- Email: [email protected]
Prediction of Suicide oriented Perceived Educational Styles
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 873–876
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
WCES-2011
Prediction of Suicide oriented Perceived Educational Styles Mirnader Miriª , Hojjatollah Farahani ª , Shima Shahyad b, Masoud Asadi c, Asghare Shiralipour c, Isa Barghi d, Hatam Siavoshi b ª Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tehran University,Tehran ,Iran Faculty of Psychology and Education,ShahidBeheshty University,Tehran ,Iran c Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tarbiat Moalem University Tehran ,Iran d Faculty of Psychology and Education,AllameTabatabi University, Tehran ,Iran b
Abstract The purpose of present research was to investigate the Prediction of suicide oriented perceived educational styles. In a descriptive correlative study, 182 students studying in the University of Tehran were selected in the academic year of 2009 – 2010 using multistage cluster sampling to complete the questionnaires of perception of parental scale; POPS,(Grolink, 1997) and Risk Behaviors Questionnaire of the National Youth Organization of USA (2007). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression method. The results show that there is significant relationship between suicide behaviors and micro scales of parent good friendship ,while the good relationship of mother is optimal predictive variable for suicide actions ,therefore a range of 0.083 % of variances which connected to suicide actions inferred by good relationship of mother. Keywords : Suicide ; Perceived Educational Styles; Student
1. Introduction Suicide counted as major welfare complications in the last decades . The rate of suicide is abnormally 12% and 14.2 % for females and males globally respectively (Pelkonen & Mattumen 2003) (100,000 individuals) , conversely the range of suicide increased tremendously in the recent decades (Chishi& et al, 2003). Suicide and incentive of suicide revealed more in the juveniles &Youth (Ghoreshi & Mousavinasab ,2008) , students resorted to suicides twice the rate of non student class (Atkinson & et al, 2005) , suicides by the students counted as the second component for morbidity following the accidents (Rezaei Aderiani ; Azadi & Ahmadi ,2007) , the marked up suicide among students which not only is typical in USA but in Europe , India , Japan (Atkinson & et al, 2005 ), 4390 students committed suicide in USA from 2000 to 2002 (Rezaei Aderiani ; Azadi & Ahmadi, 1997) . Suicide actions may be arisen from relationship between parent and child (Gould, et al) inkling unstable life in the family (Adm et al ,1982) which it is catastrophic parameter, the marked up range of suicide shall be related in weak and inconsistency family and educational fashions (King & et al, 2001) , between suicide action and divorce there is linkage according to the previous researches (Gould& et al ,1997; Garnefski & Diekstra, 1998; Tousignant & et al ,1993 & Weitoft & et.al, 2003 ).
* Mirnader Miri.Tel: 09126770712; fax: +98-021-3388-2314 E-mail address: [email protected]
1877–0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.202
Mirnader Miri & et al /etProcedia – Social and and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Mirnader Miri al. / Procedia Social Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 873–876
874
Suicide and suicide incentive are more intensive in the families whose parents separated (Weitfo & et al, 2003) , the current paper studied the relationship of parents with their juvenile while specifically the bad and hateful relationship of father was stressed in Educational styles which it is a powerful incentive in suicide committed by children (Tousignant& et al, 1993) ,moreover the bad and hateful relationship of mother was stressed in Educational styles too (Rubenstein& et al, 1998). Communities spent numerous budget for Education of students who are the most potential social class , therefore any distortion of health and intellect of students shall imbalance the investment (Khalkhali ; Najafi; Jahanbakhsh& Hassani , 2006) ,scientifically the issue of suicide is significant health phenomenon , positively briefing the case and incentives of suicide shall affect policy making in order to abate the range of those disasters (Tazaki, 2006) , meanwhile the current paper aligned with suicide prediction in the line of bad and hateful relationship of father was stressed in Educational styles among the students. 2. Method The statistical community of this study was all male and female students of Tehran University . The sample group were included 182 students taken by multistage random sampling method. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression method. 3. Measures 3.1.The scale of understanding of parents: The understanding of the children from the conduct of their parents is assessed using the scale of understating of parents. This scale has to version of children and college students. This research uses the version of college students, which contains 42 questions (21 questions for mothers, and 21 questions for fathers). The said scale assesses 6 subscales using the seven degree of Likert Scale (1 completely false to 7 completely true). The reliability of this scale in the main resource assessed using Kronbach alpha varies from 0.86 to 0.79 (1997). According to Karshaki (2008), self-support, participation and parental affection have been 0.83, 0.66, and 0.83 respectively; and the total grade of 0.93 has been obtained for the total scale. 3.2.Questionnaire of Hazardous Behaviors (2007 Version): This questionnaire has been prepared for the national study of the hazardous behaviors of American students and used to annual researches. The main version of this questionnaire contains 96 questions regarding hazardous behaviors of different fields such as security, violence, suicide, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, hazardous sexual behaviors, nutrition, and physical activities. In this research, the subscale of alcohol consumption has been studied. To determine the reliability, two methods of internal consistency and retest has been used. According to internal consistency, the coefficient of alpha is equal to 87 %, which shows a high and acceptable correlation of the scale. To determine the cutting point of the questionnaire, ROC curve has been used. Based on the analysis of results, the cutting point of the questionnaire is equal to 74. This questionnaire with such a cutting point is capable to distinct the individuals with hazardous behaviors from the individuals without such behaviors with the sensitivity of 85.5 and specialty of 72.2 (Rahimi, 2009). In this research, the kronbach alpha coefficient of the questionnaire has been equal to 0.67. 4. Results Table 1. The Correlation Matrix of Research Variables
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Variable Suicide Behaviors Mother challenge Mother Support Mother warmness Father challenge Father Support Father warmness
Mean 1.32 24.55 37.41 25.61 24.73 39.95 30.78
SD 1.77 2.27 5.27 3.79 3.85 5.30 7.64
1 -0.01 -0.11 0.28* -0.12 0.11 0.23*
2 0.11 0.08 -0.25* 0.09 0.14*
3 0.43* 0.15* 0.22* 0.22*
4
5
6
0.13 0.23* 0.53*
0.20 * 0.42*
0.46*
7
-
875
Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 873–876 Mirnader Miri & et al / Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 **P<0/1. *P<0/5
The results depict in table 1 inferred that there is significant and negative relationship between suicide behaviors with micro scales of mother warmness and father warmness. Table 2. The Brief Stepwise Regression and Variance Analysis of the understood educational methods on suicide behaviors
Model 1
Variable father warmness
Index Regression Remained
SS 20/88
230/57
DF 1 180
MS 20/88 1/28
F 16/30
P 0/000
R 0/288
R2 0/083
SE 1/13
Table 3. The Brief Statistical Features of the Stepwise Regression of the understood educational methods on suicide behaviors Variables mother warmness
B 4.65
SE 0.574
ȕ -0.288
t -4.033
P 0.000
Tables 2 and 3 illustrate the optimal predictable variables on suicide deeds & mother warmness, therefore F is significance (p< 0.0001) according to the results ,while the variance percentage is related to suicide deeds which inferred as a mother warmness, therefore the regression coefficients of predictable variables demonstrate that the mother warmness (t = -4.033 B = 0.288) defines the suicide behavior variance significantly. 5. Discussion The family plays critical role as a major personality of individuals, therefore students relied on family encourage to attain satisfactory character according to the available findings as a result the style of father and specifically mother warmness affect the range of suicide ,it means the more warmness of parent the more reduction of students , the current findings are in compatible with researches accomplished by (Tousingnut &et al, 1993; Ruestein& et al ,1998 & Rubestein &et al, 1998) they concluded that careless and poor relationship of parent with their children cause critical incentive for suicide of children(Tousignut,1993), furthermore they suggested that the bad relationship specifically the treatment of father intensify the tension of suicide among people whose parents separated (Wietoft &,et al 2003; Tousignant, 2003; Gould& et al 1998 & Garnefsk& Diekstra ,1997),therefore it is inferred that absence of one of parents shall cause default in educational system following poor relationship between members of family which counted as a main issue and challenge, while improper styles of education inferred as one of pathologies including suicide ,hence the warm relationship of family encourage the children to join the family which it repels the student from social damages specifically suicide.A good sound healthy & mature families focused on more sensitivity and kindness in dealing with requirements and shortages faced by children because this strategy brings about more safe affection , independent and intelligent success .meantime the parents are able to educate offspring with competent and wise characters. in spite of psychological components ,there are indices like environmental , social and personal components for explanation of suicide behaviors among students ,therefore the current paper stresses more on precise preventive plans, as a result those variables surveyed and applied in later researches including structural relations internationally plus prediction of suicide actions in order to compare the results attained from the present study with the conclusions of other researches accomplished, while the next studies may cover the whole community of students plus more extensive geographical aspects with more extensive organization and planning like annual evaluative schedules and surveys , at the meantime every research challenges with special constraints in different parts of research hence the present study experienced it too because it includes only the community of students and excludes other classes of youths in the society as a result the achieved conclusions limited to the class of university students
876
Mirnader Miri & et al / Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 873–876
References Adam, K.S., Bouchoms, A., Streiner. D.(1982). Parental loss and family stability in attemped suicide. Arch. Gen, Psychiarty 39, 1081-1085. Chishti, P., Stone, D. H., Corcoran, P., Williamson, E., Petrisou, E. ( 2003). Suicide mortality in the Europen union. Eur, J. Public Health 13, 108-114. Etikson , R, C; Edvard. I; Bam. D. J& Nulman, S.(2005). Heligard Psychological grounds , (Mohammadtaghi.B,Trans.). Tehran:Roshd publition. Ghoreishi, A; Mousavi, N. N. (2008). Systematic reviewing of suicides and suicide attempt in Iran, Iran clinical & Psychological Magazine 2, ( 14), 115-121. Granfski, H.,Diekstra, R. F. W.(1997). Adolescent from one parent, stepparent and intact families: emotional problems and suicide attempts. Jounal of Adolescent, 20, 201-206. Gould, M. S, Shaffer, D, Fisher, P, Garfinkel, R, 1998. separation/ divorce and child and adolence completed suicide. J.A.M Acad. Child Adolesc psych 37, 155-162. Gould. M. S., Greenberg. T., Relting, D. M, & Shaffer . D. (2003). Youth suicide risk and prerentive interventions: areview of the past loyears. Journal of Adolescent,42, 386-405. Khalkhali ,S M.; Najafi, K. J.& Jamileh, H. L. (2006). Appointment with physicians pre suicide attempt. Hakim Research magazine,l 9(4) ,17-24. King, R. A.; Schwab- Stone, M., Fisher, A. J., Greenwald, S., Kramer, R. A., Goodman, S. H., labey, B. B., Shaffer, D., Could, M., S.( 2001). Psychosocial and risk behavior correlates of youth suicide attempts and suicidal idation. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc psych. 40, 837-846. Pelkoneen, M., marttunen, M. ( 2003). Child and adolescent suicide: emidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to prevention. Peadiatr. Journal of drugs 5, 243-265. Reza. Adriani, M; Azadi. A; Ahmadi .F, V& Azimi Amir.(2007). Compare of depression , Anxiety, stress and life quality of female and male students domiciled at dormitories, Nursing research, 2, ( 4& 5) , 31-38. Rubenstein, j. L., Halton, A., Kstenol, Rubin, C., stechler, G.(1998). suicidal behaviour in adolescents: stress and protection in different family contexts. Am. J. orthopsychiatr, 68, 271-284. Tazeki, M.(2007). suicide epidemiology in Golestan province, Mazandaran Medical Sciences Magazine. 16,(55), 72-77. Tousigbabt, M; Bastien, M. F& Hamel, S.(1993). Suicidal attempts and ideations among adolescents and young adults: the contribution of the father’s and mother’s care and of parental separation. Soc. Psychiatry psychiatr. Epidemiol. 28, 256-261.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 873–876
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
WCES-2011
Prediction of Suicide oriented Perceived Educational Styles Mirnader Miriª , Hojjatollah Farahani ª , Shima Shahyad b, Masoud Asadi c, Asghare Shiralipour c, Isa Barghi d, Hatam Siavoshi b ª Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tehran University,Tehran ,Iran Faculty of Psychology and Education,ShahidBeheshty University,Tehran ,Iran c Faculty of Psychology and Education,Tarbiat Moalem University Tehran ,Iran d Faculty of Psychology and Education,AllameTabatabi University, Tehran ,Iran b
Abstract The purpose of present research was to investigate the Prediction of suicide oriented perceived educational styles. In a descriptive correlative study, 182 students studying in the University of Tehran were selected in the academic year of 2009 – 2010 using multistage cluster sampling to complete the questionnaires of perception of parental scale; POPS,(Grolink, 1997) and Risk Behaviors Questionnaire of the National Youth Organization of USA (2007). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression method. The results show that there is significant relationship between suicide behaviors and micro scales of parent good friendship ,while the good relationship of mother is optimal predictive variable for suicide actions ,therefore a range of 0.083 % of variances which connected to suicide actions inferred by good relationship of mother. Keywords : Suicide ; Perceived Educational Styles; Student
1. Introduction Suicide counted as major welfare complications in the last decades . The rate of suicide is abnormally 12% and 14.2 % for females and males globally respectively (Pelkonen & Mattumen 2003) (100,000 individuals) , conversely the range of suicide increased tremendously in the recent decades (Chishi& et al, 2003). Suicide and incentive of suicide revealed more in the juveniles &Youth (Ghoreshi & Mousavinasab ,2008) , students resorted to suicides twice the rate of non student class (Atkinson & et al, 2005) , suicides by the students counted as the second component for morbidity following the accidents (Rezaei Aderiani ; Azadi & Ahmadi ,2007) , the marked up suicide among students which not only is typical in USA but in Europe , India , Japan (Atkinson & et al, 2005 ), 4390 students committed suicide in USA from 2000 to 2002 (Rezaei Aderiani ; Azadi & Ahmadi, 1997) . Suicide actions may be arisen from relationship between parent and child (Gould, et al) inkling unstable life in the family (Adm et al ,1982) which it is catastrophic parameter, the marked up range of suicide shall be related in weak and inconsistency family and educational fashions (King & et al, 2001) , between suicide action and divorce there is linkage according to the previous researches (Gould& et al ,1997; Garnefski & Diekstra, 1998; Tousignant & et al ,1993 & Weitoft & et.al, 2003 ).
* Mirnader Miri.Tel: 09126770712; fax: +98-021-3388-2314 E-mail address: [email protected]
1877–0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.202
Mirnader Miri & et al /etProcedia – Social and and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Mirnader Miri al. / Procedia Social Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 873–876
874
Suicide and suicide incentive are more intensive in the families whose parents separated (Weitfo & et al, 2003) , the current paper studied the relationship of parents with their juvenile while specifically the bad and hateful relationship of father was stressed in Educational styles which it is a powerful incentive in suicide committed by children (Tousignant& et al, 1993) ,moreover the bad and hateful relationship of mother was stressed in Educational styles too (Rubenstein& et al, 1998). Communities spent numerous budget for Education of students who are the most potential social class , therefore any distortion of health and intellect of students shall imbalance the investment (Khalkhali ; Najafi; Jahanbakhsh& Hassani , 2006) ,scientifically the issue of suicide is significant health phenomenon , positively briefing the case and incentives of suicide shall affect policy making in order to abate the range of those disasters (Tazaki, 2006) , meanwhile the current paper aligned with suicide prediction in the line of bad and hateful relationship of father was stressed in Educational styles among the students. 2. Method The statistical community of this study was all male and female students of Tehran University . The sample group were included 182 students taken by multistage random sampling method. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression method. 3. Measures 3.1.The scale of understanding of parents: The understanding of the children from the conduct of their parents is assessed using the scale of understating of parents. This scale has to version of children and college students. This research uses the version of college students, which contains 42 questions (21 questions for mothers, and 21 questions for fathers). The said scale assesses 6 subscales using the seven degree of Likert Scale (1 completely false to 7 completely true). The reliability of this scale in the main resource assessed using Kronbach alpha varies from 0.86 to 0.79 (1997). According to Karshaki (2008), self-support, participation and parental affection have been 0.83, 0.66, and 0.83 respectively; and the total grade of 0.93 has been obtained for the total scale. 3.2.Questionnaire of Hazardous Behaviors (2007 Version): This questionnaire has been prepared for the national study of the hazardous behaviors of American students and used to annual researches. The main version of this questionnaire contains 96 questions regarding hazardous behaviors of different fields such as security, violence, suicide, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, hazardous sexual behaviors, nutrition, and physical activities. In this research, the subscale of alcohol consumption has been studied. To determine the reliability, two methods of internal consistency and retest has been used. According to internal consistency, the coefficient of alpha is equal to 87 %, which shows a high and acceptable correlation of the scale. To determine the cutting point of the questionnaire, ROC curve has been used. Based on the analysis of results, the cutting point of the questionnaire is equal to 74. This questionnaire with such a cutting point is capable to distinct the individuals with hazardous behaviors from the individuals without such behaviors with the sensitivity of 85.5 and specialty of 72.2 (Rahimi, 2009). In this research, the kronbach alpha coefficient of the questionnaire has been equal to 0.67. 4. Results Table 1. The Correlation Matrix of Research Variables
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Variable Suicide Behaviors Mother challenge Mother Support Mother warmness Father challenge Father Support Father warmness
Mean 1.32 24.55 37.41 25.61 24.73 39.95 30.78
SD 1.77 2.27 5.27 3.79 3.85 5.30 7.64
1 -0.01 -0.11 0.28* -0.12 0.11 0.23*
2 0.11 0.08 -0.25* 0.09 0.14*
3 0.43* 0.15* 0.22* 0.22*
4
5
6
0.13 0.23* 0.53*
0.20 * 0.42*
0.46*
7
-
875
Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 873–876 Mirnader Miri & et al / Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 **P<0/1. *P<0/5
The results depict in table 1 inferred that there is significant and negative relationship between suicide behaviors with micro scales of mother warmness and father warmness. Table 2. The Brief Stepwise Regression and Variance Analysis of the understood educational methods on suicide behaviors
Model 1
Variable father warmness
Index Regression Remained
SS 20/88
230/57
DF 1 180
MS 20/88 1/28
F 16/30
P 0/000
R 0/288
R2 0/083
SE 1/13
Table 3. The Brief Statistical Features of the Stepwise Regression of the understood educational methods on suicide behaviors Variables mother warmness
B 4.65
SE 0.574
ȕ -0.288
t -4.033
P 0.000
Tables 2 and 3 illustrate the optimal predictable variables on suicide deeds & mother warmness, therefore F is significance (p< 0.0001) according to the results ,while the variance percentage is related to suicide deeds which inferred as a mother warmness, therefore the regression coefficients of predictable variables demonstrate that the mother warmness (t = -4.033 B = 0.288) defines the suicide behavior variance significantly. 5. Discussion The family plays critical role as a major personality of individuals, therefore students relied on family encourage to attain satisfactory character according to the available findings as a result the style of father and specifically mother warmness affect the range of suicide ,it means the more warmness of parent the more reduction of students , the current findings are in compatible with researches accomplished by (Tousingnut &et al, 1993; Ruestein& et al ,1998 & Rubestein &et al, 1998) they concluded that careless and poor relationship of parent with their children cause critical incentive for suicide of children(Tousignut,1993), furthermore they suggested that the bad relationship specifically the treatment of father intensify the tension of suicide among people whose parents separated (Wietoft &,et al 2003; Tousignant, 2003; Gould& et al 1998 & Garnefsk& Diekstra ,1997),therefore it is inferred that absence of one of parents shall cause default in educational system following poor relationship between members of family which counted as a main issue and challenge, while improper styles of education inferred as one of pathologies including suicide ,hence the warm relationship of family encourage the children to join the family which it repels the student from social damages specifically suicide.A good sound healthy & mature families focused on more sensitivity and kindness in dealing with requirements and shortages faced by children because this strategy brings about more safe affection , independent and intelligent success .meantime the parents are able to educate offspring with competent and wise characters. in spite of psychological components ,there are indices like environmental , social and personal components for explanation of suicide behaviors among students ,therefore the current paper stresses more on precise preventive plans, as a result those variables surveyed and applied in later researches including structural relations internationally plus prediction of suicide actions in order to compare the results attained from the present study with the conclusions of other researches accomplished, while the next studies may cover the whole community of students plus more extensive geographical aspects with more extensive organization and planning like annual evaluative schedules and surveys , at the meantime every research challenges with special constraints in different parts of research hence the present study experienced it too because it includes only the community of students and excludes other classes of youths in the society as a result the achieved conclusions limited to the class of university students
876
Mirnader Miri & et al / Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Mirnader Miri et al. / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 873–876
References Adam, K.S., Bouchoms, A., Streiner. D.(1982). Parental loss and family stability in attemped suicide. Arch. Gen, Psychiarty 39, 1081-1085. Chishti, P., Stone, D. H., Corcoran, P., Williamson, E., Petrisou, E. ( 2003). Suicide mortality in the Europen union. Eur, J. Public Health 13, 108-114. Etikson , R, C; Edvard. I; Bam. D. J& Nulman, S.(2005). Heligard Psychological grounds , (Mohammadtaghi.B,Trans.). Tehran:Roshd publition. Ghoreishi, A; Mousavi, N. N. (2008). Systematic reviewing of suicides and suicide attempt in Iran, Iran clinical & Psychological Magazine 2, ( 14), 115-121. Granfski, H.,Diekstra, R. F. W.(1997). Adolescent from one parent, stepparent and intact families: emotional problems and suicide attempts. Jounal of Adolescent, 20, 201-206. Gould, M. S, Shaffer, D, Fisher, P, Garfinkel, R, 1998. separation/ divorce and child and adolence completed suicide. J.A.M Acad. Child Adolesc psych 37, 155-162. Gould. M. S., Greenberg. T., Relting, D. M, & Shaffer . D. (2003). Youth suicide risk and prerentive interventions: areview of the past loyears. Journal of Adolescent,42, 386-405. Khalkhali ,S M.; Najafi, K. J.& Jamileh, H. L. (2006). Appointment with physicians pre suicide attempt. Hakim Research magazine,l 9(4) ,17-24. King, R. A.; Schwab- Stone, M., Fisher, A. J., Greenwald, S., Kramer, R. A., Goodman, S. H., labey, B. B., Shaffer, D., Could, M., S.( 2001). Psychosocial and risk behavior correlates of youth suicide attempts and suicidal idation. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc psych. 40, 837-846. Pelkoneen, M., marttunen, M. ( 2003). Child and adolescent suicide: emidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to prevention. Peadiatr. Journal of drugs 5, 243-265. Reza. Adriani, M; Azadi. A; Ahmadi .F, V& Azimi Amir.(2007). Compare of depression , Anxiety, stress and life quality of female and male students domiciled at dormitories, Nursing research, 2, ( 4& 5) , 31-38. Rubenstein, j. L., Halton, A., Kstenol, Rubin, C., stechler, G.(1998). suicidal behaviour in adolescents: stress and protection in different family contexts. Am. J. orthopsychiatr, 68, 271-284. Tazeki, M.(2007). suicide epidemiology in Golestan province, Mazandaran Medical Sciences Magazine. 16,(55), 72-77. Tousigbabt, M; Bastien, M. F& Hamel, S.(1993). Suicidal attempts and ideations among adolescents and young adults: the contribution of the father’s and mother’s care and of parental separation. Soc. Psychiatry psychiatr. Epidemiol. 28, 256-261.