Pragmatics: An annotated bibliography. First annual supplement (part 1)

Journal of Pragmatics 2 (1978) 373400 0 North-Holland Publishing Company

JEF VERSCIIUEREN

Wir:h contributions Ly AnneMarie Diller, A(! Foolen, DavO Holdcroft, Asa Kilsher, Svenka Savic, Viggo Sbrensen, Karl Sornig and Areta Voroniuc

1. Introduction This is the first in a series of annual supplements to Jef ‘Verschuer :n 1978, hagmatics: An Annotated Bibliugraphy (= Amsterdam Studies in tht Tkory and His/myof Linguis’tzkScience V, Library and hfonnntion Sources in ihquistio ~1)~ xvi ‘270 pp., published by and available from John Benjamins B.V., Amsteldij k 44, An sYcerdam,The Netherlands. A.; specified in the book these supplements are not only intendec.1 to cover the new publications of the year but they also serve a remedial function by adding earlier publications which we overlooked before. The major new publications (i.e. those published in 1977 and roughly the first half of 193~ are listed ill this issue of the fuumal of l+agm&x The earlier ones (plus some 1W7 and 1978 reviews:) vcill be covered by Part II of this supplement, to be publishzd in the first issue of next year’s volume of the Journal. Part II will also contain a subject index and a language index ranging over the complete supplement. To get a precise idea of the scope and character o ’ the enlerprisc the reader should cons& the ori#nal bibliography. In some cases It was necessary to mention a publication that was already listed in the book in order to add sl3me bibliogr’jphical information (such as mentioning a reprint, an additional review, etc.). For easy reference these publications are always preceded by an asterisk (*:I.

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Journed of the Ainerican Anthropological AssoAmerican Anthropoiq$. ciation. Washington, D.C. Analysis. oxford. 373

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Anthropological Linguistics. Bloomington, Indiana. ~@emmn Nederlands Tijrischrift voor Wijsbegeerte c.!nPsychoiogie. Assen. Antwerp Papers in Linguistics. Antwerpen. Arch&urn Linguisticurn. A Review of Comparative Phikdogy adi GXWX~~ Analy titi Sociology . Ckhd. AUMLA. Journal of the Australian Universities Language and Literature Association. London. Communicatio2 and Cognition. Gent. Centrum. Working Papess of the Minnesota Centre for Advanced Studies in Lanbwage, Style, and Literary Theory. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Cahiers Ferdinand de Seussure. GenBve. r[lultural Hermeneutics. An International Journal for Philosolphy and Social Thcsught. Dordresht. Cahiers de Lexicologia. Revue Internationale de Lexicologie et de Lexicographic. Paris/Besancun. Communications. Ecote Pratique des Hautes Etudes. Paris. Diskussion Deutsch. Zeitschrift fiir Deutschlehrer aller Schulformen in AusbEdung und Praxis. Frankfurt. Dcu tsche Sprache. Zeitschrift fiir Theorie, Analyse und Dokumentation. Miinchen. Der Deu tschuntcrricht. Beitr5ge zu seiner Praxis u nd wissenschaftlichen Grundlegung. Stuttgart. f-rkcnn his. An International Journal of Analytic Philosophy. Leipzig. En&h Studies. A Journal of English Language and Literature. Amsterdam. Le Franqais Modcme. Paris. Foiia Linguistica. Acta Societatis Linguisticae Europaeae. The Hague. Forum Linguistic!rm. Laze Bluff, Illinois. Grazer Linguistische St:dd)sn. Craz. Gothenburg Papers in ‘Iheoretical Linguistics. Gothenburg. Gramma: Tijdschrift voor Taalkunde in Nijmegen. Yijmegen. Godignjak Saveza DruEtava za Primcnjenu Lingvistiku. Beograd. Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuidnederlandse Maatschappfj voor Tsalen Letterkunde en Geschiedenis. Brussels. International Journal of American Linguistics. Chicago. IRAL. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching / intemationa?e Zeitschrift ftir angewandte Linguistik in der Spracherziehung. Heidelberg. international Review of Slavic Linguistics. Edmonton, Alberta, Indiana University Linguistics Club. Bloomington, “iyyun”. A Hebrew Philosophical Quarterly. The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese. Chicago, Journal of Child Lan Journal of Lin~istic journal of the Language Association of Eastern Africa. Nairobi, ~~ur~~ of Literary Semantics. ~our~~~~~f~a~~~jc~. An jnterdiscip~~ary Quarter& of Language Studies, ~0~~~~ dc Psychologie Normafe et Patholoaque. Paris. Psychoi~~gu~st~cResearch, New York.

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J. Emchueren / YPagtnatics: an annotated bribliography. Part I JSL JVL VB KBS Kritik LB LBer LeS LeS0 Lg LGR LIn Lingua LInv LiS ii LR L&S LT LYC Met Mind ML

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OL PAS PBLS PCLS Philosophica Philosophy PhJL PhQ PIL PM Poetics PzL Ratio RLin RRL RRom SAfrL

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Journal of the School of Languages, Jawaharl.al Nehru IJniversity. New Delhi. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal. Behavior. New York. Klagenfurter Beitrigc zur Sprachwissensxhaft. Klagenfust. Kritik. Tidsskrift for Litteratur, Forskning, Undervisning. Ccrpenkagen. Leuvense Bijdragen. Tijdscltrift voor Gerrnaanse Filologie. i,euven. Lingulstische Bcrichte. Braunschweig, Linguistique et SBmiologie. Lyon, Linguistique et Sacit%. Paris. Language. Journal of the Linguistic Satiety of America. Baltimore, Maryland. Logical Gralpmar Reports. Gothenburg. Linguistic Inquiry. Cambridge, Massacll-iusetts. Lingua. International Review of General Linguistics / Revue Intcmationale de Linguistique G6ndrale. Amsterdtim. Linguisticae Investigationes. Revue Internationalc de Linguistique FrnnCaise et de Linbaistique G&&ale. Amsterdam. Language in Society. London. Language Learning. A Journal of Applied Linguistics. Ann Arbor. Language Research. Seoul. Language and Speech. Teddingron. Levende Talen. Groningen. Lenguaje y Ciencias. Publicaci6n Trinzestral de1 Departamento de Id&as y Lingiiistica. Trujillo, Peru. Metap1~iIosopF.y.Oxford. Mind. A Qurrterly Review of Psychology and PhiIosopb y. Oxford. Modern Languages. Journal of the Modern Languages 4ssociation. Bcdford. De Nieuwe Tad@+ ‘Sroningen. Nydanske Studier & Almen Kommutlikationsteori. Copgznhagen. Oceanic Linguistics. Honolulu. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society . rkeley Linguistics Society . Proceedings of the . ..th Annual meeting Berkeley, California. Papers from the ...th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago, Illinois. Philosophica. Gent. Philosophy. The Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. London. Philippine Journal of Linguistics. Manila. Philosophical Quarterly. St. Andrews. Papers in Linguistics. Edmonton, Alberta. Pragmatics Microfiche. Oxford. Poetics. International Review for the Theory of Literature. The Hague. iere zur Linguistik. Kronberg i. Ts. Ratio. Oxford. Recherches Linguistiques. I..Jni?rersit& Paris VIII - Vincennt:s. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique. Bucuregti. Revue Roman& Copenhagen. Studies ifll Africa Linguistics. Published by the Department of Linguistics and the Center for African Studies. The University of California, Los Angeles,

376 Semirntikos Semiotica

TaS TCRSN ThL TEL WLG WP WPLU WW YPIL ZGL

Semantikos. Homo Homini Lupus. Paris. Semiotica. Retrue pull& par 1’Asso::iation internationale de Simiotique / Journal of the International Association for Semiotic Studies. The Haue. Studies in Lianguage. Amsterdam. Si.lAdia Neophiluiogica. A Journal of Germanic and Romance Philology. Stockholm. Theory and Society, Renewal and Critique in social Theory. Amsterdam. Tlsavaux du centre de Recherches SCmioiogiques de Ncuchbtei. NeuchQtei. Theoretical Linguistics. Berlin/New York. Travaux de Linguistique et de Littdrature. Strasbourg. WIener Linguistische Gazette. Wicn. Wijsgcrig Perspectief op Maatschappij en Wetenschap. Amsterdam. Wf3rking Papers on Language Universals. Stanford, California. Wlrkendes Wort. Deutsches Sprachschaffen in Lehre und Leben. Diisseidorf. Y Jrk Papers in Linguistics. York. Z&&rift fiir gcrmanistische Linguistik. Berlin.

ain 1977 and 11978 publications Aguirre, Manuel and Louis Coossens. 1977. Dynamic synchrony: an il!ustration from the English medals. APllL t 1. A study of the modal verbs ‘can”, ‘must’ and ‘may’ as an illustration to show that (i) the nature of language can best be grasped by a combination of historical and synchronic anal‘s, and (ii) all matters semantic are by definition pragmatic. , Karin. 2977. Acts of deference and authority. GPTL 34. investigates how structures of power (authority) snd norms of politeness (deference) influence verbal behavior (speech acts, speech act sequences). Special attention ts directed to c’zses in v:hich there is a conflict between a person’s authority over another person and his Trenton to act deferentis~iy. Many examples are tzken from Swedish. ~~~~ler, Karir;. 1978. ‘Epistemic modal auxiliaries in English’. In: K. Cregersen, ed., pp. X61 168. A. surveys the devices for expressing epistemic modality in English. (VS) Ai~erton, DJ. 1978. The notion of ‘givenness’ and its relations to presupposition and to theme. Lingua 44: 133-68. tilerton, D.J. and A. Cruttenden. 1978. Syntactic, $locutionary, thematic and attitudinal factors in the intonation of adverbiais. JoP 2 (2): iS5--88. An investigation of how far the intonation of adverbials Is governed by illocutionary force and lexical meaning, by the givenness or newness of the adverbial and the rest of the sentence, by planned or unplanned occurrence of the adverbial an by the attitude of the ens t977a. A critical look at speech act theory. In: 6. Dahl, ed., pp. 53-69. ation of some aspects of *J.E. Austin 1962 and *J.R. Searle 1969, with s for ~~roveme~t. A owing three areas of speech act theory rther developed: (i) the study of different communicasychoiogical and behavioral reactions characteristically ur,ication; (iii) the study of social consequences of acts of

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Allw~o& Jens. 1977b. Truth, appropriateness and focus. PM 2 (5): A2. A. discusses two possible ways of providing a logical analysis for statements tqitli fodussed components (one using three truth wlues and the other oily two) and the merits of the two analyses for the study of truth, presuppasitions and appropriateness.

AflWood, Jens. 1978, ‘A bird’s eye view of pragmatics’. In: K. Gregersen, ed., pp. 14!j-59, A general overview of (linguistic) pragmatics, including (i) itr history, (ii) its subiect nratters, (iii) the areas of presen : work, and (iv) practical applications. (VS) Andersen, Poul. 1978. ‘Ths thematic structure of texts’. In: M. Gregersen, ed,, pp. 221-225. A. presents a model of (referential) text coherence in terms of functional senternce perspective. The ‘textual theme’ (i.e. roughly the subject matter of the text) is related to themes on lower levels, ending up with ‘sentential themes’ (the first ones directly expressed). Material: part of a Russian short story, (VS) Anscombre, Jean-Claude. 1977. La probi&r,atique de l’illocutoire d&iv& LeSo 2: 1’7-4 1. In his investigation of direct and ii&direct speech acts, A. differs from Scarle’s pus&ion in the following way. He postulates for indirect speech acts two types of derivation. The first type is the result of an obligation, mayked in the language, to apply a law of discourse. It is deductible partly from tF,e linguistic structure of the utterance. The second type of derivation is allusive, and the speaker can always refuse to acknowledge the conveyed1 effect since nothing in the structure of the utterance marks its identification. (AD> Alt~~combre,Jean-Claude and Oswald Ducrot. 1977. Deux ‘mais’ en fran@s? Lingua 43: 2340. The hypothesis put forward is that, in a sentence-type of the form ‘p mais q”, two ‘mais’ can be distinguished. They show different semantic as well as distributional properties, amd they are compatzble to the German ‘aber’/‘sondern’ ar:d tlrr, Spanish ‘pero’/‘sino’. (AD) Anscombre, Jean-Claude 2nd Oswald Ducrst. 1978a. Echelles implicatives, &helle!s argumcntatives c:t lois de discours. Semantikos 2: 3. A. and D. reject the implicative hypothesis which isolates a deep semantic level independent from the constraints linked to the activity of uttering. Instead, they introduce these constrainis at the most primitive level and postulate them as being argumentative. The argw.entative hypothesis also seeks to control - but not eliminate - the recourse to conversational principles in the semantic description. (AD)

Anscombre, Jean-Claude and Oswald Ducrot. 1978b. Lois logic~~s et lois argumentatives. To appear in FM. The logicoidal aspect of an utterance concerns the way it is susceptible of leading to other utterances. That aspect is part of its meaning. A semantic description based on this hypGthesis will be subdivided into three calculations: (i) attribute to the abstract underlying sentence a signification consisting of a set of informative contents (with illocutionary markers) and argumentative contents at the presupposed level; (ii) deduce new contents by mea-j?sof axioms and rules; (iii) determine the argumentative orientation of the sentence. (ADI Apostel, Leo. 1977. Discussion remark. CC 10 (2): 77-78. Review of D.M. Gablbay and A. Kasher 1977a. AtIas, Jay David. 1977. Presupposition revisited. PM 2 (5): D5. A. presents a methodological argument to show how the notion of semantic non-specificity/ generality plays an essen lial role in a theory of pragmatic presupposrtion. Atlas, Jay David. 1978, On presupposing. Mind 87 tI347): 396-411. A. argues that neg,ative presuppositional sentt?nces are characterized by sema.ntical nonspecificity instead of ambiguity and that this nonspecificity mekes it impossible to identify the semantic representation of a sentence with a logical form. “Auwera, Johan Van der. 1977f. Notes on ‘ordinary’ and ‘ideal’ bnguage. AWL 12. Ball, Catherine N. and Ellen F. Prince. 1977, A note on stress and presuppos$ition. LIn 8 (3): 585.

e authors mention the case of it-clefts in which extra stress within the complement can ase the stressed item from its presuppoGtiori when there is a matrix negation: e.g. ‘It isn’t JOHN that shot MARY’ does not presuppose ‘Someone shot Mary’ buf ‘Someone shot someone’; therefore it can be fotiowed by ‘It’s MARY that shot JOHN’. Bauanggrtner, Klaus. 1977. Lexikalische Systeme m&licher Performative. ZGL 5 (3): 257-76. Search for lexical systems (i.e. systems of relationships which can be explained in terms of certain lexical components) in ti.e set of performative predicates. Beebe, Leslie M. 1977. The influence of the listener on code-switching. LL 27 (2): 331-39. B. investigates the influence of the listener’s ethnic: identity on lthe dialectical code-switching behavior of a group of Chinese-Thai bilingual teachers in Thailand. Belle, W. Van and W. Van Langendonck. 1977. Aanbevelingen en ‘universele uitspraken’ [ Rscommendations and ‘universal claims’]. LB 66 (3): 3 11-26. On speech acts in advertising. Ben%min, Gail R. 1977. Tone of voice in Japanese conversation. LiS 6 (I): l-l 3. ~tn experimental study of the role of tone of voice in Japanese conversations shows that there are situational determinants of voice quality that are not related to emotion. Bennett, Adrian. 1978. Interruptions and the interpretation of conversation. PBLS 4: 557-75. H. shows that the study of interruptions may be one way of approaching certain issues of &scGuase analysis such as certain issues of interpretation without using a particular linguistic, hemantic 1~ rhetorical methodology as in various existing forms of structural analysis of discourse. Benendonner , A. 1977. Le fant6me de la v&G: questions sur l’assertion. LeS 4: 127 -60. From a presuppositional ana!ysis of two performative verbs, ‘pr@tendre’ and ‘convenir’, B. Lzi;ues !h:it the felicity conditions on assertiona; are not adequate to describe the fact that the speak :r can verbally restrict his commitme.lt to the truth of the proposition which is asserted. ( 4D) “Betrcn, Aqne Marie. 1977. Sammetrezension: Ertor&ung gesprochener deutscher Standardsyr=cIle. DSp 1977 (4): 335-61 (Teil 1) and DSp 1978 (1): 21-44 (T&I 11). Bcvcr, Thor ras G. 1977. ‘The influence of speech performance on linguisltic structure’. In: J.J. Katz, I .:;. Bevcr and T.D. kangendoen, cds., pp. 65 - 88. Wcusqe; Lvheahcr certain universal structures of language reflect general cognitive conct:aints rather thtin particular innate structures. (DH) Bcvcr, Thomas G. See ah: J.J. Katz, T.G. Bcver and E.T. Langendocn, ed?.; D.J. Townsend an f T.G. Bcver. Bierwisih, Manfred. 1977. ‘Social differentiation of I=_nguape structure’. In: J.J. Katz, T.G. Btver, and T.D. Langendoen, eds., pp. 27 1 --3 12. BII$, 5$iIan. i978. ‘Reflexives and the subjective (‘ernrathic’) side of FSP’. In: K. Gregersen, PA WU.)Fi;. ,2- 33. B. ouggests Swedish reflexivization rules in terms of functional sentence perspective with a subjective level of ‘empathy’ superimposed. The author takes related phenomena in Russian and Czech IS his starting point. (VS) ~5k~~tl~ai~~~I’+‘iliy. 1977. Thcma-Rhema- Glicdcrung umi russischo Vcrbalaspckt. 1RAL I5 (3): 209 - 20. A stud) of the phenomenon that in two consecut:vc sentences with the same verbal predicats in Russian oftcrl an aspectual shift occurs: the verb v+WA~repeats the foregoing action imperfective aspect. In such qentelrlces the imperfective verb is said to be part Biro, f-1. 1977. Rescuing ‘begging the question’. Met 8 (4): 257-71. An attempt to explain what it means to accuse one’s opponent in a philosophical sf begging ahe question.

argument

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Blanche-Benveniste, Claire, et al. 1978. Syntaxe et semantique dw Ft,anyais. (- Cahier de Linguistique 8.) Montreal: Presses de I’Universite du Quebec, 481 pp. See: E. Roulet 1978. Bock, J. Kathryn. 1977. The effect of a pragmatic presupposition on syntactic structure in question answering. JVLVB 16 (6): 723-34. Report of a. test ishowing that answers to questions retain the syntactic structure and the order of given and new information, from previously presented sentences nf these s:;ntences place given before new information; if, however, they place new information before given, an alternative syntactic form is used and the order of information is reversed in the answers. Bruxelles, S., A.-M. Diiller, 0. Ducrot, E,, Fouquier, J. Gouazk and A. Remis. 1978. Decidement: la classification disIsimu16e. To appear in JoP. The adverb ‘decidr?ment can be used in isolation and constitute a statement-like utterance. It can also introduce and comment on the utterance that follows. Examples of these two functions are presented and explained within a unified semantic descripti,m that accounts for the diversity of effects observed in different discourse situations. (AD) Carden, Guy. 197 7a. Performatives and quantifiers. LIn 8 (1): 163 -68. C. argues that the classical generative-semantic analyses of quantifiers and perf,,rmatives, as presented in *G. Lakoff 1970b, are mutually inconsistent and that a revision cl; the perfor-

mative analysis is needed. Carden, GUY. 1977b. Comparatives and factives. LIn 8 (3): 586-90. C. mentions a case of unexpected interaction between comparatives and factives. Carreil, Patricia L. 1’977. Empirical investigations of indirectly conveyed meaning:

assertion versus presupposition in first and second language acquisption. LL 27 (2): 353-69. T!re theoretical linguistic distinction between assertion and presupposition is confirmed by an empirical test with two groups of subjects - young children acquiring English as their iirst language and adults learning English as a second language. The frlequency of perceptual errors is measured as a function of this distinction in clefts and pseudo-clefts. Chafe, Wallace L. 1977. ‘The recall and verbalization of past experience’. In: R.%‘. Cole., ed.,

pp. 215-46. C. addresses the question of how we are able to take nonverbal experil:nce, store it away for a while, and then recall it and turn it into words that coml:l~:nicate to other people something of what the experience was like. He discusses the gJp_(bces!res of subchurlking (i.e. the breaking down of larger chunks of content into smaller onc”b), propositionaliz+g (i.e. deciding on a propositional structure assigning various roles to Ihe object1 involved in the chunk) and categorizing (i.e. finding the appropriate words or phrases to comrriunicate the ideas). The study is meant to show that there cannot be such a thing as an la:utonomous semantic structure underlying a discourse or a sentence, but that talking is a creative process. Chapman, Robin s. see: J.P. Folgcr and R.S. Chapman. Cherry, Louise J. 4’ee: B.K. Read and L.J. Cherry. Cicourel, Aaron \’ 1977. Cognitive and linguistic aspects of social sfmcture. CC 10 Cl): 25-3 1. A study of dotor-patient interviewing and medical history taking is used to illustrate some cognitive 2nd linguistic (semantic and pragmatic) ideas that arrmclaimed to be basic to NI understanding of social structure, Clarke, D.S., Jr. 1978. The addressing fturction of ‘I’. AnalyGs 38 (2’1: 91-93. Discusses Pnscombc’s claim that ‘1’ does not have a referring fum:tion, but has the role of an address. (DH) Cole, Roger W., ed. 1977. Current issues in linguistic theory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, viii, 303 pp. See: W.L. Chafe 1977;C.J. Fillmore 1977.

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Connolly, Kevin. see: M. Martlew, K. Connolly and Cooper, Marilyn M. lY77. lmplicatures in fictional ‘Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman’. Centrum 5 (1): Corsaro, William A. 1977. The clarification request young chifckn. kiS 6 (2): 183-207.

C. McCleod. conversations from ‘Days of Our Lives’ and 5 - 19. as a feature of adult intemctive

styles with

The analysis t +deotsped adult-child interaction shows the clarification request to be a consistent fetiturl: of aduit interactive styles. The form and function of adult clarification requests and the nature of these interactive demands are discussed, as well as t!re possible effects on the child’s development of communicative competence. Couhnas, Florian. 1977. Concerning the range of pragmatics: a review of Siegfried J. Schmidt, ed., PragHnatik/Prapmatics 2. JoP 1 (3): 299-308. Crosby, Faye and Linda Nyquist. 1977. The female register: an empirical study of Lakoff s hypotheses. LiS 6 (3) 3 13- 22. Report of three studies testing - and largely supporting - the hypo?heses on women’s language put forward by *R. Lakoff 1975. Cruse, D.A. 1977. The prajdmatics of lexical specificity. JL 13 (2): 153-64. C. argues that though Grice’s cooperative pvinciple is a major determinant of the form and content of utterances used communicatively, it c:mnot explain all the facts about the choice of a word from a range of lexical items of differen? Levels of specificity (e.g. spaniel, dog and animalj in communicative situations. (DH) Cruttecden, A. See: D.J. Allerton anti A. Cruttenden. Curl-r, Anne. 1977. The context-dependence of ‘intonationaL meanings’. PCLS 13: 104-15. ~)n :he pragmatic status of intonatron seen from a text comprehension p&t of view. IPaPal,&ten. 1977. ‘Games and models’. in: 0. Dahl, ed., pp. 147--99. A vrtriety of reflections on Wittgenstein’s Semantic Problem (what is the relation between tht structure of language and the ztructure of the wor!d?) and his Pragmatic Problem (what is the relation between what we say and what we do?). Dahl, &-en. ed. 1977. Logic, pragmatizs and grammar. Lund: Studentlitteratur, 295 pp. 5c~~: J. Allwood *1972, 1977; 5 D.lh_ 1977. Darne:l. Repna. see: A.L. Vanek ar.d R. Darnell. Dascal, Marcelo. 1977. Conversational .clzvancc. JoP 1 (4); 309-28. D. tries to clarify the way in whir% Grice’s maxim ‘be relevant’ operates. Two broad types of relevance are distinguished, a ‘pragmatic’ and a ‘semantic’ one, as well as a number of subtyp
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and cognition: knowledge frames and speech act comprehension. JoP 1 (3): 211-31. This paper deals with the cognitive foundations of pragmatic theories. Speech act comprehensiun is based on rules and strategies for so-called ‘context analysis’, in which (epistemic) frames phy an important role for the analysis of social context, social frames, and interaction type. (AF) Dijk, Teun PI. van. 1978. Taal en handelen: een interdisciplinaire inleiding in thle pragmatiek [Language: and action: an interdisciplinary introduction to pragmatics]. (= Randgebieden 2.) Muiderberg: Coutinho, 174 pp. D. regards pragmatics as a meeting point for several disciplines: linguistics, philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences. Accordingly, not only does he consider the central subjects of pragmatics, e.g. speech acts, but also the relations with grammar, clognitive processing and the sociocultural context of language use andl communication. (AF) Dik, SC. 1977. ‘Wat is pragmatiek?’ [What is pragmatics?]. in: B.T. Tervoort, ed., pp. 20621. D. discusses the follow?ng ~~.~cstions: where did the interest in pragmatic questions come from? what phenomen& should pragmatics account for? what are the goals of pragmatic studies? what are the imp:lications of the pragmatic point of view for the study of language and language use? (AF) Dik, Simon (1. 1978. Functional Grammar. (= North-Holland Linguistic Series 37.) Amsterdam: North Holland, xii, 230 pp. This book. develops a theory of grammar which is functional in two senses. First, it is based on a functional view ol’ the nature of language: language as an instrument of social interaction. Second, the theory admits functional and relational notions as primitives of grammatical theol:y at three distinct lev.:ls oc description: semantic functions (agent, goal, recipient, etc.), synl:actic functionas (subje(:t and object), and pragmatic functions (topic, focus, etc.). (AF) Diller, Anne-Marie. 1977. Le conditionneil marqueur de dbrivation illocutoire. Semantikos 2 (1): 1-17. D. argues that the conditional mood in non-hypothetical sentences modifies the presupposition of the sentence and gives an instruction to determine the illocutionary potential of the utterance. (AD) Diller, Anne-Marie. 1978. La forme en -rais dans les dctes irri’irtcts de langage. Tp appear in Actes de la Session de Linguistique de Bourg-Saint-Maurit,cQ Conseil Scientifique de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, 1978. D. makes an examination of conventional indirect speech acts from the point ofview of the systematic: relation between the intended illozutionary effect and the syntactical fortn of the utterance. She argues that tht:re are markers of derivation that determine the illocutionary potential of a sentence, and that the ‘-rais’ form in French is one of them. (AD) Diller, Anne-Marie. See also: S. Bruxelles et al. Di Pietro, Robert J. See: Pietro. Robert J. Di Downing, Pamela. 1977. On the creation ald use of English compound nouns. Lg 53 (4): 81042. D. argues that the appropriateness of a new noun+noun compound does no! depend on general se nnantic relationships that hold between the members of the compound, but on the use to wh~h the compound will be put, its interpretability and the extent to which it allows full exploitation of the informationaf resources of the compound form. etaphesn in der politischen Rede. DU 30 Drommel, Raimund (1): 71-86, Reflections on the use of metaphors in political discourse and outline of a teaching project to stimulate wide-ranging reflections on language by means of studying political speech.

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Ducrot, Oswald. 1977. IlIocutoirz et perform&if. LeS 4: 17-53. The illocdtionary character of an utterance is due to a certain image it projects of itself, according to which it is the source of rights and obligations that need not have an independent exis.ence. To subordinate the illocutionary force of an utterance to the realization of conditions of use creates artificial protjkms. The phenomenon of performativity is an iliusion which is caused by the ijllocutionary function of utterances. A performative utterance is stii-referential, not because of its slyntacticaI st.r*jcture but because it has an illocutionary fun&on. (AD) Ducrot, Oswald. See also: J.C. Anscombre antd 0. Ducrot; S. Brux,elles et al. F.H. van, et al. 1978. Argumentatietheorie [h*gumentation theory]. (= Aula 613.) Utrecht/Antwerpen: Het Spectrum, 275 pbp. An l&roductory book in which different theories of arlr;umentation are discussed, especially those of Toulmin and Perelman/Olbrechts-Tyteca. (AF)

Eemeren,

Ehlich, K. and J. Rehbein. 1977. Batterien sprachlicher Harldlungen. JoP 1 (4): 393-406. E. 2nd R. discuss a peculiar phenomenon of ‘piling up’ that takes place when several speech acts of the same type are uttered immediately after each other. Since this “piling up’, which can be observed frequently in soontaneous speech, represents a kind of wiring together of severai eiements, E. and R. propose to caii it a ‘battery’ of speech acts. (AF j Epstein, Samuel Seth. 1977. Investigations in pragmatic theory. IlJLC, v, 180 pp. A !xmantic and pragmatic discussion of the following topics: discourse (for which some models are proposed), presupposition (it is argued Fhat presuppositiorls are entailments and a notion of ‘strength of presupposition’ is introdxerl), conversational and conventional implicatures, negation (with respect to which it is claimed that negative sentences usually do not presuppose the presuppositions of their corresponding positive sentences), subordinatHGn. and the presuppositions of embedded sentences. F;aarlund. Jan Terje. 1978. ‘Subject and topic in colloquial Norwegian’. In: K1.Gregerseit, ed., pp. 24 l--46. A functional sentence perspective account of subject transformation and topicalization in a language in which both subject and topic are signallad by word order. The rules proposed by 1:. rest heavily OR the concept ‘bsckground’, i.e. that part of sentence meaning that is cxisten tially presupposed. (VS) I:alk, Julia S. 1978. Linguistics and language: a survey of basic concepts and implications (Second edition). New York/Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, xv, 448 pp. A general introduction to the study of language including a chapter on pragmatics (speech acts, presupposition, meaning and use). l,ill~nb~ul~, Samuel. 1977. A condition on plausible inducements. L&S 20 (2): 136---41. An extension of Searle’s analysis of categorial promises to condition41 promises and threats (i.e. inducements). A condition on the plausibility of inducements is formulated in terms of the relation between the value/cost of the requested or forbidden act and the value/co,Pt of the incentive offered, I~~lrn~r~, Charles J. 1977. ‘Topics in lexical semantics’. In: R.W. Cole, ed., pp. 76-138. I’. presents a conceptual framework for discussing word i,,cashmgs, the construction of sentence readings, the interpretation of texts, and the processci of expression and comprehcnsion. The ctntlsl notions in this framework are frame, schema scene and protozypc. I’tnnis, Nigel. 1977. The meaning of ‘only’. PM 2 (4): (79. 1‘. propose a the xy of the meaning of ‘only’ which operates almost entirely by pragmatic cans (as o?posed to the existing truth-conditional theories). er, Cero. 1977 Linguistik und Sprache der Arbeitsemigranten (‘Gastarbeiter’). WLG 16: 31 42.

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Studs, of the pidginization processes at work in the language acquisition of immigrant workers from Yugoslavia in Vienna. Some didactic problems connected with this are considered. (KS) Folger, Joseph P, and Robin S. Chapman. 1978. A pragmatic analysis of spontaneous imitations. 3ChL 5 (1’): 25-38. An examination of the correspondence between the imitative behavior of parents and their children and the correspondence between certain speech act functions of parent’s utterances and children’s imitations. Foolen, Ad. 1.977. Review of D. WunderIich 1976. Gramma 1 (2): 54-64. Forman, Donald. 1978%. Common sense and indirect speech acts. Ms. F. examines a wide range of cases in which common sense knowledge interferes with grammar, in particular with the poss)bility of forming indirect speech acts. For instance, the impossibility of interpreting ‘Do you know what your name is’?’as an indirect speech act for ‘What is your name?’ (whereas ‘Do you know where John is?’ can be an indirect form of the question “Where is John?‘) is attributed to the common sense knowledge that in normal circumstances a person k:nows hiis name. Forman, Donald. 1978b. Informing, :feminding, and displaying. Ms. F. attacks the view that it is infelicitous to state something if the addressee already knows it. Declaratives can not oniy be informativcs, but also reminders and displays (such as answers to exam questions). Forman, Donald. 1978c. Commitment. Ms. An attempt to define the nature of the speaker’s commitment to truth in tJte utterance of a representative speech act. Fouquier, Eric. See: S. Bruxelles et al. Fretheim, Thorstein. 1978. ‘When topic and focus coincide’. In: K. Gregersen. pd., pp. 247.-54. I’. discusses 53..i”-nders!;on 1976. Then he considers some (East) Norwegian sentence structures in which one phrase seems to function both as topic and focus simultaneously, SOthat topic and focus should not be regarded as complementary concepts. (VS) Frier, Wolfgang. 19’77. Ansitze einer Semiotik des Sprachgcbrauchs. Lingua 43: 3 Ej--37. On the semiotics of language use. Fuchshuber, Elisabeth and Harald Lang. 1977. Erkennen und t.bdmiben van Sprt:chintentionen. DD 36: 379-90. A discussion of several indicators of a !;peaker’s intention, including presuppositions, and reflections on their relevance for the teaching of German. *Gabbay, DOVM. and Asa Kasher. 1977a. On the quantifier ‘There is a certain X”. CC 10 (2): 71-76. A semantic and game theoretical analysis of the quantifier. (Reviewed by: L. Apostel 1977.) Gabbay, Dov M. and Asa Kasher. 1977b. Improper definite descriptions: Linguistic performance and logical spaces [written in Hebrew]. Iyyun 27: 75-88. G. and K. show that major developments in definite description theory involve significant transitions from syntax to semantics, then ta) pragmatics, and finally to the field of linguistic performance. They sketch a definite description theory within the domain of linguistic performance theory. (AK) Gadler, Hanspeter. 1977. Schtilersyntax und Prcssesyntax. GLS 6: 81-l 19. The language of schoolchildren and that of the boulevard press reveals striking similarities in syntactic structure. (KS) Gal, Susan. 1978. Peasant men can’t get wives: language change and sex roles “n a bilingual community. LiS 7 (1): l-16.

384 Report of a case in which women’s knguage choices (between German and Hungarian in8a small community in Austria) and their linguistic innovatiwness are the linguistic expressions of their greater participation in social change. Garfinkcl, Andrew. 1977. Truths: half-truths and decegtion in advertising. PIL 10 (112): 135 -4!). G. shows that truth is a pragmatic question. He explores the assumptions adhering to the context of commercial advertising and how these assumptians determine the nature of trutlh and deception in that particular field. C;azdar, Gerald. 19770. Conversational analysis and conventkukl sociolinguistics. AS 1 (1): DS-F9. C. discusses two conventional sociolinguistic approaches to conversational data and shows them to be inadequate, He then defends the approach of the ethnomethodoIogistsl. Gandar, Gerald. 1977b. A solution to the projection problem,. ‘So appear in: C.K. Oh, ed., Syntax and semantics: presupposition. New York* Academic PFCSS. The core of G.‘s solution to the projection problem for presuppositions: certain \)resuppositions of subordinate clauses do not appear as presuppositiens of the compound sentences in question because they would be inconsistent with the alreaqiy established implica#:ures of the ~~~ntcn@?z* & ~dar, Gerald. iO78. Piumbing beyond repair: ieaking piugs and fauity fiiters. Ms. G, adduces counterexamples to nearly all aspects of Karttunen’s and Karttunen and Peters’ attempt to account for the projection problem for presuppositions in terms of ‘holes’, ‘plu;s” and ‘filters’. Gazdar, Gerald and Ewan Klein. 1977. Context-sensitive transderivational constraints and conventionaj implicature. PCLS 13: 137-46. G. and K. give a formalized account of context-sensitive taansderivational constraints and conventional implicatures in order to demonstrate that pragmatically determined constraints on syntactic form are a legitimate part of grammar. Geldres O., Teresa. See: D. Torres C’h. and 3’. Geldres 0. Godard, Dar&!e. Same setting, different norms: phone call beginnings in France and the United States. LiS 6 (2): 209- 13. A contrarr in the expected behavior 0; : he caller and answerer at the beginning of telephone conve:rsations at a private residence in the U.S. and France is related to different values attached to telephone calls as speech events. GolopenQa-Eretescu, Sanda. 1977. ktes dc parole et praxiologie. RRL 22 (3): 372-78. Outline of a general theory of action arad reaction conceived as isomorphic to linguistics. (AW Gortrpen!lia-Eretescu, Sanda. Sc)e also: L Dasc?du and S. Golopentia-Eretescu. Goodenough-Trepagnier, Cheryl and Frank Smith. 1977. Thematization and intonation in the organization of sentences. L&S 20 (2): S3 -- 107. An ernpiricaf investigation leads to the conclusion that subjects prefer topic-maintaining sentcwces in discourse and that the intonation with which they read sentelhces is independent of whether Phey are topic-maintaining or not. These results are discussed with reference to fiailiday’c; theory of theme. Goossem, Lc:,uis. See: Ail. Aguirre and L. Gcossens. GO&W, Adriana. 1977. Predication and reference: remarks on the nat:lre and function of the propositional act. RRL 22 l(3): 275- 85. A study of the relationshi:p between predication and reference, based on the treatment of these wtions in speech act theory. Gouaz4, fem. &e: S. Bruxefles et al. Gray, BennisDn. 1977. From discourse to dialog. JoP 1 (3): 283-97. o not have a pragmatic theory yet, the the’oretical value of pragmatic analysis Lk in demonstrating that the analysis of the syntax arid semanticv of individual sentences !9?7.

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fails to take into account important featui-b&of meaning end that there is another kind of analysis capable of systematically elucidating this meaning. (AF) Gray, Bennison. 1978. The grammatical foundations of rhetoric: discourse analysis,, (= Janus Linguarum, Series Maior 51.) The Hague: Mouton, 357 pp. Gregersen, K., ed. 1978. Papers from the 4th Scandinavian Conference of Lin&stics, Odense. See: K. Aijmer 1978; J. Allwood 1978; M. Bay 1978; J.T. Faarlund 1978; ‘F. Fretheim 1978; T. Gulliksen 1978; D. Hackman 1978; P. Harder 1978; 0. Hein%mBkiatad M. Leinonen 1978; S. Jacobson 1978; G. KZllgren 1978; C. Kock 1978; S. Lie 1978: B. Nilsson 1978; A. Poulsen 1978; H. Rossipall978; J. Svensson 1978; V. S$rensen 1978. Grewendorf, Gunther. 1977. Prasuppositionen bei disjunktiven Fragen. LBer 52: 13- 31. On the logical and pragmatic presuppositions of disjunctive questions such as ‘Hat Ulrich am 17. oder am 27. Geburtstag?’ as opposed to yes/no questions such as ‘Lebst r”ugerne in Berlin?’ Grewendorf, Gunther. 1978. Probleme der logischen Analyse von Fragen. PzL 19: 5 -?;7. G. criticizes several attempts to provide a logical analysis of q(iestions. Groenendijk, J. and M. Stokhof. 1978. Semantics, pragmatics and the theory of meaning. JoP 2 (1): 49-70. Also in: P. Seuren, ed., pp. 53-82. Arguments are adduced for the thesis that an adequate theory of meaning for a natural imguage has to consist at least of a recursive specification of the truth conditions (semantics) and oi’ a recursive specification of the correctness conditmns (pragmatic@ of the sentences of that language. (AF) Gulliksen, Torun. 1978. ‘Speech acts and text analysis’. In: K. Gregersen, ed., pp. 183-W Based on her work on Norwegian book reviews, G. raises ?ome crucial questioris for a text analysis based upon speech act theory. E.g. How to relate a variety of acts performed in the same text (or even sentence)? Can some hierarchy of speech act types be established, including basic ones? (VS) Hackman, Dorothea. 1978. ‘Irony in speech acts involving foreigners’. In: K. Gregerscn, ed., pp. 187-31. Like any kind of indirect speech act, irony is said to operate on a specific convention of insincere language use. A foreigner has considerable handicaps in recognizing and utilizing unlikeliness i:n context, prosodic signals and other criteria for ~r~,.~y,which causes both the foreigner and his native partner a lot of communicative troirbllc but which offers the linguist a good insight into speech act patterning rules. (VS) Had%Jovan%, Du&nka. 1977. Aspekti medicinskog diskurss [Aspects of medical discourse]. GSDPL 1: 137-44. H. discusses the teaching of English to medical students and doctors. Medical discourse is said to be more determined by social structure ;,nd cultural heritage than any other kind of technical discourse. (SS) Hansell, Mark and Cheryl Seabrook. 1978. Soms: conversational convetjtions of Black English. PBLS 4: 576-87. ’ H. and S.. show that prosodic cues and formulaic speech in Black English are not just stylistic but convey a wealth of meaning. l-larder, Peter. 1978. ‘Language in action: sc+rct srguments against the concept ‘Hlloculionary’ ‘. in: K. Gregersen, ed., pp. 193-97. H. does not accept a ‘natural’ level of illocutionary description such as that of the traditional speech act types. The force of any speech act should be recognized as highly individual, resulting from quite a number of sub-rcts (i.e. hug&tie choices in a definite context). Speech acts should, accordingly, be described indirectly in terms of ‘their relevant parts. WS) Harder, P. and C. Kock. 1978. In defense of a distinction: a reply to Jef Verschueren. JoP 2 (2): 153-54. Reply to *J. Verschue.ren 197 8.

Harman, Gilbert. 1977. ‘Against universal semantic

representation*. In: A. Rogers et al., eds.,

pp. l-11. H. argues that a theory of a language that attempts to capjture the competence of that hmguage should not associate sentences with universal semantic representations (encoding preiiinguistic thoughts and ideas). ~n adequate theory will have five components: a grammar

as@&g interpreted logical forms to sentences; a logic: stating the principles of logical implication holding among sentences given the purely logical aspects of theiir logical forms; axioms representing meaning pcstulates or the common knowledge among speakers; a theory of conversation including XI account of presupposition, implicature and speech acts; a theory of conceptual role indicating thz role of expressions in relation to theoretical and practical thinking, ooservation, and behavior. Harnish, Robert M. 1977. “Logical form and implicature:‘. In: J.J. Katz, T.G. Bever and T.D. Langendoen, eds., pp. 3 13 - 89. A detailed examination of Grice’s theory of implicature, which is applied to! a number of probfems including presupposition, factives, and indirect speech acts. (DIH) Harras, G&la. 1977. Zur Moglichkeit eincr integration von Sprechaktcn in ein allgemeines Handlungskonzept. ZGL 5 (3): 277-97. Attenpt to inteerate general concent .-- _--__‘meech _-“--=- of _- ‘action’i --c7---- the ---- notion -c- ---- act’ --- in a_ cI______* Harris, Roy. 1977. Semantics, performatives and truth. JLS 6 (2): 63-75. With special reference to performative utterances H. tries to demonstrate that burdening the notion of truth with ‘too much explanatory value prevents it from playing its proper role in the semantic description of natural language. ilayakawa, S.I. 1978. Language in thought and action (fourth edition). New York: Harcourt 13race Jovanovrch, xv, 318 pp. A general discussion of the role of language in human life and the different uses of language (language to persuade and control behavior, to transmit information, to create and +:xpress !iocial cohesion, the language of poetry, advertising, etc.). The text is written as a workbook l*vith applications and exercises or discussion topics at the end of each chapter. Heath, Jeffrey. 1978. Functional universals. PBLS 4: 86-95. Instead of taking formal components as one’s starting point in the search for lingurstic unil/e&s, H. proposes to start from functional considerations from which, ideally, formal uniIJersals can be logically derived. ieinimaki, Orvokki and Marja Lcinonen. 1978. ‘What happens ‘aina’ (always)?‘. in: K. Gregersen, ed., pp. 281-86. The authors investigate the use of Finnish ‘aina’ (roughly, = Eng. ‘always’). The conditions (of tise and prosodic features are illustrated. (VS) flelier, Karin. 1978. Sprachliche Interferenzerscheinungen: Zimbrisch-Deulrsch-Italienisch. KBS t4 (l/2): 45-50. IOn language mixing and language change in a German speaking community in Northern Italy. (KS) iieller, Monica S. 1978. ‘Bonjour, hello?‘: negotiations of language choice in Montreal. PRLS 4: 588-97. On the influence of sociaI and politicid change in Quebec on communicative strategies, in particular on the choice between English and French in conversations between strang,ers. IlessLiittich, Ernest W.B. 1978. Notation ces Psycholekts. GLS 7: 7-52. H.-L. addresses the qulestion whether tl c:re is such a thing as a language system of pathologispeech as encountered in naturalistic and expressionistic drama. (KS) ale H. and Kenneth c. Hill. 1978. Honorific usage in modern Nahuatl: the expression of distance and respect in the Nahaatl of the Malinche Volcano area. Lg 54 (1): 123. -

55. A description of the principles of usage of the complex morphological system for marking

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respect and social distance in the Nahuatl spoken in the Malinche Volcano area of Pucbla and Tlaxcala, i?!exico. Usage in direct address is said to be relatively stable, whereas usage in reference is being reduced in some of the modern communities, Hii, Henry, ed 1978. Questions. (= Synthese Language Librarv 1.) Dordrecht: Reidel, xvii, 366 pp. Holdcroft, David. 1978. Words and deeds; problems in the theory of speech acts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, xi, 175 pp. H. discusses Austin, Searle and Schiffer. He argues that illocu ‘onz\ry acts are only par;ially determined semantically and he proposes a contextual theor’,’ of illocutionary force and acts.
suggests that we utilize deep case relations to describe text coherem:e. The high degree of subjectivity involved in the analysis of coherence is said to mirror tlhe subjectivity of the hearer’s interpretation. (VS) KalJmeyer, Werner. 1977. Verstlndigungsprobleme in Alltagsgespr5chen: zur ldentifiaierung van Sachverhrjlten und Handlungszusammenhtingen. DU 29 (6): 52-69. t&t the problem of understanding in everyday conversations. Kas’irer, Asa 1977. On p,agmatic demarcation of language. ThL 4. !t is demonstrated thar if d distinction between linguistic and non-linguistic uses of language can be adequately drawn in pragmatics, then an adequate distinction between analytic and synthetic statements can be made in semantics. (AK) Kasher, Asa. See also: Dov M. Gabbay and Asa Masher. Katz, Jenold J., Thomas 6. Bevcr and D. Terence Langendoen, eds. 1977. An integrated theory of linguistic ability. Hassocks: Harvester, viii, 432 pp. See: T.G. Bever 1977; M. Bierwisch 1977; R.M. Harnish *1975, 1977; *J.J. Katz and Db.T. ILangendoen 1976. Kecnan, Janice M., Brian MacWhinney and Deborah Mayhew. 1977. Pragmatics in memory: 3 study of natural conversation. JVLVB 16 (5): 549--60. Pragma?$ information such as speaker’s intentionsi beliefs am! attitude toward the listener is called the interactional content of an utterance. It is -&own that statements that are high iin interactional content yield excellent memory for surface form as well as meaning; sen‘tences tow in interactional content yield no memory for surface form and less memory for content. Kempson, Ruth M. 1977. Semantic theory. Cambridge: Cambridl,e University Press, xi, 216 pp. .4n introduction to linguistic semantics and to some problem areas in th:: philosophy of language. K. argues that semantics is best ,ipproached by adopting a truth-based analysis and excluding from ‘central-co:e semantics’ ah concepts relating to the speech situation, such as !ipeech act, iilocutionary force and utterance meaning. Further, she defends interpretive semantics. The book is also intended as an introduction to the construction )f arguments in semantics. (Reviewed by: J. De Smet-D’Hondt 1978.1 Kerbratarecchoini, C. 1977. Note sur les concepts d’illocutc.!re et de perform:ltif. LeS 4: 55-‘95. About same ambiguities in the linguistic notions of illocuticjn ar,J pert’ormativity with .respect to a descriptive model of pragmatic competence. (AD) Kitagawa, Chisato. 1977. A source of femininity in Japanese: in defense of Robin Lake,ff’s “Language and Woman’s Place’. PIL 10 (3/4): 275-98. K. argues (i) that *Dubois and Crouch’s 1975 criticism of *R, Lakoff 1973~ is misguided and (ii) that LaL,off’s analysis of English tags such as “The war in Vietnam is terrible, i;n’t it?“ is a useful frame of reference in terms of which the source of femininity commonly associated with Japanese sentence particle WA may be explicated in a principled way. , S4ren. 1978. Pictorial speech acts. Erkenntnis 12 (I): 55-71. e theory of speech acts is used as a model to analyse pictorial representation. Klein, Ewan. See: 6;. Gaz&r and E. Klein. Knapp-Potthoff, Annelie. 1977. Linguistische agmatik und Fremdsprachenunterricht - Probleme eines Verwertungszusammenhangs. L 50: 58--75. K. e~abo~?es on the reasons why applications of linguistic pragmatics in language teaching projects reman un~~fa~tory so far. K~~~r~~ Johann. 1977. Das deutsche Tempussystem: Ein sprecherbezogenes Modell. GLS 6: :t60-76. Sums of an unpublished dissertation on the German tense system based 011 formal logic rrnd !aking the speaker’s perspective into account. (KS) K.

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Kock, Christian. 19?8. ‘Gumshoe English: Raymond Chanrlr2r and presupposition failure’. In: K. Gregersen, ed., pp. 301-6. Based on *P. W;arder and C. Kock 1976, this paper chartcterizes the tough talk (so-called Gumshoe Englista) of a Philip Marlowe in terms of presuJ+position failure. K. points out the hero’s ‘immersiol?’ in a cynical subcu!lture and his (partly subconscious) routines to hide his moral and emotive self. (VS) Kramer, Cheris. 1977. Perceptions of female and .;lale speech. . ..&S20 (2): .iSl-61. On stereotypes of female and male speech behavior and their impact on actual behavior, especially in initial encounters. Krysin, L.P. 1977. Social linguistics in the USSR. LiS 6 (2): 229-46. Kuroda, S.-Y. 1977. Description of presuppositional phenomena from a nonpresuppositionalist point of view. LLnv 1 (1): 63-162. K. sketches a program for a descriptive system of presuppositional phenomena within the conceptual framework of classical, bivalent logic. The basic concepts in this descriptive system are: (proper) negation, denial negation, (perfect) yes-no questions, semantic presupposition, pragmatic presupposition, and metapragmalic presupposition. (AF) 1 am-ate ‘u’...Y.-,

Mirh>le lQ77 a-.*1.-V.W. a/, I, lnt~t+rro~tir\n_intnrr~~~tn~r~ *..L”.LU*ULz”.. *~‘L.“z~“~ul.“xAv.IFQC’U 1b1\“,. 3<* &J. dQ -r/- 7~ ,J* A dialogic analysis of the medical interview, with emphasis on the interactional strategies of the partici;yants. (AD) Lang, Harald. Xee: E. Fuchshuber and H. Lang. Langendoen, D. Terence. See: J.J. Katz, T.G. Bever and D.T. Langendoen, eds. Langendonck, W. Van. See: W. Van Belle and W. Van Langendonck. Lange-Seidl, Annemarie. 1978. Diskriminierung bairischer Eigenheiten im offiziellen Sprechstil. GLS 7: 53--74. Empirical study of the varying degrees of discrimination associated with Bajuvarian dialectal features. (KS) Lanin, Jlene. 1977. You can take the sentence out of the (discourse but you can’t take the discourse out of the mind of the speaker. PCLS 13: 288-301. L. argues that 2 satisfactory explanation of why main-subordinate is the ‘preferred’ clause order can only be reached if one is prepared to abandon the sentence-in-isolation technique and to begin to study wfhat people actually die wlith speech in Z:cttural conversation. CLS 13: 302~- 15. Lee, Ik-Hwan. 1977. Syntax and semantics of Korean delimiters. A formal description of the syntax and semantics of Korean delimiters (particles semantically comparable to English ‘too’, ‘only’ etc.) based on Montague grammar and Karttunen and Peters’ application of Montague grammar to conventional imphcature. Lehman, Christina. 1977. A re-analysis of gi.~enness: Stress in discourse. PCLS 13: 3 16-24. L. shows that some common assumptions about the relationship between the given/new distinction and pltrase stress assignment do not capture adequately the use of stress in spontaiteous discourse. Leinonen, Marja. See: 0. Heinamtiki and M. Leinonen. Lewandowski, Theodor. 1977. Kommunikatiive, grammatische und lerntheo.ietische Konzepte in Spruchlehrwcrken des Dcutschen. WW 27 (4): 257-69. Discussion of new (e.g. pragmatic) trends in German textbooks. Lie, Svein. 1978. ‘Cleft WH-questions in Norwegian and their presuppositions’. In: K. Gregersen, ed., pp* 393-99. Cleft and non-cleft questions are normally taken to ltave iclentical presuppose tions. Jn Norwegian, however, whereas a cleft question presupposes the existence of some referent(s) for the W&word (and asks for an exhaustive listing), a non-clef question only ‘s;1pposes’ such (and requests no exhaustive lisling). (‘VS) existence - or non-existence Littlewood, William T. 1977. Defining ‘communication’ in foreign language teaching. LBer 5 2: 83-91.

390

J. Vwschueren / hagmatics: ARannotated bibliography. Part I

L. points out some conflicting interpretations of the term ‘communication’ in the liter;.ture on language teaching. He then suggests eight variable factors for the definition.and tion of communicative activity: language (motivation for the code; degree of emphasis on the mes:;age); context (higher-level interactional sequence; extralinguistic conseqluences); hearer (resolution of uncertainty; communicative feedback); speaker (levels of choice; involvement in communicative acts). Lycan, WilQaunG. 1977. Conversation, politeness, and interruption. PIL IO (l/2): 23-53. An atterrpt to describe the conversational rules that govern the act of interrupting someor and to relreal the underlying conversational principles that motivate them. Lyons, John 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xiii, 371 pp. (Vol. I), xiv, 373-897 pp. (Vol. 2). A general handbook of semantics including chapters OKIcontext, style and culture (dealing with communicative competence, conversational implicatures and presuppositions) and mood and illocutionary

force (dealing with speech acts and the performative

analysis of sen-

e 6 by: ii. Dahl 1978.)

MacWbinney, Briakl.See: J.M. Keenan, B. MacWbinney and I). MLyhew. Maratsos, Michael P. See: M.R. Hopmann and M.P. Maratsos. Martin, Robert. 1977. Infirence, antonymie et paraphrase. Paris: C. Klincksieck, 174 pp. A discussion ol’ problems in szlantics. Chapter 2 gives 2 description of implicative structures in the lexicon, especially quantifiers, In chapter 4 the author opposes the notion of linguistic paraphrase to that of pragmatic paraphrase. (AD) Mar&w, Margaret, Kevin Connuily and Christine McCleDd. 1978. Language use, role and context in a five-year-old. JChL 5 (1): 81-99. Study crf the sl*ontaneous spe~h of a give-year-old boy XI three different situations: playing &one, with 2 friend of the same age and with his mother. The relationship between context and language use is examined and the importance of role play in language acquisition is stressed. Mayhew, Deborah. See: J.M. Keenan, B. MacWhinney and C. Mayhew. MtCawley, James D. 1978. Conversational implicature a:ld the lexicon. In: P. Seuren, ed., pp. 236--54. A number of euamples are discussed that are open to an analysis in which an utterance conversatior!ally implicates something b, virtue of its ‘taking more effort’ or ‘taking the speaker further oir( of his way’ than some alternative utterance. (AF) McCawlev, Noriko Akatsuka. 1977. WPrat is the ‘emphatic root 1ransformation’ phenomenon? PCLS 13: 384 - 400. The thesis that root transformation:; (a; in the invcr&d sentence ‘Playing tonight is Rubinstein’) are used for th’:: sake of emphasis and that they are restricted to asserted clauses oepending on assertive verbs (see l-looper and Thompson 1973) is shown to be wrong. It is ested that !?le distributional properties of root transformations cannot be understood ss one realizes tlhat language is not only used for indicating objective facts but {also for expressing the state of the speaker. !dcc1eod, Christine. See: M. Martlew, K. Connolly and C. McCleod. M~C~.IF~, Erica. See.. J. Wentz and E,. McClure. MAY, Jacob. 1978. uber manipulator&hen Sprachgebrauch. GLS ‘/: 75 - 112. ~~~u~sion of the political backgrounds for various choices in the persuasive uzie of language. f arc De. lY77. The c tive viewpoint: its developma:nt and its scope. CC 10 (2): 7-23. r stages are distin d in perception and 1anguai:e understanding: a monadic, struc-

al, ~~~tex~~, and cognitive or epistemic stage. The l:entral concept used to desaiibe the ~o~l:extual skklgein language understanding is ‘presuppod tion’.

J. Verschueren / Pragrnatics: an annotarted bibliograohy, PdtrtI

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Mih%lg, Rodica. 1977a. Le discours prescriptif. RR.L 22 (3): 379-84. An account of the extent to which moral discourse can be defined as prescriptive discourse, M. demonstrates that some aspects of moral laws are reflected in the essential aspects of moral discourse. (AV) Mih%l’i, Rodica. 1977b. Le silence en tant qu’acte die langage. RRL 22 (4): 417-21. M. shows that in the chain of human interacticm pa:lses and silence have the properties of a speech act. Having no overt propositional content or illocutionary force indicating device, silence is ambiguous, depending for its interpretation entirely on the context. It is said to be comparable with indirect speech acts. (AV) Milner, Judith. 1977. Nigation m
variations

to be used in the description

o’f language

variation,

bilingualism

and diglossia.

(KS) Panagi, Oswald. 1977. Zum Verhaltnis van Agens und Instrument in Wortbildung, Syntax und Pragmatik. WLG I6: 3-17. Agents as well as inseuments function as subjects of verbs of action (in typologicdly different languages). The pragmatic relationr;hips between agent and instrument are illustrate~d with reference to the language of advertising. P. advocates a transformational derivation of the nominalizations designating instruments. (KS) Pasierbski, Fritz. 1977, Zum Funktionsbegriff in der neueren sowjetischen Sprachwissenschaft. JoP 1 (3): 233-50. On the notion of ‘function’ in recent Russian linguistics. Philips, Susan U. 1977. Review of J.A. Fishman 1972. AmA 79 (1): 162-63. Pichler, Margit. 1978. Ellipsen und Anakoluthe als Indikatoren kommunikativer Distanr in gesprochener Sprache. GLS 7: 130-4 1. Ellipsis and anacoluthon are presented as indicators of the degre,: of intimacy between partners in spontaneous dialogue. (KS) DP‘I Cd. #Cl7 37 1079 1 mmmnnno canA ~n,anLnro in thn mn~ntirnnrn Pl~tt Mo+tha cl.,” aywulss”a 111 L8.b U”UI C‘“X,IE1. s ULIU -r. ” 1 I -L I. IcaCI, ,.‘a& is.=. * , I “. L,cI.qjUP~~ P. shows some of the ways in which uncertain expectations about the immediate situation and reactions to ;he topic of discussion interact to produce a variation in the degree to which the courtroom register or legalese is utilized. Polanyi, Livia. 1978. False starts can be true. PBLS 4: 628-39. P. argues that so-called false starts in storytelling (such as ‘I mean . . . I mean . . . did I: t:ver tell yc*l this story about the water?‘) are not errors but serve a strategic function in the .:onversati!:nai and interactional context in which the story is being told. Pouisen, Ame. 1978. ‘Truth conditions and the praxiological foundation of speech acts’. In: K. Gregersen, ed., pp. 205- 10. P. draws the attention to a double language theory underlying both everyday thought znd philosophicsl ar,d linguistic thinking. As for speech acts, the dualistic paradigm manifests ?tSetf in the 1~manticsipragmat~cs uon:rovzrsy. Presuppositions, implications, etc. ought to ~(1t’ 1-(s a: :‘r*.fwsi k cmcv2pFk (i.e. f !nsidei .:I; b:* speaker and heam only in case of saber1: IOr,,. ( t’s) Po\s~~r, Richzd. i977. A model of conversation. PM 2 (6): A2. P. presents a program simulating a conversation between two robots co-operating to achieve a simple practical goal in a world of a few objects. The program is constructed in terms elf routines and games (a game being a series of instructions). It is argued “Ihat the glames method fails to explicate the purpose of each remark; such an explication is suggested with the aid of some recent philosophy of language (especially speech act theory). Pratt, Mary Louise. 1977. Toward a speech act theory of literary discourse. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, xix, 236 pp. P. argues that it: is a fallacy to believe in a :;trict separation between literary and ordinary language. Therej‘ore she proposes a framework for discussing literary discourse in terms off the notions spet:ch act, cooperation and implicaturc, which have traditionally been used to describe ordinary language. Prince, Ellen F. See* C.N. Ball and E.F. Prince. l

l

~astb~~f, Uta. 1978. The uses of stereotype in everyday argument. JoP 2 (1 i: l-48. Different argumentative, roles of stereotypes as expressions of common knowledge are iscussed. In German, the particles ‘ja’, ‘eben’ and ‘doch’ serve as markers for the common nowledge as a prerequisite for implicatures from the seman .ic to the interactional level off interpretation. The conclusions are based on the analysis of four actual German convcrsations. (AF)

J. Versch~rez

/ hagmatics: an annotated bibliupaphy. Part I

393

Rabossi, Eduardo A. 1977. Meaning, force and explicit performatives. Philosophica 19: :89109. A discussion of two types of criticism concerning the notion of explicit performative sentence: the first challenges Austin’s way of drawing the meaning/force distinction and its implications for explicit performatives; the second considers Austin’s point about the nonassertive character of explicit performatives. Ramge, ‘Hans. 1977. Zur sprachwissenschaftlichen Analyse von Alltagsgesprfchen. DD 36: 391-406. An attempt to define the notion ‘everyday conversation’ and to specify the possibie contribution of several disciplines such as sociolinguistics, speech act theory and discourse analysis to the development of a model to analyse such conversations. Rank, Biernhard. 1977. Sprechakttheorie und Textanalyse. DD 213-16. Comments on *M. Braunroth et al. 1976, Read, Barbara K. and Louise J. Cherry. 1977. Chi dren’s spontaneous directive use in elicited situations. PCLS 13: 489-502. Children of different pre-school ages are shown to possess an extensive and flexible repertoire of directive strategies. Moreover, if an initial dircctivc fails they spontaneously altcr*late UI.U onrl L-b ..U.II Differences betweet ir”ledifferent ages are indicated. Read, Stephen. 1977. ‘The logical form of referring expressions*. In: D. Holdcrol’t, ed., pp. 931. R. discusses *Donnellan 1966. Recana ti, FranCoi... c 1977. Performatifs et dblocutifs. 13emantikos 2 (2). About the delocutivity of performative verbs. R. contends that it is necessary to distinguish between semantic and pragmatic reflexivity in a description of performative verbs. Rehbein, J. See: k,. Ehlich and J. Rehbein. Re’mis, Anna. See: S. Bruxelles et al. Rogers, Andy. 1978. Remarks on the analysis of assertion and the convcrsationa! role of speech acts. PBLS 4: 190-201. R. addresses some questions about the external structure of speech acts, such as the appropriate sequencing of speech acts in discourse and the consequences of speech act performance. Rogers, Andy, Bob Wall and John P. Murphy, eds. 1977. Proccc ings of the Tex?: C?nferencc on ?erformatives, Presuppositions, and Implicatures. Arlington, Virginia: Center fol Applied Linguistics, xix, 170 pp. SeciizG. Harman 1977; *L. Karttunen 1974b; *G. Lakoff 1974b; *R. Lakoff 1974c; *J.D. MclCawlcy 1974a; aTcJ.R.Ross 1975; J.M. Sadozk1977; *J.R. Searle 1976a; R.C. Stalnaker 19’74; *RN. Thornarson 1974. Ross, Robert N. 1977. Measuring some semantic and pragmatic variables in the speech of two psychiatric patients. L&S 20 (4): 344-56. Report of .reseaach in progress to develop m~~thods of describing the semantic structures underlying lthe speech of patients in psycho%er.apy, Rossipal, Hans. 1978. ‘Pragmatische Motivationsstruktur und Informationsstruktur des Tcxtes’. In: K, Gregersen, ed., pp. 263-70. R. outlines SLcolhceptual framework for text and sentence description. Every utterance of a text is ascribed both a semantic and a pragmatic function. From a plir#-Aric angle, R. prc:sents a revised theme-rheme system on the s!:ntence level and a distinctior. between goal and auxiliary function on the suprasentential level. Auxiliary functions arc‘:e.g. securing comprehension, acceptance, co-operation etc. (VS) Rot, Sandor. 1978. On linguistic problems of slang. GLS 7: 142-61. R. explores the conditions for slang iterzls to be accepted in the standard ranguage. ]t-lqclaims thiitt slang explores ‘the possibilities of a language system. (KS) rersor-xhimo I IVJ‘IU

rl;FC~r**+ "LllQ.l\il,L

rl:er\a+Z.~~ ullcLuvc

F---m 1VIIIIJ.

394

J. Vkrschueren / Pragnoatics: an amotated bibliography. Part I

Roulet, Eddy. 197’7. Des verbes illocutifs du franc;ais. CFS 31: 247-57. A classification of French performative verbs, ba.sed on syntactic and semantic criieria, with special attention given to exercitivss. (AD) Roulet, Eddy. 1978. ‘Essai de cilassement syntaxique et dmantique des vibes potentiellement performatifs en frar@s’. In: C. Blanche-Benvenistte et al., pp. 437-32. On syntactic and semartic grounds R. proposes the following classes of performative verbs in French: ‘ordre’ (e.g. Vous devez rentrer avant midi), ‘demande’ (e.g. Pouvez-vous rentrer avant midi?), ‘adjurrtion (e.g. Ye pourriez-vous pas rentrer avant midi?), ‘recommandation’ (e.g. Vous devriez rentrer avant midi), ‘suggestion (e.g. Vous pourriez rentrer avant midi), ‘autotisation’ (e.g. F’ous pouvez rentrer avant midi), ‘exhortation’ (e.g. I1 vous faut rentrer avant midi), ‘defense’ (e.g. Vous ne pouvez pas rentrer avant midi), ‘dissuasion’ (e.g. Vous ne devriez pas rentrer avaat midi), ‘dispense’ (Vous pouvez ne pas rentrer avant midi). Sacks, Harvey. SW: E.A. Schegloff, G. Jefferson and H. Sacks. 1977~. Modus brevis: the truncated argument. PCLS 13: 545-54. Sadock, Jttrrotd 1977. ‘Aspects of linguistic pragmatics’. In: A. Rogers et al., eds., pp. 6778. S. scrutinizes the implicatiors of the performative hypothesis. Sager, Sven Frederik. 1977. Zum Begriff kommunikativer Regeln. PzL 17/18: 149-210. S. argues that Habermas’s introd uction of the notion communicative competence meant progress, but at the expense of the exactness and explicitness of Chomsky’s model of language. He attempts to restore this explicitness and to bring Chomsky’s work on the one band and Austin and Searle’s speech act theor:, on the other closer together. Sand& K.A. van der. 1977. Presupposities en konnektieven IPresuppositions and connectives]. Nijmegen, mimeo, 130 pp. A discussion of the pry,. -+tion _. problem for presuppositions, concentrating on the proposals made by Ksrttunen. (AF) Schauber, Ellen and Fllen Spolsky. 1977. The consolation of Alison: the speech acts of the Wife of Bath. Centrum 5 (1): 20-34. Speech act theory is used1 to study the role of Alison of Bath in the ‘Canterbury Tales’. Schegloff, Emanuel A., Gail Jefferson and Harvey Sacks. 1977. The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Lg 53 (2): 361-82. The ‘organization of repair’ that operates in conversation is said to be characterized by a preference for self-correction over other-correction. Several consequences of this preference for conv isational interaction are pointed out. Schmidt-Radefeldt, Jiirgen. 1977. On so-called ‘rhetorical’ questrons. JoP Y (4): 375 92. Some types of ‘rhetorical questions’ in English, German, French and Portuguese are discussed. it is claimed that rhetorical questions ca’n be regarded not only as pseudo-assertions (because of their semi+ _.( ,c nature), but from a pragmatic and textual point of view they function as ans-vers (to genuine questions) as well if so interpreted by the addressee. (AF) Schoenke, Eva. 1977. Sprachliches Handeln untersuchen und gleichzeitig iibcn - ein Versuch in der I-iauptschule. DD 36: 357-66. S. argues that students should at the same tim: investigate and practisc different types of speech acts. She conlcen trates on questions, apologies an 9 requests, Sch~n~~~, GiseEa. 1977. 3. Arbeitstagung ‘Linguistische r2gmatik’. DSp 1977 (3): 275-78. of the third ‘Arbeitstagung’ on linguivtic pragmatics held in Freiburg from March Seabrol3k, Cheryl. See: M. Hansell and C. Seabrook. Searle, John R. 1978a. Literal meaning. ErkenntnCs 13 (1): X7-24. S. attacks the view that. for every sentence the literal meaning of the sentence can be conceived as 1he meani!ltg it has independently of any context whatever, i.e. as the melining it

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395

has in the zero or null context. He argues that the Fiteral meaning of a large class c,f sentences can tmlv be understood against a set of background assumptions about the cc.ntexts in which the sentence could be appropriately usecl. Sea&, John R. 1978b. Metaphor. Ms. An attempt to state the principles which relate literal sentence meaning to rnetapl,orical utterance meaning. These principles are offered as an alternative to comparison theories of metaphor (asserting that a comparison or similarity between two or more objects is involved) .and the interaction theories (claiming *that metaphor involves a verbal opposition or interaction :jetween two semantic contents). IMetaphor is compared with literal meaning, irony and indipl?ct speech acts. Settekorn, Wolqga1.g.1977. Pragmatique et rhktorique discursive. JoP I (3): 1b?5-209. S. investigates ~ht: communicative function of ‘AbtGnungspartikeln’ in German and French. One of these functions S. labels as ‘recherche d’approbation discursive’. This function is especially important in argumentative discourse. (AF) Seuren, Pietcr A.M., ed. 1978. Symposium on Semantic theory. (= Grammarij 9.) Nijmegen: Katholieke Uaiversiteit. See: J.. Croenc:nd;jk and M. Stokhof 1978; J.D. McCawley 1978, Sgall, Petr. 1977. Sign meaning, cognitive content, and pragmatics. JoP 1 (3): 2, 3-82. The distinction b:tween linguistic meaning and factual content of a sentence Cscharacterized as the Lnguistic counterpart of the distinction between Carnapian proposition and intensional structure of formulae of formal languages. The di&ision of semiotics into syntar, semantics and pragmatics is said not to correspond directly to linguistic levels since a single level of .repre!entation of sentences is needed where the meanings could be fulliy characterized in their p lrely semantic as well as pragmatic aspects. (AF) Shanon, Benny. 1978. Even, only and almost hardly. SiL 2 (1): 35-70. S. shows tha the four operators mentioned in the title e:uhibit orderly similarities and differences which support the notion that they are different mem’,)ers of one unified linguistic group. The basic tenet underlying the present treatment :s that the four XP operators on scales. (AF) Shatz, Marilyn. 1978. Childrerl’s comprehension of their mother’s question-directives. JChL 5 (1): 39-46. An investigation of the young child’s ability to respond ;~IPE *~-,riz?c$ ‘r~ %u ;,,&&:, Ila opposed to the literal, meaning of indirect requests for aclioll, showing a surprising ability of two-year-olds to deal lvith indirect speech acts. Sherzer, Dina. 1978. Dialogic incongruities in the theater of the Absurd. Semiotica 22 (3/4): 269-85. S. focuses on the different dialogic techniques and devices used by play,wrights such as Beclcett, Diaz, ionesco a-nd Pinter. (AF) Sherzer, Joel. 2978. Oh! That’s a pun and I didn’t mean it. Semiotica 22 (3/4): 335-50. Examples of puns are examined from the perspectjlve developed by Harvey Sacks. (AF) Smith, Carlota S. 1977. The vagueness of sentences in isolation. PCLS 13: 568-77. S. argues that vague sentences, even when presenlted in isolation, are interpat:ted with great consistency due tia a general strategy for maximizing available information. Smith, Frank. See: C. Goodenough-Trep2gnier and F. Smith. S$rensen, Viggo. 1978. “Dialogue: Negotiation of texts’. In: K. Gregersen, ed., PP, 21 l-18. S. proposes a dynamic description of dialogu;:: one of interlocutors creating, destroying, combining and negotiating single textualizations. The description is based on models of (i) pragmatic trees, (ii) perlocutionary aspects of speech acts, (iii) active Vs.reactive speech- Se uses a diagrammatic, rather informal symbolism. (X3) Sornig, Karl. 1977a. Disagreement and contradictiorz as communicative acts. Jd 1 (4): 34’774.

S. is interested in language analysis for didactic purposes. In this paper he attempts to enumerate the conditions of successful realization of one kind of speech act sequences, which, though much used in real life situations, is underrepresented in classroom discourse: ‘disagreeing’. ‘raising objfzctions’, ‘contradicting somebody’ etc. (AF) Sornig, Karl. 1977b. Schibboleth, linguale Andershei t, intra- und extralinguale Aggression und dergleicheu. CkS 5 : 100 -25. Languages differences are said to invite aggression. Aggressive reactions s-Bmetimes concentrate on seemingly marginal but nevertheless sociosemanticaly distinguishing features which then acquire the status and function of shibboleths. (KS) Sornig, Karl. 1977~. Bcmerkungen and ubcrlcgungen zur Bearbeitung der Grazer Protokolle. GLS 6: 9-57. Preliminary report on the principles of a research program to study iaaguage variation in urban colloquial speech. (KS) Somig, Karl. 1977d. Skizze eines soziosemantischen Differentials fur iexikaliscke Indikatoren. GLS 6: 191-221. Project of an empirical investigation into the sociosemantic relevance of connotative evaluative semantic features and the metaiinguistic and metacommunicative ability of informants to verb&e their connotative strategies. The correlation with role status, degree cf intimacy and topic are investigated. (KS) Somig, Karl. 1978. Zur Frage der Didaktisierbarkeit der Sprechakttheorie fur den (Fremd) Sprschunterricht. KBS 4 (3/4): 87- 122. Speech acts in isolation are said to be useless as teaching objectives. Communicative teaching must aim at the ability to decode and encode (dialogical) sequences of speech acts. (KS) Snerber, Dan. &:e: D. Wilson and D. Sperber. Spolsky, llilen. See: Ellen Schauber and Ellen Spolsky. Springorum, T. 1977. De derde in triadische conversaties [The third in Eriadic conversations]. Gramma 1 (1): P-20. On how to refer to a third person who is in principle involved in the conversation. It is argued that the choice of the referring expression is related fo the address terms that the participants use for each other, (AF) Stt’ever, Sanford B. 1977. Raising, meaning, and conversational implicature. PCLS 13: 590602. An account of how the grammatical rule of raising is pragmatically exploited by participants in ;1 conversation. Stcffensen, Margaret S. 1978. Satisfying inquisitive adults: some simple methods of answering yes/no questions. JChL 5 (2): 221-236. It is suggested that young children do not understand the semantics of the yes/no question form nor of the affirmative and negative particles. As a result their answers are not appropriate by the conventions of adult speech and, realizing that he must verbalize, each child adopts his own system, a phenomenon that S. calls ‘pragmatic variation’, Stoliker-Fdel, Anna. 1977. The responses of Weiiingtonians to a foreigner’s English. ArchL 8 (1): 13-27. S. considers responses of inhabitants of Wellington to questions put by a foreigner with a poor command of English. The responses depend more on the type of question asked than, e.g. the age or sex of the respondent. (DH) Stokhof, M. See: J. Groenendijk and M. Stokhof. Svensson, Ian. 1978. ‘Nyheter, informationsstruktur och konversationspostuiat’ [News, information structure, and conversational postulates]. In: K. Gregersen, ed., pp. 27 i-78. As radio and TV communicate to a most heterogeneous audience, a journalist often does not know whether he should handle a piece of information as ‘known’ or ‘unknown’, which

J. Verschueren ,/Yrugmaiics: an annotated bibliography.PartI

397

brings him in conflict with &ice’ c _qaxim of quantity. S. studies two (Swedish) strategies of compromise: (i) presentiilg su:h m.?tters as presupposed ‘background’ (by due downgrading); (ii) reporting it :#ith somte resen.ation of newness (by an adverb such as ‘ju’). (VS) Tannen, Deborah. 1978. A cross-cultural study of oral narrative style. PBLS 4: 640-50. A comparison of the way in which Greeks and Americans .told what they had seen in a short movie. Taylor, Charles. 1977. Presupposition in East African Bantu. ForL 1 (3): 255-64. T. shows that several African languages, especially those belonging to the Interlacustrian Bantu group, ma,rk presupposition clearly in syntax and intona&n. Temoche-Rumiche, Felipe. 1977. Funci6n pragmstica de la conjunci6n en el context0 comunicativo. LYC 17 (4): 136-40. Overview of the pragmal:ic fl_rnctionsof conjunctions. Tervoort, Bernard T,, ed. 19’?7. Wetenschap en Taal [Science and language]. Muiderberg: Coutinho, 237 pp. See: S.C. Dik 19’77. Thompson, Henry. 1977. igtra:egy and tactics: a model for language production. PCLS 13: 651-68. Sketch of a computer mode for language production, taking communicative intent and context sensitivity into account Thompson, Sandra A. 1978. Modern English from a typologic:\ point of view: Some implications of the function of word order, LBer 54: 19-35. According to a language typology based on word order there are two large groups of languages: those in which word order functions pragmatically and those in which it functions grammatically, English is presented as a language in which it functions grammatically, and some of the consequences of this fact are examined. Tomi& Olga Mi&ska. 197’7. Towards a unified treatment of topi:alization transformations. PCLS 13: 669-78. All topicalization transformations are claimed to perform a unique function, viz. to adjust the sentence structure to perform distinct communicative functions. Toorn, M.C. van den. 1977. De problematiek van de Nederlandse aanspreekvormen [The problem of Dutch terms of address]. NTg 70 (6): 520-40. T. shows that there is a change 3n progress in the use of the Dutl:h pronouns of address ‘jij’ (tu) and ‘U’ (vous), in the direction of a wider use of the ‘jij’ Vorm. (AF) Torres Ch., Doris and Teresa Geldres 0. 1977. Composants cdmantiques et pragmatiques de l’acte communicatif. LYC 17 (1): 147-54. Overview of the semantic and pragmatic components of the communicative process. Townsend, David J. and Thomas G. Hever. 1977, Main and subordinate clauses: A study in figure and ground. IULC Some memory experiments are shown to support the view that rlain clauses, just like visual figures, convey new important information while subordinate clauses, just like visual grounds, convey old and less important information which provides a context or setting for new information. Tu$cscu, Mariana. 19 77. La structure prdsuppositionnelle du langage RR?-,22 (3): 285-90. T. comments on semantic and pragmatic aspects of presupposition and argues that the order of analysis of lingsristic facts should bc: pragmatics, semantics and synta. (AV) Ulrich, Winfried. 1977. Semantische Turbulenzen: zeichnen den Wit;!? DSp 19’77 (4): 313-34. On some (text)linguistic aspects of jokes.

welche Kommunikationsformen

kenn-

398

J. Verschueren / hagmutics: an annotated bibliomapity. lPart 1

Van Belle, W. See: Belle, W. Van. Van dcr Sandt, R.A. See: Sandt, R.A. van dea. Vandeweghe, Willy. 1978a. Over de semantiek van het partikel al (= reeds) loin the semantics of the particle ‘al’ (= already)]. NTg 7 1 (3): 193 -205. Qomantic description of tile Dutch particle ‘al’ (already) in the framework of a functional r!;rammar. Pragmatic notions such as speaker-expectations, time of speaking and presuppositiun a~<: used. (AF) Vandeweghe, W&y. 1978b. Partikels en woordvolgorde [Particles and word order]. Gramma 2

(215). 80-101. It is shown tiat the position of Dutch particles such as ‘ma& (only), ‘al’ (already) and hog (still) is restricted by the theme-rheme structure of the sentence. (AF) Van Dijk, Teun A. See: Dijk, Teun A. van Vanek, Anthony L. and Rcgna Damell. 1977. Direct discourse as interactionat rea\ity. IRSL 2 (2/3): 189-214. V. and D. claim that pronoun choice as a linguistic indication of social relationship forms part of a larger natural set of 1,henomena characteristic of ‘direct discourse’, i.e. communication in which, independently of discourse content, people express their relative social relationship. Van Langendonck, W. See: Langendonck, W. Van ‘ycntoia, I:ija. 197 7. The structural components and their order in English casual conversations. To appear in the Macquarie Working Papers. V. shows how the social distance between the participants 3s well as the overall purpose of the interaction are reflected in the structure of casuzl conver:;ations. *Verschucren, Jef. 1978. Reflections on presupposition failure. a contribution to an integrated theory of pragmatics. JoP 2 (2): 107-51. Vintu, lieana. 1977. Remarks on the romanian performative verbs: the exercitives. RRL 22 (3): 385 -95. A discussion of 82 excrcitivc verbs selected from “Dictionarul limbii romane modernc” (A Dictionary of Modern Rumanian) with rcfcrcnce to Austha’s and Vcndler’s c!assi!ications of performative verbs. (AV) \/oegeiin, C.F. and F.M., and A.Y. and F.Y. Yamamoto. 1977. Presuppositional culture spaces. AnL 19 (7): 320-53. With reference to Japanese, the rote of knowledge about the sociocultural context in conversation is discussed; such knowledge is called a presuppositional culture space. It is suggested that pragmatic presuppositions, which may be signalled by parts of a surface sentence OF a complete surface sentence, have to do with the appropriateness of a sentence in a context and that they subsume logical presuppositions. ;qali, Bob. See: A. Rogers, B. Wall and J.P. Murphy, eds. Watson, D.R. 1978. Analysing readings of Black American on descriptions in ordinary language. JoP 2 ( 1): 7 l-76.

speech: some general observations

Zt’ote on a project designed to address vari.>us issues regarding tile applicalbillity of ethntp methodology and conversation analysis to {he study of Black American ghetto culture iIs embodied in Black speech practices. (AF) We~~z~eig, Marjorie. 6,977. Phenomenology an:! ordinary language philosophy. Met 8 (2/3): 116-46. W. points out some similarities between Ht:sserI’s phenomcnoh~gy and Wittgcnstein’s and Austin? ordinary language philosop!ly wid: respect to their goals, the manner in which

philosophical questions are formulated and the methods proposed for dealing with them. One of the common notions discussed is the r:otion of ‘context’. Weher, Kiaars. 1977. uberlegungen zu einer har:dlungstheoreti!ichcn Fund&rung des Literatur~nter~~hts, DD 33: 38-49.

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W. argues that the teaching of literature should be founded in a theory of linguistic action. Wentz, Jim and Erica McClure. 1977. Monolingual ‘codes’: some remarks on the similarities between bilingual and monolingual code-switching. PCLS 13 : 706-l 3. Some hypotheses are made about universal tendencies of code-mixing and code-switch:ing by speakers who idlentify elements in their Iinguistic repertoire as distinct codt:s, whether these axe actual language systems or monolinguial ‘codes’. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1977a. The ignorative: the semantics of speech acts. IRSL 2 (213): 251312. An attempt to dis*cover the relationships between the various functions of ‘k’-words in Russian, ‘wh’-words in English and ‘ka’-constructions in Japanese. The structures is which they are used, such as relative clauses, imperatives, interrogatives, etc. are called ignoratives. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1977b. Mental language and semantic primitives. CC 10 (3/4): lS!:-79. W. expresses the ielief that there is a u,niversal mental language and that speaking is translating from that language to a specific natural language. A list of thirteen ‘fundamental concepts’ is proposed: I, you, someone, something, world, this, want, don’t want, think of, say, imagine, be part of, become. Other concepts are said to be analyzable in terms of semantic primitives. After a number of examples W. claims that even illocutionary forces can be represented in terms of semat1ti.c primitives. Wilson, Deirdre and Dan Sperber. 1977. A new approach to presuppositions. PM 2 (5): B3. An attempt to provide a semantic basis for the collection of pragmatic facts that can be called presupposisional behavior. *Wirth, Jessica R. 1977b. On the necessity of discourse grammars. Centrum 5 (1): 43-57. Wolff, Gerhart. See: R.H. Drommel and G. Wolff. Wright, Edmond. 1977. Words and intentions. Philosophy 52: 45-62. W. discusses, the Telation between word-meaning and utterer’s meafiiilg. (Dl-0 Yibar-Dextre, Pomoeyo. 1977. An&lisis de algunas expresiones desde el punto de vista de la pragmitica. LYC 17 (4): 119--24. Discussion of some examples c,,flinguistic expressions used to manipulate public opinion. Yamdmoto, Akira Y. 1977. Lan,guage use in culture spaces of the buraku: a case study. AnL 19 (4): 133-43. The system of honorifics used in a Japanese community is esc:ribed as a function of the culture spaces (i.e. physical spaces where an action takes place ;~ta given time) presupposed by speaker and hearer. Yamamoto, A.‘Y.and F.Y. See: CF. and F.M. Voegelin and A.Y. and F.Y. Yamamoto. Yarnall, Emily, 1978. Appositive relatives in discourse. PBLS 4: 651-57. Y. argues that appositive or non-restrictive relatives are difficult structures and that their use in discourse modifying definite but not identified noun phrases shows the strength of the rule of conversation demanding immediate and sufficient information to identify new referents. Zaefferer, Dietmar. 1977. Understanding misunderstanding: a proposal for an explanation of reading choices. JoP 1 (4): 329 --46. 2. argues that the analysis of the phenomenon of misunderstanding presents a fruitful contribution to the development of a theory of linguistic understanding. He tries first to clarify the central n ,tion and proposes a rather detailed classification of different types of misunderstanding. Then Z. develops, wi,th the aid of decision analysin, a general frame for explaining those choices in the process of interpretation which are left open by the grammar. (AF) Zatiawsky, Denis. 1977. Une hypoth&e sur la structure de certaines propositions coinparatives: la bithimatisatica. Semantikos 2 (1): 63431.

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Z. suggest that a thematic asymmetry, common to most atomic propositions, is the cause: of presuppositional phenomena and an essential element in the argumentative orientation of some eom para dive sentences. (AD) Zierer Bless, Ernesto. 1977. ,Ugunos tipos de oracil,nes condicionales consi’derados bajo 10s aspectos semdntico y pragm&co. LYC 17 (4): 11 f-18. The semantic and pragmatic aspects of some types of conditional sentences are considered. It is shown that soaire types cannot be analysed without knowing the true commuuicati~e intention of the speaker. Zimmermann, Klaus and Peter ?ziiller. 1977. Indirektc: und implizite Sprechakte. IXpt 1977 (3 1: 238-54. Indirect and implicit speech acts are always double speech acts: they are performed by means of a direct one. In the case of an indirect speech act the uptake of the proposition of the direct speech act is the condition for the realization of the non-direct one (e.g. ‘Ich stele fest, dass dein WeinkelIer gut bestiickt ist’, spoken by a guest who wants his host to offt:r a glass of wine after he has shown him around the house); in the case of an implicit speech act the uptake of the proposition of the explicit form of the non-direct speech act is tf e condition for the realization of the direct one (e.g. ‘Ja, wtihrend der Halbzeit’, spoken by a father in reply to his son’s request for an ice cream during a soccer match and hoping t’lilt his son will let him watch the game quietly for a while).