f776-1949 in four volumes; UST Cumulative Index 19.50-70 in four volumes; UST Cumulative Index 1971-75 in one volume; UST Cumulative Indexing Service in one loose-leaf volume; and Current Treaty Index 1983 in one volume [53]. UST Cumulative Indexing Service indexes treaties in the most recent USTvolumes and Current Treaty Index indexes the slip treaties that have not yet been included in UST. All of these indexes provide access to United States treaties by TZAS number, by country, and by subject. For slip treaties not yet indexed in the Current Treaty Index, or if the Current Treaty Index is not available, it is necessary to use the monthly Catalog, which indexes every issue of TIAS. Another finding tool and treaty source for recent treaties (i.e., within the last five years) is the Department of State Bulletin [54]. This monthly (since 1978) periodical publishes the texts and drafts of some treaties of major importance before they are available eIsewhere. Each issue of the Bulletin has its own index, and each volume has an annual index. The Bulletin is also indexed in Public Affairs Information Service (PALS) and the Index to U.S. Government Periodicals. Like the Bulletin, International Legal Materials (IL&f) [55] publishes the texts of some treaties of major significance and some drafts of treaties before the final agreement. This

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bimonthly periodical has an annual index for each volume, and cumulative indexes are available (the most recent covers 1970-79). ILN is also indexed in PAIS. The main advantage of both the Builetin and ILMis that they are good sources for treaties not yet ratified. Subject Finding Tools Because all of the indexes described above also have subject access to the treaties they index, few finding tools are devoted solely to the treaties of a particular subject area. However, there are two exceptions: Maritime Boundary Delimitations: An Annotated Bibliography, compiled by T.L. Dorman, K.P. Beauchamp, and D.M. Johnson, and Index to marine Treaties, compiled by John K. Gamble 1.561. Maritime Boundary Delimitations includes an appendix of bilateral maritime-boundary agreements that is not comprehensive but that is certainly a good starting place for treaty research requiring maritime boundry agreements or for a parallel citation, if a national source is unavailable. The appendix (pp. 157-98) is arranged geographicaily, and within that, by the date the treaties were signed. The appendix has its own country index. Each treaty entry includes a brief annotation that describes how a boundary was drawn, a description of the off-shore zone, and any other features of the agreement. The Index to Marine Treaties indexes 400 marine treaties in UNTS, CTS, UST. This onevolume index includes treaties on fisheries and fishing; oceans and ocean resources; frontier waters; navigation; and water vessel operation. Each treaty entry includes the appropriate treaty series number, the date of entry into force, a short description, and a list of the parties to the treaty. Subject access is available, as well as a list of treaties by country. The main disadvantage of this index is that it only covers treaties through 1970, but it is a good place to begin research for treaties concluded before that year. Altogether, these finding tools provide the best available access to the treaties in many treaty sources. However, many researchers need to be able to locate not only a treaty’s text, but also its status-that is, a list of signatories, ratifications, and withdrawals. For that information, the following status information sources are available. STATUS

INFORMATION

SOURCES

Status information sources may also be used as finding tools because many status sources also give a citation to the treaty’s text. Status sources fall into four categories: depository sources- those that are limited to treaties deposited with a particular organization or government; subject sources- those that are limited to treaties in a particular subject area, regardless of where they have been deposited; organization sources-those devoted to the treaties between members of a particular organization; and national sources-those devoted to the treaties of a particular government. Depository Status Information

Sources

The depository’s function is to receive the signatures, ratifications, reservations, and any other communications between treaty partners, and to inform all treaty partners of any communication that has been received [57]. This function makes a depository organization a natural source for status information. United Nations (UN). The UN often acts as a depository for treaties between members within the organization. As a result, Multi-lateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-

Treaty research sources

General is a valuable status tool [58]. Multi-lateral despite several minor title changes, has continued to December 31. Each entry includes the date of entry UNTS or some other UN pubIication, the texts of any of the signatories. Subject Status Information

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Treaties is published annually, and update the status of all treaties as of into force, a citation to the treaty in declarations or reservations, and a list

Sources

Some status tables are devoted to treaties in a particular subject area- for example, arms control and disarmament, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), investment law, and private international law. Arms Control and Disarmament. Many of the treaties in Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements: Texts and Histories of Negotiations [59] are foilowed by a status table that includes the date of signature for each country, the date each country deposited its ratification, and the date each country deposited its accessions, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The status of all GATT instruments is available in GATT: Status of Legal Instruments [60]. This loose-leaf volume gives the date of entry into force, a citation to the treaty text (usually in UNTS or Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (B&SD)), parties to the agreement, the date of termination, and the UNTS registration number. Also included are the texts of all agreements, reservations, and declarations. For access, there is a subject index, an alphabetical list of contracting parties, and a chronological list of contracting parties. The volume is updated regularly. rnves~me~t Law. IL&f published a “List of Bilateral Investment Treaties” (as of October 1, 1982) (611 that gives the date signed and the date of entry into force for 100 bilateral investment treaties concluded or ratified since 1973. This list originally appeared in a report by the Netherlands Branch of the International Law Association (ILA) titled “Permanent Sovereignty, Foreign Investment, and Trade Practice.” The report will be published in the Proceedings of the 60th ILA Conference. Private ~nternatio~a~ Law. IL&i has also published status tables of “The Signature and Ratifications of the Hague Conventions on Private International Law.” These tables have appeared irregularly in ILM; the most recent gives the status of these conventions on December 23, 1982 and is reproduced from charts provided by the Conference [62]. The table identifies which conventions are stili in force, and which have been ratified by member and non-member states to the Conference. Organization Status Information

Sources

Several status sources are devoted to the treaties between members of a particular organization; e.g., the Council of Europe, the European Communities, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the IAEA, the ILO, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the OAS, UNESCO, and the UN all publish some status information. The Council of Europe. The status of treaties between members of the Council of Europe is available in Chart Showing Signatures and Ratifications of Council of Europe Conventions a~dAgreeme~ts 1631. The European Yearbook [64] has a similar chart, and either source will

12

DEBORACHENEY

provide a list of those states which have ratified the treaties included in ETS, as well as the ETS number for each treaty. The Chart is arranged by subject and is updated twice a year. Between issues, the Chart is kept current with information in the Information Bulletin on Legal Activities within the Council of Europe and in Member States [65]. This periodical is issued twice a year and contains a section called “Information on Conventions and Agreements Concluded within the Council of Europe.” This section is not in chart format, but it does include current information on treaty developments. Individual issues of the Znformation Bulletin do not have indexes or detailed tables of contents, but annual indexes are available (i.e., issue no. 12 contains the index for issues 10 and 11 (1981). The European Communities. Every treaty in Collection of Agreements Concluded by the European Communities [66] is followed by a “summary table” that gives the date of entry into force, the duration of the treaty, the contracting parties, and a signature and ratification date for each country. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). At the FAO Conferences, the Director-General of the FAO is required to report on the status of all conventions and agreements concluded within the framework of the FAO and those concluded outside the framework of the FAO. The Director-General’s report is contained in Statutory Report on the Status of Conventions and on Agreements Thereto and its Supplement [67]. Each Report is divided into two partsagreements concluded within the FAO and agreements concluded outside the FAO - which list treaties in chronological order. The dates of ratification and entry into force are also provided for each treaty. Since 1981 these Reports have also included the texts of all declarations and reservations. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Agreements Registered With the International Atomic Energy Agency [68] contains information about the status of agreements between members of the IAEA, between the IAEA and other organizations, and agreements between Agency members and subject to their approval. The volume is arranged in three parts: part one - a chronological list of all treaties 1957-78; part two - a chronological list of all treaties registered between January 1979 and December 1980; and part three- a chart of ratifications by state and by organization. The first two parts give the agency registration number for each treaty, the subject of the agreement, the parties, the dates of signature and entry into force, and a citation to the treaty, usually in UNTS or the IAEA Information Circular; Agreements Registered has no index. International Labour Organisation (ILO). The IL0 publishes the Chart of Ratifications [69] for treaties passed by each session of the International Labour Conferences. The Chart is arranged by session, and, within that, in the order the conventions were passed. Information about which treaties have been revised and which have not received the required number of ratifications, as well as the date the treaties entered into force, is included; the Chart is poster-size and has no index. International Maritime Organization (IMO). The periodical IMO News (formerly IMCO News) [70] includes news stories about agreements and conventions that often include amendment information and information about the date of entry into force of important treaties. In addition, IMCO News often contained a chart, “IMCO’s Conventions: Status on [date]” on the inside cover. This chart gave the date of entry into force, the number of contracting states, and the number of ratifications required for entry into force. The chart ap-

Treaty research sources

13

peared irregularty and was last published in the 1982, no. 2 issue of iiWX3 iVews, and gave the status of treaties through March 17, 1982. Organization of American States @AS). OAS Treaty Series no. 5, “Status of InterAmerican Treaties and Conventions” [71], gives the status of treaties that have been included in the OAS Treaty Series. OAS Treaty Series no. 9, “Inter-American Treaties and Conventions, Signatures, Ratifications, and Deposits with Explanatory Notes,” [72] supplements Treaty Series no. 5 by giving more detailed information about the same treaties, such as the location of the original document, a list of reservations, and a citation to the treaty text. Treaty Series no. 9 is arranged by subject and includes a list of treaties adopted by each OAS Conference. Both Treaty Series nos. 5 and 9 have indexes and are available in Spanish, English, French, and Portuguese. Both of these were last published in 1980. More recent status information about OAS treaties is available in the Legal Newsletter 1731. This periodical is published irregularly (the most recent issue is no. 3 September/ December 1982), but each issue devotes a section to the status of “Treaties, Conventions and Agreements” concluded inside and outside the framework of the OAS. The date of signature and ratification for each treaty is provided. United Nations (UN). Besides listing treaties registered with the UN Secretariat, each issue of the Statement of Treaties and International Agreements [74] includes an Annex that reports recent ratifications and accessions to those treaties. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (iJNESC0). The status table “Conventions Adopted Under the Auspices of UNESCO: State of Ratifications, Acceptance or Accession as of [date]” is available in UNESCO’s Standard-Setting Instruments [75]. In addition, each treaty in this volume is followed by a table entitled “State of Ratifications and Accessions as of [date].” Together, these tables provide the date of entry into force and a list of countries that have signed each treaty. National Status Information

Sources

Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States have status sources devoted to their own treaties. Canada. Any new developments or changes in the status of Canadian treaties are reported in the “International Canada” section of the periodical r~ter~ational Perspectives (formerly: External Affairs) [76]. This section is sponsored by the Canadian Department of External Affairs and is divided into four parts-Bilateral Relations; Multilateral Relations; Policy; and For the Record. A list of press releases from the Department of External Affairs and a bibliograhy of documents on international affairs are included in the “For the Record” section. International Perspectives is issued bimonthly and is indexed in PAIS. Status information is also available in the Department of External Affairs Annual Report [77] which lists all treaties entered each year by Canada. The list of treaties is published as an appendix to the Annual Report and is divided into multilateral and bilateral treaties. The dates of signature and ratification for Canada are given for each treaty. The Annual Report is published in English and French. France. Current information about the status of French agreements is available in La Politique &rang&e de la France: Texts et Documents [78]. Agreements are arranged by month,

14

DEBORACHENEY

and within that, by the type of action (signatures, additions, ratifications, approvals, adhesions, parliamentary action, or publication). The date the treaty was signed, the parties, the type of agreement, and the subject of the agreement are provided, but not the text of the agreement. A cumulated list of the status of French treaties is available in the biannual Liste des TraifPs et Accords de la France en Vigueurau au I” Jam. (year] [79]. Each entry includes the date the treaty was signed, the names of the parties, the title of the treaty, and a citation to the treaty text in the Recueil des Trait&s et Accords de la France [80] or some other source. Bilateral agreements are arranged by country; multilateral agreements are arranged by date. The Liste also has a subject index. The United Kingdom. A “Supplementary List of Ratifications, Accessions, Withdrawals, etc. ” is part of the United Kingdom Treaty Series [81]. Each “List” includes a section for multilateral (“General”) and for bilateral treaties that include actions that have been reported to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Offices. The “Lists” are issued quarterly and supplement the information given in individual treaty documents; they do not update a master list of ratifications. Each quarterly “list” is cumulative. A Treaty Series and Command Paper number is provided for each treaty as well as the date the British ratification was deposited. The information in these quarterly lists is included in the annual and cumulated indexes to the Treaty Series, and the information in the cumulated indexes was included in the Indexof British Treaties 1101-1968 1821.Therefore, for the most current information, researchers should check (respectively) the Index of British Treaties, a series of cumulative indexes, the most recent annual indexes, and the most recent quarterly “List.” The United States. Because the United States has so many treaty partners, Treaties in Force [83] is considered the most important and most comprehensive status source and is a good starting place for most treaty research. Each annual issue includes citations to treaties in STATS, TIAS, MST, and UNTS. Treaties in Force is arranged in two parts: part one lists bilateral treaties by country and under each country by subject; part two lists multilateral treaties by subject only. Treaties in Force gives only the date the agreement entered into force for the United States. Between annual updates, Treaties in Force is kept current with the information in the Department of State Bulletin’s [84] “Treaties: Current Action” section. This section contains status information about treaties in which the United States is or may become a party, and allows the researcher to follow recent treaty developments. This section is reproduced in International Legal Materials [85] in the section “Recent Actions Regarding Treaties to Which the United States is a Party.” If24 also has a similar section titled “Recent Actions Regarding Treaties to Which the United States Is Not a Party.” Although Treaties in Force is widely used, its main disadvantage is the limited access to the information in that volume. A Guide to the United States Treaties in Force by 1.1. Kavass and A. Sprudzs [86] now makes it easier to locate information in Treaties in Force. For example, the Guide has a numerical and subject access to both multilateral and bilateral treaties and chronological and country access to multilateral treaties. Status information is available. But, like treaty sources, a few key status sources such as Treaties in Force and the United Kingdom “Lists” are the primary status sources, and a variety of subject, organization, and national status sources act as their supplements. CONCLUSION

Treaty research is characterized by sources that are published by governments, international organizations, and commercial publishers. The lack of uniformity in both the content

Treaty research sources

15

and the organization of these sources makes treaty research difficult. Nevertheless, the texts of treaties and information on the status of these treaties are available. The recent pubiication dates of many of the aforementioned sources, finding tools, and status tables indicate that governments, international organizations, and commercial publishers realize the growing importance of treaties in international law and are attempting to respond to that perceived need. Treaty sources may never duplicate the well-organized tools of Anglo-American law, but treaty research has improved in the last ten years, and users should look forward to further improvements in the future. NOTES 1. Clive Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series, 1648-1918 (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, 1969-81); League of Nations,

Treaty Series (Geneva: The League, 1927-46). 2. For example, see Clive Parry, “Where to Look for Your Treaties,” ~nternatjonal Journal of Law Libraries 8 (Februarv 1980): 8-18: Adolf Sorudzs, “Basic Sources for Current Research in International Law: An Elementary Vadk-Me&m,” international Journal ofLaw Libraries 5 (November 1977): 347-358; and Adolf Sprudzs, Treaty Sources in Legal and Political Research: Tools, Techniques, and Problems- the Conventional and the New (Tuscan: University of Arizona Press, 1971). 3. United Nations, Treaty Series (New York: UN Secretariat, 1946-). 4. Peter Rohn, World Treaty Index, Vol 1 (Santa Barbara: Clio Press, 1974), p. xv. 5. United Nations, Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat During the Month of, . . (New York: UN, 1950-). [St/LEG/Ser.A]. 6. Mala Tabory, “Recent Developments in United Nations Treaty Registration Practices,” American Journal of International Law 76 (April 1983): 355-356. 7. Ibid., p. 358. 8. CounciI of Europe, European Treafy Series (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1950-f. 9. Council of Europe, European Conventions and Agreements (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1971-). 10. Treaties Establishing the European communities (L~embourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1978). Amendments to the 1978 Edition (Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1982). 11. Treaties Establishing the European Communities, Abridged ed. (Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1983). 12. Collection of Agreements Concluded by the European Communities (Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1977-). 13. Official Journal of the European Communities, Series L: Legislation (Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1958-). 14. Organization of American States, Treaty Series (Washington, DC: OAS, 1957-), [Spanish title: Serie Sobre Tratados]. 15. F.V. Garcia-Amber, The Inter-American System: Treaties, Conventions, and Other Documents (Washington, DC: OAS Secretariat; New York: Oceana, 1982-). 16. International Atomic Energy Agency, Information Circular (Vienna: IAEA, 1959-). 17. ~niernationai Labour Conventions and Recommendation, 1919-81 (Geneva: ILO, 1982). 18. Some of these final provisions and agreements will be available in Convention and Recommendations Adopted by the ~nternationai Labour Conference, 1919-66 (Geneva: ILG, 1966). 19. UNESCO’s Standard-Setting I~t~ments (Paris: UNESCO, 1981-). 20. World Meteorological Organization, Basic Documents (Excluding Technical Regulations, (Geneva: Secretariat of WMO, 1975); World Meteorological Organization, Agreements and Working Arrangements with Other International Organizations (Geneva!. Secretariat of WMO, 1977). 21. Peter H. Rohn, “Canada in the United Nations Treaty Series: A Global Perspective,” Canadian Yearbook of International Law 4 (1966): 103. 22. Germany (Federal Republic), Eundesgesetzblatf (Bonn: Bundeminister de Justiz, 1979-); Germany (Federal Republic), Bundesanzeiger (Bonn: Bundeminister de Justiz, 1949-). 23. Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs, Treafy Series (Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printer, 1948-); Canada, Treaty Series (Ottawa: Department of External Affairs, 1928-). 24. Switzerland, Recueil Officiel des Lois et Ordonnances (Berne: C.J. Wyss, 19?-). 25. Journal Officiel de la Repubfique Francaise, Lois et Decree (Paris: Imprimerie de Journaux Officiel, 1981-t; France, Recueil des Trait& et Accords de la France, (Paris: Imprimerie des Journaux Officiel, 1969-). 26. Rohn, p. 128. 27. United Kingdom, Treaty Series (London: HMSO, 1893-). 28. John E. Pemberton, British Official Publication, 2nd rev. ed., (London: Pergamon, 1973). pp. 64-73. 29. U.S. Department of State, United States Treaties and Other International Agreemenfs (Washington, DC: GPO, 1950-t. [SuDoc: 59.121

16

DEBORA CHENEY

30. These treaties have been collected in: C.I. Bevans, Treaties and Other International Agreements of the U.S. of A., 1776-1949 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1968-75). [SuDoc: S9.12121 31. U.S. Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, (Washington, DC: GPO, 1946-). [SuDoc: S9. lo] 32. Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements: Texts and Histories of negotiations (Washington, DC: GPO, 1972-). [SuDoc: ACI.Ar 5/3/year] 33. International Atomic Energy Agency, Internafional Treaties Relating to Nuclear Control and Disarmament (Vienna: IAEA, 1975). [STI/PUB/387] 34. Bernd Ruster, Bruno Simma and Michael Bock, eds., International Protection of the Environment: Treaties and Related Documents (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, 1975-82). 35. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Basic Instruments and Selected Documents: Protacols, Decisions Reporfs (Geneva: GATT, 1952-69); Supplements (Geneva: GATT, 19S3-). 36. rational Legislation and Treaties Relating io the Law of the Sea (New York: UN, 1980). (ST/LEG/Ser. B. 191. See also previous editions of the same titie published in 1974 and 1976. 37. Ruster et al., International Protection of the Environment. 38. Dietrich Schindler, and Jiiy Toman, eds., Laws of Armed Conflicts, rev. ed. (Leiden: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1981); Adam Roberts and Richard Guelff, eds., Documents of the Laws of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982). 39. U.S. Department of State, Limits in the Seas (Washington, DC: Office of the Geographer, Department of State, 1970-). ]SuDoc: Sl. 11915:nos.] 40. Internat~on~ Atomic Energy Agency, Multilaieraf Agreements (Vienna: IAEA, 1959). [GEN/PUB/4] 41. International Atomic Energy Agency, rnternational Conventions of Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, rev. ed. (Vienna: IAEA, 1976). [STI/PUB/430]. 42. Hague Conference on Private International Law, Collection of Conventions 1951-1980 (The Hague: Permanent Bureau of the Conference, 1982). [French title: Recueil des Conventions]. 43. Unofficial English translations of these treaties are available in American Journalof International Law, UNTS, and The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 44. Hague Conference on Private International Law, Actes et Documents de la inumber] Session {The Hague: Permanent Bureau of the Conference, [1951]-). 45. Richard B. Lillich, ed., Transnational Terrorism: Conventions and Commentary-A Compilation of Treaties, Agreements, and Declarations of Especial Interest to the United States (Charlottesville, VA: Michie, 1982). 46. Peter H. Rohn, World Treaty Index, 2nd ed. (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1983). 47. Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat During the Month of. . . 48. Register of Current Community Legal Instruments (Position as of [date&. (Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1980-). 49. Timothy Kearley, “An American Researcher’s Guide to European Communities Law and Legal Literature,” Law Library Journal 75 (1982): 1.52. 50. Aeronautical Agreements and Arrangements- Tables of Agreements and Arrangements Registered with the Organization (Montreal: ICAO, 1965-). [DOC 9307-LGB/347] 51. Christian L. Wiktor, Canadian Treaty Calendar, 1928-78 (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, 1983). 52. Clive Parry and C. Hopkins, Index of British Treaties llffl-1968 (London: HMSO, 1970). 53. I.I. Kavass, and M.A. Michael, United States Treaties and Other international Agreements Cumulative Index 1776-1949 (Buffalo, NY: Hein, 1975); 1.1. Kavass, and A. Sprudzs, UST Cumulative Index 1950-70 (Buffalo, NY: Hein. 1973); 1.1. Kavass. and A. Sorudzs. USTCumulative Index 1971-75 (Buffalo. NY: Hein. 1977): 1.1. Kavass and A.‘Sprudzs, UST Cumulative Indexing Service (Buffalo, NY: Hein, 1976-); 1.1. Kavass;.and A. Sprudzs, Current Treaty Index: A Cumulated Index to United States Slip Treaties and Agreements (Buffalo, NY: Hein, 1982-). 54. Department of State Bulletin, (Washington, DC: GPO, 1939-). [SuDoc: S1.31 5.5. International Legal Materials (Washington, DC: American Society of International Law, 1962-). 56. Ted L. Dorman, Kenneth P. Beauchamp and Douglas M. Johnston, Maritime 3oundary Delimitation: An Annotated Bibljography (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1983); John King Gamble, Index to Marine Treaties (Seattle, WA: Division of Marine Resources, University of Washington, 1972). 57. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 76 and 77, American Journal of International Law 63 (October 1969): 875-903 or International Legal Materials 8 (July 1969): 679-713. 58. Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General (New York: UN, 1980-). [ST/LEG/Ser.D/l] 59. Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements. 60. GATT: Status of Legal Instrument (Geneva: GATT, 1971-). 61. “List of Bilateral Investment Treaties,” Internationa/ Legal Materials 21 (September 1982): 1208. 62. “Signatures and Ratifications of the Hague Conventions: Status on December 23, 1982,” rnternational Legal Materials (ILM) 22 (March 1983): 471. These same status tables have appeared at fLM 20 (November 1981): 1516-1517 (Status on March 1, 1981); ILM 19 (July 1980): 1102-1103 (Status on August 19, 1980); ILM 18 (November 1979): 1648 (Status on November 1, 1979). 63. Chart Showing Signatures and Ratifications on Council of Europe Conventions and Agreements (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 19?-).

Treaty research sources

17

64. European Yearbook (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1955). 65. Information Bulletin on Legal Activities within the Council of Europe and in Member States (Strasbourg: Directorate of Legal Affairs of the Council of Europe, 1978-). 66. Collection of Agreements Concluded by the European Communities. 67. Food and Agriculture Organization Conference, Statutory Report on Status of Conventions and Agreements and on Amendments Thereto (as of JdateJ) (Rome: FAO, 19?-). [C year/l0 and C year/lo-Supp.] 68. Agreements Registered with the International Atomic Energy Agency, 8th ed. (Vienna: IAEA, 1981). [STI/PUB/485]. 69. International Labour Organisation, Chart of Ratifications (Geneva: ILO, 1970-). 70. International Maritime Organization, IMO News (London: IMO, 1982-). 71. Status of Inter-American Treaties and Conventions (Washington, DC: Organization of American States, 1976-). (OEA/Ser.X] 72. Inter-American Treaties and Conventions: Signatures, Ratifications, and Deposits and Explanatory Notes (Washington, D.C.: Organization of American States, Secretariat for Legal Affairs, 198?-). [OEA/Ser. X]. 73. Organization of American States, Legal Newsletter, (Washington, DC: Organization of American States, Secretariat for Legal Affairs, 198?-). 74. Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat During the Month of. . . 75. UNESCO’s Standard-Setting Instruments. 76. International Perspectives (Ottawa: International Perspectives, 1972-). 77. Annual Report (Ottawa: Dept. of External Affairs, 19?-). 78. La Politique .&rang&e de la France: Texts et Documents (Paris: Documentation Francaise, 1966-). 79. Liste des Trait& et Accords de la France en Vigueurau au I” Janv. /year/. (Paris: Imprimerie de Journaux Officiel, 1978-). The publisher for this biannual publication has varied; the 1980 edition was published by Direction des Journaux Official. The compiler has also changed: 1976-80, Henry Rollet and J. Boudoy; 1982, Marcel F. Sorbiquet and Denys Wibaux. 80. Journal Officiel de la Republicque Francaise, Lois et Decrets; Recueil des Trait& et Accords de la France. 81. U.K., Treaty Series. 82. Parry and Hopkins, Index of British Treaties. 83. Treaties in Force: A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of United States in Force. (Washington, DC: Department of State, 1929-). [SuDoc: S9.141 84. U.S. Department of State, Department of State Bulletin. 85. International Legal Materials. 86. 1.1. Kavass and A. Sprudzs. A Guide to the United St&es Treaties in Force. (Buffalo, NY: Hein, 1982-). APPENDIX

Subject Bibliography I. Treaty Sources A. General Australia Canada Council of Europe European Communities France Germany (Federal Republic) International League of Nations Organization of American States (OAS) Switzerland United Kingdom United Nations United States B. Subjects Arms Control and Disarmament Education Environment

DEBORA CHENEY

Labor Law of the Sea Law of War Maritime Boundaries Meteorology Nuclear Energy Private International Law Tariffs and Trade Terrorism II. Finding Tools A. General Canada European Communities International United Kingdom United Nations United States B. Subjects Aeronautics Law of the Sea Maritime Boundaries III. Status Information Sources A. General Canada Council of Europe European Communities France Organization of American States (OAS) United Kingdom United Nations United States B. Subjects Agriculture Arms Control and Disarmament Education Investment Law Labor Law of the Sea Nuclear Energy Private International Law Tariffs and Trade

Subject Bibliography I. Treaty Sources A. General Australia Department of Foreign Affairs. Government Printer, 1948-. Canada

Treaty Series. Canberra:

Commonwealth

Treaty research sources

19

Treaty Series. Ottawa: Department of External Affairs, 1928-. Council of Europe European Conventions and Agreements. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1971-. European Treaty Series. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1950-. European Communities Collection of Agreements Concluded by the European Communities. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1977-. Official Journal of the European Communities, Series L: Legislation. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1958-. Treaties Establishing the European Communities. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1978. Amendments to the 1978 Edition. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1982. Treaties Establishing the European Communities. Abridged edition. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1983. France Journal Officiel de la Republique Francaise, Lois et DPcrets. Paris: Imprimerie de Journaux Officiel, 1881-. Recueil des Trait& et Accords de la France. Paris: Imprimerie des Journaux Officiel, 1969-. Germany (Federal Republic) Bundesanzeiger. Bonn: Bundeminister de Justiz, 1949-. Bundesgesetzblatt. Bonn: Bundeminister de Justiz, 1979-. International Parry, Clive. Consolidated Treaty Series, 1648-1918. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana, 1969-81. League of Nations League of Nations. Treaty Series. Geneva: The League, 1927-46. Organization of American States (OAS) Treaty Series. Washington, D.C.: OAS, 1957-. (Spanish title: Serie Sobre Tratados) . Garcia-Amber, F.V. The Inter-American System: Treaties, Conventions, and Other Documents. Washington D.C.: OAS Secretariat; New York: Oceana, 1982-. Switzerland Recueil Officiel des Lois et Ordonnances. Berne: C.J. Wyss, 19?-. United Kingdom Treaty Series. London: HMSO, 1893-. United Nations Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat During the Month of. . . New York: UN, 1950-. (ST/Leg/Ser.A). Treaty Series (UNTS). New York: UN Secretariat, 1946-. United States Bevans, C.I. Treaties and Other International Agreements of the U.S. of A., 1776-1949. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1968-75. (SuDoc: S9.12/2). Treaties and Other International Acts Series ( TZAS). Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1946-. (SuDoc: S9.10). United States Treaties and Other International Agreements (UST). Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1950-. (SuDoc: S9.12).

20

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CHENEY

B. Subjects Arms Control and Disarmament Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements: Texts and Histories of Negotiations. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1972-. (SuDoc: AC1 .Ar 5/3/year). International Treaties Relating to Nuclear Control and Disarmament. Vienna: IAEA, 1975. (STI/PUB/387). Education Ui%%!ZO’s Standard-Setting Insfruments. Paris: UNESCO, 1981-. Environment Ruster, Bernd, Bruno Simma and Michael Bock, eds. rnternatio~a~ Protection of the Environment: Treaties and Related Documents. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana, 1975-82. Labor Conventions and Recornmendaiio~s Adopted by the ~nter~ationai Labour Conference, 1919-66. Geneva: ILO, 1966. International Labour Conventions and Recommendations, 191941. Geneva: ILO, 1982. Law of the Sea National Legislafion and Treaties Relating to the Law of the Sea. New York: UN, 1980. (ST/LEG/Ser.B/19). Ruster, Bernd, Bruno Simma and Michael Bock, eds. rnternational protection of the Environment: Treaties and Related Documents. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana, 1975-82. Law of War Roberts, Adam and Richard Guelff, eds. Documents on the Laws of War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Schindler, Dietrich and Jiri Toman, eds. Laws of Armed Conflicts. Revised edition. Leiden: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1981. Maritime Boundaries Limits in the Seas. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Geographer, Department of State, 1970-. (SuDoc: Sl. 11915:nos.) Meteorology Agreements and Working Arrangements with Other international Organizations. Geneva: Secretariat of WMO, 1977. Basic Documents (Excluding Technical Regulations). Geneva: Secretariat of WMO, 1975. Nuclear Energy information Circular. Vienna: IAEA, 1959-. International Conventions on Civif Liability for Nuclear Damage. Revised edition. Vienna: IAEA, 1976. (STI/PUB/430). Multilateral Agreements. Vienna: IAEA, 1959. (GEN/PUB/4). Private International Law Hague Conference on Private International Law Actes et Documents de la [number] Session. The Hague: Permanent Bureau of the Conference, [1951]-. Hague Conference on Private International Law. Collection of Conventions 1951-1980. The Hague: Permanent Bureau of the Conference, 1982. (French title: Recueil des Conventions). Tariffs and Trade

Treaty research sources

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Basic Instruments and Selected Documents: Protocols, Decisions Reports. Geneva: GATT, 1952-69. Supplement. Geneva: GATT, 1953-. Terrorism Lillich, Richard B., ed. Transnational Terrorism: Conventions and Commentary-A Compilation of Treaties, Agreements, and Declarations of Especial Interest to the United States. Charlottesville: Michie, 1982. II. Finding Tools A. General Canada Wiktor, Christian L. Canadian Treaty Calendar, 1928-78. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana, 1983. European Communities Register of Current Community Legal Instruments (Position as of. . . ). Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1980-. International Rohn, Peter H. World Treaty Index. 2nd ed. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1983. United Kingdom Parry, Clive and C. Hopkins, Index of British Treaties 1101-1968. London: HMSO, 1970. United Nations Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat During the Month of. . . New York: UN, 1950-. (ST/LEG/Ser.A). United States Department of State Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1939-. (SuDoc: S1.3). International Legal Materials. Washington, D.C.: American Society of International Law, 1962-. Kavass, 1.1. and A. Sprudzs. Current Treaty Index: A Cumulated Index to United States Slips Treaties and Agreements. Buffalo, N.Y.: Hein, 1982-. Kavass, 1.1. and M.A. Michael. United States Treaties and Other International Agreements Cumulative Index 1776-1949. Buffalo, N.Y.: Hein, 1975. Kavass, 1.1. and A. Sprudzs. UST Cumulative Index 1950-70. Buffalo, N.Y.: Hein, 1973. Kavass, 1.1. and A. Sprudzs. UST Cumulative Index 1971-7.5. Buffalo, N.Y.: Hein, 1977. Kavass, 1.1. and A. Sprudzs. UST Cumulative Indexing Service. Buffalo, N.Y.: Hein, 1976-. B. Subjects Aeronautics Aeronautical Agreements and ArrangementsTables of Agreements and Arrangements Registered with the Organization. Montreal: ICAO, 1965-. (Dot 9307-LGB1347). Law of the Sea Gamble, John King. Index to Marine Treaties. Seattle, Wash.: Division of Marine Resources, University of Washington, 1972. Maritime Boundaries McDorman, Ted L.: Kenneth P. Beauchamp and Douglas M. Johnston. Maritime

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Boundary Delimitation: An Annotated Bibliography. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1983. III. Status Information Sources A. General Canada Annual Report. Ottawa: Dept. of External Affairs, 19?-. Znternational Perspectives. Ottawa: International Perspectives, 1972-. Council of Europe Chart Showing Signatures and Ratifications of Council of Europe Conventions and Agreements. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 19?-. European Yearbook. The Hague: Nijhoff, 19555. Information Bulletin on Legal Activities within the Council of Europe and in Member States. Strasbourg: Directorate of Legal Affairs of the Council of Europe, 1978-. European Communities Collection of Agreements Concluded by the European Communities. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 1977-. France Liste des Trait& et Accords de la France en Viguerau au Ie’ Janv. [year]. Paris: Imprimerie de Journaux Officiel, 1978-. La Politique Etrangere de la France: Texts et Documents. Paris: Documentation Francaise, 1966-. Organization of American States (OAS) Inter-American Treaties and Conventions: Signatures, Ratifications, and Deposits with Explanatory Notes. Washington, D.C.: Organization of American States, Secretariat for Legal Affairs, 198?-. (OEA/Ser.X) L,egal Newsletter. Washington, D.C.: Organization of American States, Secretariat for Legal Affairs, 198?-. Status of Inter-American Treaties and Conventions. Washington, D.C.: Organization of American States, 1976-. (0EAiSer.X). United Kingdom Parry, Clive and C. Hopkins. Index of British Treaties 1101-1968. London: HMSO, 1970. Treaty Series. London: HMSO, 1893-. United Nations Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General. New York: UN, 1980-. (ST/LEG.Ser.D/l). Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed and Recorded with the Secretariat During theMonth of . . . New York: UN, 1950-. (ST/LEG/Ser.A). United States Department of State Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1939-. (SuDoc S1.3). Kavass, 1.1. and A. Sprudzs. A Guide to the United States Treaties in Force. Buffalo, N.Y.: Hein, 1982-. International Legal Materials. Washington D.C.: American Society of Internaational Law, 1962-. Treaties in Force: A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of

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United States in Force. Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1929-. (SuDoc: S9.14). B. Subjects Agriculture Food and Agriculture Organization. Conference. Statutory Report on Status of Conventions and Agreements and on Amendments Thereto (as of [date]). Rome: FAO, 19?-. (C year/l0 and C year/lo-Supp.). Arms Control and Disarmament Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements: Texts and Histories of Negotiations. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1972-. (SuDoc: ACl.Ar 5/3/year). Education UNESCO’s Standard-Setting Instruments. Paris: UNESCO, 1981-. Investment Law “List of Bilateral Investment Treaties,” International Legal Materials 21 (September 1982), 1208. Labor Chart of Ratifications. Geneva: ILO, 1979-. Law of the Sea IA40 News. London: IMO, 1982-. Nuclear Energy Agreements Registered with the International Atomic Energy Agency. Eighth edition. Vienna: IAEA, 1981. (STI/PUB/485). Private International Law “Signatures and Ratifications of the Hague Conventions: Status and December 23, 1982,” International Legal Materials 22 (March 1983), 471. These same status tables have appeared at ZLM20 (November 1981), 1516-1517 (Status on March 1, 1981); ILM 19 (July 1980), 1102-l 103 (Status on August 19, 1980); ZLM 18 (November 1979), 1648 (Status on November 1, 1979). Tariffs and Trade GA TT: Status of Legal Instruments. Geneva: GATT, 1971-.