- Email: [email protected]
Prediction of Alcohol oriented Perceived Educational Styles
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 904–907
WCES-2011
Prediction of Alcohol oriented Perceived Educational Styles Mirnader Miri ª, Hadi Bahrami ª , Shima Shahyad b, Masoud Asadi c, Asghare Shiralipour c, Isa Barghi d, Habib Mohamadpur E ª Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tehran University,Tehran ,Iran Faculty of Psychology and Education,ShahidBeheshty University,Tehran ,Iran c Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tarbiat Moalem University Tehran ,Iran d Faculty of Psychology and Education,AllameTabatabi University, Tehran ,Iran E Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tarbiat Moalem University,Tabriz ,Iran b
Abstract The purpose of present research was to investigate the prediction of alcohol oriented perceived educational styles. In a descriptive correlative study, 182 students studying in the University of Tehran were selected in the academic year of 2009 – 2010 using multistage cluster sampling to complete the questionnaires of perception of parental scale; POPS,(Grolink, 1997) and Risk Behaviors Questionnaire of the National Youth Organization of USA (2007). The data were analyzed using multiple regression and Pierson correlation method. The results show that there is a meaningful negative relation between the warmth of father and alcohol consumption. The best variables forecasting alcohol consumption is the warmth of father and involvement with mother, and 86% percent of the variance regarding alcohol consumption is explained by the warmth of father and involvement with mother. Key word: Alcohol; Perceived Educational Styles; Students
1. Introduction From way back, abuse of some materials have been regarded in all human societies unacceptable and a nonsocial habit. At present, different classes of society are involved in such a bad habit from their youth to adulthood (Sinha, 2001). This problem is one of the most important social damages, which not only threatens the health of individuals and society but also leads to the mental and ethical decadence of people. This problem has different consequences, especially mental disorders of the consuming person and those relating with him/her (Botvin, 2001). One group of the society, among whose members the consumption of drugs is very common, is the group of students. The age of students vary from 18 to 24. Many of them begin their academic studies after completing high school. For many students, this is the first time that they leave their home and parents. This lifestyle causes that students experience new things based on their health rate, while they may have no proper pattern (Redican, 2004). There are many factors such as individual, family, and social factors, which are effective in returning to the
Mirnader Miri.Tel: 09126770712; fax: +98-021-3388-2314 E-mail address:[email protected]
1877–0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.209
2
Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 904–907
consumption of alcohol (Ferrence& et al, 2000), among which the educational methods of parent is one effective factor. The understood methods of education are a set of defined behaviors describing the interactions of child and parent within a vast range of situations, and it is hypothesized that it can prepare an effective interacting atmosphere. This variable contains three aspects of participation, support, and warmth (Grolink& et al, 1997). Understood educational methods are affected by different factors including cultural, and socioeconomic ones (Hawkins & et al, 1992). This method has an important role in the performance of family, which has an effective role in its turn in the individual mental health of people (Markstrom, 1999). According to these approaches, the beliefs and behaviors of family represented in form of family pattern or the methods of educating chirdren, are the most important factors affecting the development of the personality and stabilizing the ethical traits of children and their identity (Kargar Sholi & Paknezhad, 2003). Grolink & Rayan (1991) introduced a new pattern of children educating methods, which is more related with the activities carried out in schools. They counted the different dimensions of children education as follows: involvement: it means the opportunities assigned to the child by his/her parents. The involved parents spend more time for educating their children. "The involvement of parent is a gage used to measure how much parents are aware of the activities of their own child, their interest in such activities and their active participation in such activities" (Grolink& et al , 1997). Support of Autonomy: the second aspect is support of autonomy, which means the degree of freedom of children in selection, self-initiation, and participation in decision making permitted by their parents" (Grolink &et al, 1997). Structure: means the policies, and limits of behavior, giving appropriate feedback, and explaining the consequences of behaviors (Grolink &et al. 1997). Warmth: warm and responsive parents are sensitive, attentive, encouraging, stable, and intimate (Long & et al. 2000). The warm behavior of parents causes affection, kindness, and positive evaluation of children (Repensky & Etibek, 1989, cited by Repensky &Shank, 2002). The studies show that the background of family has a significant role in the conduct of children. However, the recent researches aim to study the effects of parents' approaches, relation of child and parents, and methods of educating children on different aspects such as alcohol consumption (Grolink & Rayan, 1989; Strange & Brandt, 1999). There are different studies indicating that there is a relation between educational methods and alcohol consumption (Gusman, 2007 & Wright, 2004). According to the abovementioned facts, the aim of this research is to forecast alcohol consumption based on the understood educational method of students. Considering that few researches have been conducted in this regard, this research is deemed necessary. Therefore, the present study researches the relation of understood educational methods with alcohol consumption. 2. Method This research is a correlative one. All male and female students of Tehran University were the members of the statistical population of this research. The sample of the population consists of 182 students taken by multistage random sampling method. The data were analyzed using multiple regression and Pierson correlation method. 3. Measures 3.1.The scale of understanding of parents: The understanding of the children from the conduct of their parents is assessed using the scale of understating of parents. This scale has to version of children and college students. This research uses the version of college students, which contains 42 questions (21 questions for mothers, and 21 questions for fathers). The said scale assesses 6 subscales (1 completely false to 7 completely true). The reliability of this scale in the main resource assessed using Kronbach alpha varies from 0.86 to 0.79. According to Karshki (2008), self-support, participation and parental affection have been 0.83, 0.66, and 0.83 respectively; and the total grade of 0.93 has been obtained for the total scale. 3.2.Questionnaire of Hazardous Behaviors (2007 Version): This questionnaire has been prepared for the national study of the hazardous behaviors of American students and used to annual researches. The main version of this questionnaire contains 96 questions regarding hazardous behaviors of different fields such as security, violence, suicide, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, hazardous sexual behaviors, nutrition, and physical activities. In this research, the subscale of alcohol consumption has been studied. To determine the reliability, two methods of internal consistency and retest has been used. According to internal consistency, the coefficient of alpha is equal to
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Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 904–907
87 %, which shows a high and acceptable correlation of the scale. To determine the cutting point of the questionnaire, ROC curve has been used. Based on the analysis of results, the cutting point of the questionnaire is equal to 74. This questionnaire with such a cutting point is capable to distinct the individuals with hazardous behaviors from the individuals without such behaviors with the sensitivity of 85.5 and specialty of 72.2 (Rahimi, 2009). In this research, the kronbach alpha coefficient of the questionnaire has been equal to 0.67. 4. Results Table 1. The Correlation Matrix of Research Variables
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Variable
Mean
Alcohol Consumption Mother's Involvement Mother's Support Mother's Warmth Father's Involvement Father's Support Father's Warmth
0.901 24.55 37.41 25.61 24.73 35.95 30.78
Standard Deviation 1.84 4.27 5.27 3.79 3.85 5.30 7.64
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.14 -0.09 -0.40 -0.10 -0.04 -0.232**
0.11 0.08 0.25** 0.09 0.14*
0.43** 0.15* 0.22** 0.22**
0.13 0.23** 0.53**
0.20** 0.42**
0.46**
-
**P<0/1 The results of the table (1) indicate that there is a meaningful negative relation between father's warmth and alcohol consumption. Table 2. The Brief Stepwise Regression and Variance Analysis of the understood educational methods on alcohol consumption
Model
Variable
1
Father's Warmth
2
Father's Warmth + Involvement with Mother
Index
SS
DF
MS
Regression Balance Regression Balance
33.37 586.05 53.10 566.32
1 180 2 179
33.37 3.25 26.55 3.16
F
F
R
R2
SE
1.25
0.002
0.232
0.054
1.80
8.39
0.000
0.293
0.86
1.77
Table 3. The Brief Statistical Features of the Stepwise Regression of the understood educational methods on alcohol consumption Variable Father's Warmth Involvement with mother
B -0.063 0.078
SE 0.017 0.031
ȕ - 0.258 0.180
t -3.57 2.49
P 0.000 0.013
The results of the table 2 and 3 indicate that the best variables forecasting alcohol consumption are father's warmth and involvement with mother. Based on this results, the observed F is meaningful (P<0.0001), and 0.86% of the variance of alcohol consumption is explain by the variables of the warmth of father and involvement with mother. The regression coefficients of forecasting variables indicate that father's warmth (t=3.57, ȕ= -0.258) and involvement with mother (t=2.49, ȕ= 0.180) can explain the alcohol consumption variance significantly. 5. Discussion This research has been conducted to forecast alcohol consumption based on understood educational method in students. The results show that there is a meaningful negative relation between father's warmth and alcohol consumption, and the best variables forecasting the consumption of alcohol are father's warmth, and involvement with mother, and 0.86 percent of variance of alcohol consumption is explain by father's warmth and involvement of mother. This finding is consistent with the results of the researches conducted by Grolink and Rayan 1989, Stretch & Brandt, 1999; Gusman, 2007; Wright, 2004). To explain this finding it can be claimed that the involvement educational method is the period of time spent by the parents to be with their children. The involved parents devote more efforts to take care of their children and spent more time with their children. "Involvement of parents is a degree used by parents to identify the activities that are liked by their children and the children participate actively in such activities" (Grolink& et al, 1997). It seems that if mothers overuse this method of education, the children
4
Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 904–907
may violate the rules and regulations adopted by the family. Therefore, it is expected that the continuation of such a method leads to hazardous behaviors such as alcohol consumption. On the other hand, warm and responsive parents are sensitive, attentive, encouraging, stable and intimate (Darling & Sternberg, 1993), and their warm behavior creates affection, kindness, and positive evaluation of children (Repensky & Etibek, 1989; cited by Repensky& Shank, 2002). It seems that this educational method encourages children to violate the rules of regulations of their family, whose consequence is to do any activity that the children like, which may be hazardous, like alcohol consumption (Barber, 1996) Based on the findings of this research, it is suggested that parents attend training courses and workshops to assist them identify their educational methods, and correct such educational methods to prevent alcohol consumption. It is also suggested that the parents learn efficient educational methods. The present research studies only the role of the understood educational methods in forecasting alcohol consumption. Therefore, the results are only important to identify the effects of these two variables. The present research is also limited in some respects, and whereas the sample group consists of students, the results should be generalized into all classes and groups carefully. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more researches using more diverse and based on the separation of sex. References Barber,B.K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting aneglectred construct. Child development 61,3296-3319. Botvin.J, Gilbert (2000).Preventing drug abuse in schools: social and competence enhancement approaches targeting individual-level etiological factors. Addictive Behavior, 25 , 887-897. Darling ,N.G& Sternberg,L. (1993).Parenting style as context: in the gravite model psychological ,113,487-496. Ferrence, R., Lothian, S.& Cape, D. (2000). Contemporary patterns of nicotine use in Canada and theUnited States. In Roberta, R., Slade, J., Room, R. and Poe, M.(eds), Nicotine and Public Health.American Public Health Association,Washington,DC, 287-300. Gusman, M, R. (2007). High risk behavior among youth:Neb guide, university or Nebraska. Grolinck,w.Rayan.R.&Deci,E.L. (1991).Lnner resources for school achievement :motivational mediators of childrens perceptions of their parents.journal of Educational psychology & 3,508-517. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105. Kargar Sholi, H.; Paknezhad, F. (2003). Family as the First Factor Influencing the Identity of Students", A Special Issue of the Journal of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Ferdowsi. Karshki,H. (2008). The role of motivation patterns and environment perception in self – regulation learning in student (Unpublished Phd thesis).Tehran University. Markstrom,C.A. (1999). Religious involvement and adolescent psychosocial development. Journal of Adolescence.22,205-221. Rahimi, S. (2009). The relationship between high risk behavior , personalitu and self integration (Unpublished M.A thesis).Tehran University. Redican, K. (2004). A Copmparison of Health Risk Behavior Among College Students Enrolled in a required Personal Health Course Vs. Enrolled in an elective Personal Health Course. Blacksburg, Virginia Repinski,D.J., & Shonk, S.M. (2002). Mothers and father's behavior, adolescents self representions, and adjustment :Amediational model. the Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 331-383. Sinha,D.(2001). How does increase risk of drug abuse and relapse?. Psychopharmacology, 158, 343-359. Strage,A. & Brandt T.S.(1999).Authoritative parenting and college student academic adjustment and success.jurnal of Educational psychology,91,146-156. Wright, D.R. (2004). Psychological correlates of substance use behaviors among African American youth adolescence.New York: univ. of Ca.
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 904–907
WCES-2011
Prediction of Alcohol oriented Perceived Educational Styles Mirnader Miri ª, Hadi Bahrami ª , Shima Shahyad b, Masoud Asadi c, Asghare Shiralipour c, Isa Barghi d, Habib Mohamadpur E ª Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tehran University,Tehran ,Iran Faculty of Psychology and Education,ShahidBeheshty University,Tehran ,Iran c Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tarbiat Moalem University Tehran ,Iran d Faculty of Psychology and Education,AllameTabatabi University, Tehran ,Iran E Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tarbiat Moalem University,Tabriz ,Iran b
Abstract The purpose of present research was to investigate the prediction of alcohol oriented perceived educational styles. In a descriptive correlative study, 182 students studying in the University of Tehran were selected in the academic year of 2009 – 2010 using multistage cluster sampling to complete the questionnaires of perception of parental scale; POPS,(Grolink, 1997) and Risk Behaviors Questionnaire of the National Youth Organization of USA (2007). The data were analyzed using multiple regression and Pierson correlation method. The results show that there is a meaningful negative relation between the warmth of father and alcohol consumption. The best variables forecasting alcohol consumption is the warmth of father and involvement with mother, and 86% percent of the variance regarding alcohol consumption is explained by the warmth of father and involvement with mother. Key word: Alcohol; Perceived Educational Styles; Students
1. Introduction From way back, abuse of some materials have been regarded in all human societies unacceptable and a nonsocial habit. At present, different classes of society are involved in such a bad habit from their youth to adulthood (Sinha, 2001). This problem is one of the most important social damages, which not only threatens the health of individuals and society but also leads to the mental and ethical decadence of people. This problem has different consequences, especially mental disorders of the consuming person and those relating with him/her (Botvin, 2001). One group of the society, among whose members the consumption of drugs is very common, is the group of students. The age of students vary from 18 to 24. Many of them begin their academic studies after completing high school. For many students, this is the first time that they leave their home and parents. This lifestyle causes that students experience new things based on their health rate, while they may have no proper pattern (Redican, 2004). There are many factors such as individual, family, and social factors, which are effective in returning to the
Mirnader Miri.Tel: 09126770712; fax: +98-021-3388-2314 E-mail address:[email protected]
1877–0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.209
2
Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 904–907
consumption of alcohol (Ferrence& et al, 2000), among which the educational methods of parent is one effective factor. The understood methods of education are a set of defined behaviors describing the interactions of child and parent within a vast range of situations, and it is hypothesized that it can prepare an effective interacting atmosphere. This variable contains three aspects of participation, support, and warmth (Grolink& et al, 1997). Understood educational methods are affected by different factors including cultural, and socioeconomic ones (Hawkins & et al, 1992). This method has an important role in the performance of family, which has an effective role in its turn in the individual mental health of people (Markstrom, 1999). According to these approaches, the beliefs and behaviors of family represented in form of family pattern or the methods of educating chirdren, are the most important factors affecting the development of the personality and stabilizing the ethical traits of children and their identity (Kargar Sholi & Paknezhad, 2003). Grolink & Rayan (1991) introduced a new pattern of children educating methods, which is more related with the activities carried out in schools. They counted the different dimensions of children education as follows: involvement: it means the opportunities assigned to the child by his/her parents. The involved parents spend more time for educating their children. "The involvement of parent is a gage used to measure how much parents are aware of the activities of their own child, their interest in such activities and their active participation in such activities" (Grolink& et al , 1997). Support of Autonomy: the second aspect is support of autonomy, which means the degree of freedom of children in selection, self-initiation, and participation in decision making permitted by their parents" (Grolink &et al, 1997). Structure: means the policies, and limits of behavior, giving appropriate feedback, and explaining the consequences of behaviors (Grolink &et al. 1997). Warmth: warm and responsive parents are sensitive, attentive, encouraging, stable, and intimate (Long & et al. 2000). The warm behavior of parents causes affection, kindness, and positive evaluation of children (Repensky & Etibek, 1989, cited by Repensky &Shank, 2002). The studies show that the background of family has a significant role in the conduct of children. However, the recent researches aim to study the effects of parents' approaches, relation of child and parents, and methods of educating children on different aspects such as alcohol consumption (Grolink & Rayan, 1989; Strange & Brandt, 1999). There are different studies indicating that there is a relation between educational methods and alcohol consumption (Gusman, 2007 & Wright, 2004). According to the abovementioned facts, the aim of this research is to forecast alcohol consumption based on the understood educational method of students. Considering that few researches have been conducted in this regard, this research is deemed necessary. Therefore, the present study researches the relation of understood educational methods with alcohol consumption. 2. Method This research is a correlative one. All male and female students of Tehran University were the members of the statistical population of this research. The sample of the population consists of 182 students taken by multistage random sampling method. The data were analyzed using multiple regression and Pierson correlation method. 3. Measures 3.1.The scale of understanding of parents: The understanding of the children from the conduct of their parents is assessed using the scale of understating of parents. This scale has to version of children and college students. This research uses the version of college students, which contains 42 questions (21 questions for mothers, and 21 questions for fathers). The said scale assesses 6 subscales (1 completely false to 7 completely true). The reliability of this scale in the main resource assessed using Kronbach alpha varies from 0.86 to 0.79. According to Karshki (2008), self-support, participation and parental affection have been 0.83, 0.66, and 0.83 respectively; and the total grade of 0.93 has been obtained for the total scale. 3.2.Questionnaire of Hazardous Behaviors (2007 Version): This questionnaire has been prepared for the national study of the hazardous behaviors of American students and used to annual researches. The main version of this questionnaire contains 96 questions regarding hazardous behaviors of different fields such as security, violence, suicide, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, hazardous sexual behaviors, nutrition, and physical activities. In this research, the subscale of alcohol consumption has been studied. To determine the reliability, two methods of internal consistency and retest has been used. According to internal consistency, the coefficient of alpha is equal to
3
Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 904–907
87 %, which shows a high and acceptable correlation of the scale. To determine the cutting point of the questionnaire, ROC curve has been used. Based on the analysis of results, the cutting point of the questionnaire is equal to 74. This questionnaire with such a cutting point is capable to distinct the individuals with hazardous behaviors from the individuals without such behaviors with the sensitivity of 85.5 and specialty of 72.2 (Rahimi, 2009). In this research, the kronbach alpha coefficient of the questionnaire has been equal to 0.67. 4. Results Table 1. The Correlation Matrix of Research Variables
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Variable
Mean
Alcohol Consumption Mother's Involvement Mother's Support Mother's Warmth Father's Involvement Father's Support Father's Warmth
0.901 24.55 37.41 25.61 24.73 35.95 30.78
Standard Deviation 1.84 4.27 5.27 3.79 3.85 5.30 7.64
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.14 -0.09 -0.40 -0.10 -0.04 -0.232**
0.11 0.08 0.25** 0.09 0.14*
0.43** 0.15* 0.22** 0.22**
0.13 0.23** 0.53**
0.20** 0.42**
0.46**
-
**P<0/1 The results of the table (1) indicate that there is a meaningful negative relation between father's warmth and alcohol consumption. Table 2. The Brief Stepwise Regression and Variance Analysis of the understood educational methods on alcohol consumption
Model
Variable
1
Father's Warmth
2
Father's Warmth + Involvement with Mother
Index
SS
DF
MS
Regression Balance Regression Balance
33.37 586.05 53.10 566.32
1 180 2 179
33.37 3.25 26.55 3.16
F
F
R
R2
SE
1.25
0.002
0.232
0.054
1.80
8.39
0.000
0.293
0.86
1.77
Table 3. The Brief Statistical Features of the Stepwise Regression of the understood educational methods on alcohol consumption Variable Father's Warmth Involvement with mother
B -0.063 0.078
SE 0.017 0.031
ȕ - 0.258 0.180
t -3.57 2.49
P 0.000 0.013
The results of the table 2 and 3 indicate that the best variables forecasting alcohol consumption are father's warmth and involvement with mother. Based on this results, the observed F is meaningful (P<0.0001), and 0.86% of the variance of alcohol consumption is explain by the variables of the warmth of father and involvement with mother. The regression coefficients of forecasting variables indicate that father's warmth (t=3.57, ȕ= -0.258) and involvement with mother (t=2.49, ȕ= 0.180) can explain the alcohol consumption variance significantly. 5. Discussion This research has been conducted to forecast alcohol consumption based on understood educational method in students. The results show that there is a meaningful negative relation between father's warmth and alcohol consumption, and the best variables forecasting the consumption of alcohol are father's warmth, and involvement with mother, and 0.86 percent of variance of alcohol consumption is explain by father's warmth and involvement of mother. This finding is consistent with the results of the researches conducted by Grolink and Rayan 1989, Stretch & Brandt, 1999; Gusman, 2007; Wright, 2004). To explain this finding it can be claimed that the involvement educational method is the period of time spent by the parents to be with their children. The involved parents devote more efforts to take care of their children and spent more time with their children. "Involvement of parents is a degree used by parents to identify the activities that are liked by their children and the children participate actively in such activities" (Grolink& et al, 1997). It seems that if mothers overuse this method of education, the children
4
Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 904–907
may violate the rules and regulations adopted by the family. Therefore, it is expected that the continuation of such a method leads to hazardous behaviors such as alcohol consumption. On the other hand, warm and responsive parents are sensitive, attentive, encouraging, stable and intimate (Darling & Sternberg, 1993), and their warm behavior creates affection, kindness, and positive evaluation of children (Repensky & Etibek, 1989; cited by Repensky& Shank, 2002). It seems that this educational method encourages children to violate the rules of regulations of their family, whose consequence is to do any activity that the children like, which may be hazardous, like alcohol consumption (Barber, 1996) Based on the findings of this research, it is suggested that parents attend training courses and workshops to assist them identify their educational methods, and correct such educational methods to prevent alcohol consumption. It is also suggested that the parents learn efficient educational methods. The present research studies only the role of the understood educational methods in forecasting alcohol consumption. Therefore, the results are only important to identify the effects of these two variables. The present research is also limited in some respects, and whereas the sample group consists of students, the results should be generalized into all classes and groups carefully. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more researches using more diverse and based on the separation of sex. References Barber,B.K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting aneglectred construct. Child development 61,3296-3319. Botvin.J, Gilbert (2000).Preventing drug abuse in schools: social and competence enhancement approaches targeting individual-level etiological factors. Addictive Behavior, 25 , 887-897. Darling ,N.G& Sternberg,L. (1993).Parenting style as context: in the gravite model psychological ,113,487-496. Ferrence, R., Lothian, S.& Cape, D. (2000). Contemporary patterns of nicotine use in Canada and theUnited States. In Roberta, R., Slade, J., Room, R. and Poe, M.(eds), Nicotine and Public Health.American Public Health Association,Washington,DC, 287-300. Gusman, M, R. (2007). High risk behavior among youth:Neb guide, university or Nebraska. Grolinck,w.Rayan.R.&Deci,E.L. (1991).Lnner resources for school achievement :motivational mediators of childrens perceptions of their parents.journal of Educational psychology & 3,508-517. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105. Kargar Sholi, H.; Paknezhad, F. (2003). Family as the First Factor Influencing the Identity of Students", A Special Issue of the Journal of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Ferdowsi. Karshki,H. (2008). The role of motivation patterns and environment perception in self – regulation learning in student (Unpublished Phd thesis).Tehran University. Markstrom,C.A. (1999). Religious involvement and adolescent psychosocial development. Journal of Adolescence.22,205-221. Rahimi, S. (2009). The relationship between high risk behavior , personalitu and self integration (Unpublished M.A thesis).Tehran University. Redican, K. (2004). A Copmparison of Health Risk Behavior Among College Students Enrolled in a required Personal Health Course Vs. Enrolled in an elective Personal Health Course. Blacksburg, Virginia Repinski,D.J., & Shonk, S.M. (2002). Mothers and father's behavior, adolescents self representions, and adjustment :Amediational model. the Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 331-383. Sinha,D.(2001). How does increase risk of drug abuse and relapse?. Psychopharmacology, 158, 343-359. Strage,A. & Brandt T.S.(1999).Authoritative parenting and college student academic adjustment and success.jurnal of Educational psychology,91,146-156. Wright, D.R. (2004). Psychological correlates of substance use behaviors among African American youth adolescence.New York: univ. of Ca.