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Preface for Special Issue: EWOMS 2009
Human Movement Science 30 (2011) 831–833
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Human Movement Science
Editorial
Preface for Special Issue: EWOMS 2009
The European Workshop on Movement Science is a forum for debate that brings together scientists from many scientific fields, developing a multidisciplinary approach to movement science. Previous workshops took place in Münster, in 2003, Vienna in 2005, and Amsterdam in 2007. The Faculty of Human Movement Science from the Technical University of Lisbon accepted the challenge to organize this event during the summer of 2009. In an attempt to cover a broad spectrum of scientific interests, and to enhance the multidisciplinary approach to movement science, the organizing committee of the workshop invited six keynote speakers: John Rothwell, from the University College of London (Probing patterns of connectivity and ‘‘hidden states’’ of the motor system before and during movement), Nick Stergiou, from the University of Nebraska (Movement variability and the use of nonlinear tools: Principles to guide research in human movement), Herbert Heuer, from the University of Dortmund (Implicit and explicit adjustments to visuo-motor transformations and their age-related changes), Estela Bicho, from the University of Minho (A dynamic neural architecture for flexible and fluent human–robot interaction), Richard Schmidt, from the College of the Holy Cross (Understanding social motor coordination), and Marcos Duarte, form the University of São Paulo (Posture control in Humans: Theories, modeling and quantification). The contribution of virtual reality to a better understanding of motor control in sport was the central theme of a symposium coordinated by Cathy Craig (Queen’s University of Belfast). The presentations included a comprehensive description of new technologies, and its application to the behavior of handball goalkeepers and rugby players, offering good examples of methodological innovation. Cathy Craig also accepted to coordinate a symposium devoted to the function of sensory information in movement guidance. Different topics were debated in this symposium: optic variables and the decision about action, online alterations during locomotion, synchronization in rhythmic tasks, and, finally, the interesting inter-dependence between cerebellum and parietal cortex that relies on perceptual information available during movement. A third symposium – Re-assessing classical motor control theories through serial correlation analysis – was coordinated by Didier Delignières (University of Montpellier): the biological interpretation of long memory in tapping tasks, the 1/f scaling in aiming tasks, the oscillation of forearm in synchrony with a metronome and in self-paced conditions. A fourth symposium, coordinated by Jan Cabri (Technical University of Lisbon), was devoted to physiotherapy and rehabilitation, emphasizing experimental and methodological issues: EMG applications in hydrotherapy, 3D arthrokinematics of the shoulder, and neural mechanisms underlying muscle deconditioning. Finally, the fifth symposium, organized by Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn (University of Mainz), focused on the effects of stochastic perturbations in motor learning. Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn invited researchers and experts from the world of music, and presented some approaches to classical flute and piano based on the differential learning proposal. Other presentations in this symposium were 0167-9457/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2011.08.001
832
Editorial / Human Movement Science 30 (2011) 831–833
dedicated to technique training in hockey, and to handwriting in primary school children. Karl Newell closed the workshop by discussing the different theoretical approaches for inducing variability during learning. As in previous editions, Human Movement Science joined this initiative offering a special issue devoted to EWOMS. Participants in EWOMS’09 were invited to participate in the special issue, and João Barreiros, Duarte Araújo and Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn acted as guest editors for the special issue. Almost 40% of the submissions were accepted for publication. Peter Beek’s input was crucial, and the guest editors wish to thank him for his support and permanent advice. This was a very time consuming process that implied forty three reviewers that generously contributed with their expertise and constructive feedback. The output is a set of thirteen papers, covering different aspects of human movement science, and reflecting the diversity of perspectives that characterized EWOMS’09. Richard Schmidt and colleagues presented an important overview of how movements can influence social coordination, referred to as joint action. Their review emphasized the emergence of dynamic patterns, such as synchronization, and the nature of the behavioral order supporting joint action. Also addressing joint action, Estela Bicho and colleagues described a model action preparation and decision formation in robots when interacting with a human being. The control architecture is inspired by experimental findings about the neuro-cognitive mechanisms supporting joint action in humans. It is formalized by a coupled system of dynamic neural fields representing a distributed network of local but connected neural populations. Nicolas Stergiou offers a review about how to analyze the variability of human movement by means of nonlinear approaches, with a focus on the identification of movement dysfunctions. A specific nonlinear approach – the 1/f noise – is discussed extensively by Ana Diniz and coauthors. Besides a definition of the 1/f noise, its connection to a system’s complexity, and suggestions for its emergence from localized sources are also provided. A more practical approach to the understanding of human movement is introduced by the review of John Rothwell. His review describes a specific transmagnetic stimulation approach allowing for investigation of time-related changes in functional connectivity between primary cortex and other areas, in preparation for a forthcoming movement. Herbert Heuer presents a review of a series of experiments addressing the implicit/ explicit nature of the adjustments to visuo-motor tasks. The results indicated that older adults show impaired explicit adjustments to novel visuo-motor tasks. Implicit adjustments, on the other hand, were not affected by aging, suggesting that the two types of adjustments are functionally independent. Different sports were used as task vehicles to demonstrate characteristics of the relationship between perception and action. Cathy Craig and colleagues used virtual reality to clarify how information guides the action of intercepting curved free kicks in soccer. Also exploring virtual reality, Gareth Watson and colleagues explored the perceptual judgment of the passability affordance of a gap between two approaching defenders in rugby; they concluded that a tau-based informational quantity could explain their data. Nicholas Smeeton and Raoul Huys studied the anticipation of tennis shot direction. They found evidence supporting that the movement’s dynamics, but not its amplitude, informs about future tennis-shot directions. Daniel Janssen and colleagues developed support vector machines and self-organizing maps to classify different levels of fatigue in gait patterns. Rita Cordovil and João Barreiros examined the adoption of egocentric and allocentric frameworks in the perception of other people’s reachability. They found evidence for an allocentric and for an egocentric framework when evaluating other people’s affordances. Prospective information for pass decisional behavior in Rugby Union was discussed by Vanda Correia and collaborators, concluding that time-to-contact between attacker and defender may provide information about future pass possibilities. The improvement of underwater undulatory movements, taking into account the singularities of human morphology, was questioned by Stefan Hochstein and Reinhard Blickhan. The authors used time-resolved particle image velocimetry techniques, and proposed that vortex re-capturing can be used to enhance underwater propulsion. The guest-editors wish to thank all reviewers who have contributed to this special issue: Bruce Abernethy, Polemnia Amazeen, Ramesh Balasubramaniam, Benoit Bardy, Maarten Bobbert, Till Bockemühl, Rouwen Canal-Bruland, Massimo Cincotta, Cathy Craig, Andreas Daffertshofer, Harjo de Poel, Joost Dessing, Matt Dicks, Jonathan B. Dingwell, Caroline Doorenbosch, Marcos Duarte, Virgilio Ferruccio Ferrario, Till Daniel Frank, Ian Michael Franks, Carl Gabbard, Norbert Hagemann, Herbert Heuer,
Editorial / Human Movement Science 30 (2011) 831–833
833
Raoul Huys, Scott Kelso, Martijn Muller, Guillaume Nicolas, Karl Newell, John Nyland, Markus Raab, Elliot Lee Saltzman, Ross Sanders, Geert Savelsbergh, Thomas Schack, Alfred Schouten, David Sherwood, Nick Stergiou, John Stins, Thomas Stoffregen, Richard van Emmerik, Jeffrey Wag-man, Heiko Wagner, Janie Astephen Wilson, Frank Zaal. João Barreiros Duarte Araújo Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Human Movement Science
Editorial
Preface for Special Issue: EWOMS 2009
The European Workshop on Movement Science is a forum for debate that brings together scientists from many scientific fields, developing a multidisciplinary approach to movement science. Previous workshops took place in Münster, in 2003, Vienna in 2005, and Amsterdam in 2007. The Faculty of Human Movement Science from the Technical University of Lisbon accepted the challenge to organize this event during the summer of 2009. In an attempt to cover a broad spectrum of scientific interests, and to enhance the multidisciplinary approach to movement science, the organizing committee of the workshop invited six keynote speakers: John Rothwell, from the University College of London (Probing patterns of connectivity and ‘‘hidden states’’ of the motor system before and during movement), Nick Stergiou, from the University of Nebraska (Movement variability and the use of nonlinear tools: Principles to guide research in human movement), Herbert Heuer, from the University of Dortmund (Implicit and explicit adjustments to visuo-motor transformations and their age-related changes), Estela Bicho, from the University of Minho (A dynamic neural architecture for flexible and fluent human–robot interaction), Richard Schmidt, from the College of the Holy Cross (Understanding social motor coordination), and Marcos Duarte, form the University of São Paulo (Posture control in Humans: Theories, modeling and quantification). The contribution of virtual reality to a better understanding of motor control in sport was the central theme of a symposium coordinated by Cathy Craig (Queen’s University of Belfast). The presentations included a comprehensive description of new technologies, and its application to the behavior of handball goalkeepers and rugby players, offering good examples of methodological innovation. Cathy Craig also accepted to coordinate a symposium devoted to the function of sensory information in movement guidance. Different topics were debated in this symposium: optic variables and the decision about action, online alterations during locomotion, synchronization in rhythmic tasks, and, finally, the interesting inter-dependence between cerebellum and parietal cortex that relies on perceptual information available during movement. A third symposium – Re-assessing classical motor control theories through serial correlation analysis – was coordinated by Didier Delignières (University of Montpellier): the biological interpretation of long memory in tapping tasks, the 1/f scaling in aiming tasks, the oscillation of forearm in synchrony with a metronome and in self-paced conditions. A fourth symposium, coordinated by Jan Cabri (Technical University of Lisbon), was devoted to physiotherapy and rehabilitation, emphasizing experimental and methodological issues: EMG applications in hydrotherapy, 3D arthrokinematics of the shoulder, and neural mechanisms underlying muscle deconditioning. Finally, the fifth symposium, organized by Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn (University of Mainz), focused on the effects of stochastic perturbations in motor learning. Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn invited researchers and experts from the world of music, and presented some approaches to classical flute and piano based on the differential learning proposal. Other presentations in this symposium were 0167-9457/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2011.08.001
832
Editorial / Human Movement Science 30 (2011) 831–833
dedicated to technique training in hockey, and to handwriting in primary school children. Karl Newell closed the workshop by discussing the different theoretical approaches for inducing variability during learning. As in previous editions, Human Movement Science joined this initiative offering a special issue devoted to EWOMS. Participants in EWOMS’09 were invited to participate in the special issue, and João Barreiros, Duarte Araújo and Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn acted as guest editors for the special issue. Almost 40% of the submissions were accepted for publication. Peter Beek’s input was crucial, and the guest editors wish to thank him for his support and permanent advice. This was a very time consuming process that implied forty three reviewers that generously contributed with their expertise and constructive feedback. The output is a set of thirteen papers, covering different aspects of human movement science, and reflecting the diversity of perspectives that characterized EWOMS’09. Richard Schmidt and colleagues presented an important overview of how movements can influence social coordination, referred to as joint action. Their review emphasized the emergence of dynamic patterns, such as synchronization, and the nature of the behavioral order supporting joint action. Also addressing joint action, Estela Bicho and colleagues described a model action preparation and decision formation in robots when interacting with a human being. The control architecture is inspired by experimental findings about the neuro-cognitive mechanisms supporting joint action in humans. It is formalized by a coupled system of dynamic neural fields representing a distributed network of local but connected neural populations. Nicolas Stergiou offers a review about how to analyze the variability of human movement by means of nonlinear approaches, with a focus on the identification of movement dysfunctions. A specific nonlinear approach – the 1/f noise – is discussed extensively by Ana Diniz and coauthors. Besides a definition of the 1/f noise, its connection to a system’s complexity, and suggestions for its emergence from localized sources are also provided. A more practical approach to the understanding of human movement is introduced by the review of John Rothwell. His review describes a specific transmagnetic stimulation approach allowing for investigation of time-related changes in functional connectivity between primary cortex and other areas, in preparation for a forthcoming movement. Herbert Heuer presents a review of a series of experiments addressing the implicit/ explicit nature of the adjustments to visuo-motor tasks. The results indicated that older adults show impaired explicit adjustments to novel visuo-motor tasks. Implicit adjustments, on the other hand, were not affected by aging, suggesting that the two types of adjustments are functionally independent. Different sports were used as task vehicles to demonstrate characteristics of the relationship between perception and action. Cathy Craig and colleagues used virtual reality to clarify how information guides the action of intercepting curved free kicks in soccer. Also exploring virtual reality, Gareth Watson and colleagues explored the perceptual judgment of the passability affordance of a gap between two approaching defenders in rugby; they concluded that a tau-based informational quantity could explain their data. Nicholas Smeeton and Raoul Huys studied the anticipation of tennis shot direction. They found evidence supporting that the movement’s dynamics, but not its amplitude, informs about future tennis-shot directions. Daniel Janssen and colleagues developed support vector machines and self-organizing maps to classify different levels of fatigue in gait patterns. Rita Cordovil and João Barreiros examined the adoption of egocentric and allocentric frameworks in the perception of other people’s reachability. They found evidence for an allocentric and for an egocentric framework when evaluating other people’s affordances. Prospective information for pass decisional behavior in Rugby Union was discussed by Vanda Correia and collaborators, concluding that time-to-contact between attacker and defender may provide information about future pass possibilities. The improvement of underwater undulatory movements, taking into account the singularities of human morphology, was questioned by Stefan Hochstein and Reinhard Blickhan. The authors used time-resolved particle image velocimetry techniques, and proposed that vortex re-capturing can be used to enhance underwater propulsion. The guest-editors wish to thank all reviewers who have contributed to this special issue: Bruce Abernethy, Polemnia Amazeen, Ramesh Balasubramaniam, Benoit Bardy, Maarten Bobbert, Till Bockemühl, Rouwen Canal-Bruland, Massimo Cincotta, Cathy Craig, Andreas Daffertshofer, Harjo de Poel, Joost Dessing, Matt Dicks, Jonathan B. Dingwell, Caroline Doorenbosch, Marcos Duarte, Virgilio Ferruccio Ferrario, Till Daniel Frank, Ian Michael Franks, Carl Gabbard, Norbert Hagemann, Herbert Heuer,
Editorial / Human Movement Science 30 (2011) 831–833
833
Raoul Huys, Scott Kelso, Martijn Muller, Guillaume Nicolas, Karl Newell, John Nyland, Markus Raab, Elliot Lee Saltzman, Ross Sanders, Geert Savelsbergh, Thomas Schack, Alfred Schouten, David Sherwood, Nick Stergiou, John Stins, Thomas Stoffregen, Richard van Emmerik, Jeffrey Wag-man, Heiko Wagner, Janie Astephen Wilson, Frank Zaal. João Barreiros Duarte Araújo Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn