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Process for dying and printing velvets
Process for
Bying
and Prinh’ng
Velvets.
309
test! but if we wish to know the measure of any particular imperfectron, we resort to a good straight-edge, the application of wvbch; to a”y part we choose to try, gives us, with the utmost precision, the mformation we are seeking. If the surface tried be perfectly true, no light will pass between it and the straight-edge; but if an hollow be present, the breadth and depth of the line of light whit i appears, betrays its extent. Let us now suppose that one surface of the block will bear examining in the dill’erent ways above-mentioned; it will then coincide with the table SO exactly, that when laid upon it, the fiuest hair could not be drawn out, or even moved, at whatever, part between the two planes a portion of it were placed. Notwithstandi this, the surface, though very smooth, has not been nicely polishe7 ; the @ishin WC leave, if not to the last, at least till the opposite side of the b7 ock is equally advanced. The four sides are, likewise, to be similarly worked, calling in the square and callipers to rectify them from time to time; but as it i8 evident that there is less trouble in cff’ecting thcsc than the broader surfaces, so we do not think it needful to dwell thereon. If them be those who are more attentive to authority than reason, and who inquire b - whom a process is used, rather than what is its merit, WCassure ti em that the method of filing flat surfaces here ointed out, is adopted in the far-famed manufactory of Boulton and Rr att, at the 80110, near Birmingham.
Procese for Ilying
and Yrinling Vclvcls. Cologne.
By MR.
SCH~E,
of
WHEN velvet is to be manufactured, with a view to its being afterwards printed, it is necessary, in the first place, to bleach the silk intended to be employed in the manufacture, by boiling it in water in which white Marseilles soap has been’dissolved. The velvet is, afterwards, made by the common methods, and is again boiled in the same manner, that no impurity may remain. When the velvet is quite dry, it IS extended on tables, and the pile is laid by a simple cylinder; and in this state it is ready to receive the impression which is made in the following manner:Whether WC wish to give the velvet a uniform colour, or whether we prefer printin, m it with any sort of pattern, we begin by ap lying to it plates or patterns filled with a mordant and lined with Pelt, In order that the colour of the mordant may penetratd This mordant is composed of a solution of 66 Ibs. avoirdupois of Roman alum, in 30 Imperial gallons, nearly, of water, and to which are added 15.44 Ibs. of acetate of lead, 4.4 Ibs. of sal ammoniac, 2.2 Ibs. of ground chalk, the same quantity of acetate of copper, 30.5 cubic Inches of aaturated solution of tin, and 1.1 lb. of arsenic detonized with salt etre. After Raving suffered this composition to rest for forty-eight hours,
310
process for Dying
and Printing
Velve:s,
starch js mixed bvjthit in the ratio of 19X):5 grains, to 61 cubic necessary for inches, for the purpose of giving the consistency priotiog. The velvet on w]lich tllis morrlant has been applied, is set to dry. It is afterwards f,,eerl from this same mordant, by being heated with wheat bran to tllc temperature of 104” Fahreohcit, and then it is washed in running water: no more is IIOW requisite but to make it take the colours intended to be given to it. if it be desired, for esaruple, to dye it red, Ma& or yellow, the parts intended to be red havin, m already taken the above mordant, we print the sma]] black pattern with another mordant, wh5ch is no_ thing but common strlntion of iron; and then the velvet is put into another liquor composed in the follonin~ mariner:‘rake 4.4 l\ls. of Zealand madder, and 6.6 ]bs. of wheat bran for every 2.9 lb. of velvet; make tllis mixture WPI~ in a cnppcr, introduce the windlass
velvet, and pass it forlvard and backlvard by means ofthe over the boiler, till the d~r becomes dark; rinse it, and
wash it in a stream of water, then ]XM it tboug!l it liquor composed .of wheat bran and soap, and linish by washing 111pure water to expel every impurity. This madder liquor serves to give the necessary lush to the red and black coluurs. It does not act on the parts intended to be yeIlow., which, tlurough the whole operation remain white, because not having taken any mordant, they could not acquire any colour. To make these parts yellow afterward, take ~360 grains of turmeric for every 2.2 Ibs. of velvet, boil it in water, and immerse the velvet in the liquor till it becomes as yellow as required. Afterwards wash it in pure water, and after having passed it through a warm liquor of oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid,) wash it once more in water. The turmeric liquor does not act on the black and red colo;rs, which are previously print4 on the velvet. To give velvet other coiours than the above, it is necessary to add some other ingredients to the mordant. To obtain a brown colour, add to the mordant one-quarter, haIF, or three-quarters of solution of iron, accordiog to the lighter or darker shade desired. For blue, to each 61 cubic inches of the mordant, add a quarter OF that quantity of water, antI 448 grains of blue vitriol (sulpbate of copper,) dissolved in vinegar: the dying is finished with Brazil wood. Crimson is obtained by addin g to every 61 cubic inches of the mordant, 465 grains of solution ‘of tin, and we finish by Ilying the velvet with Fernambuca (Brazil) wood, or with cochinesl. Whatever the colour may be, the above process must be followed, observing only that soap must not be employed when woods are used in the dying. If it be wished to have more than three colours on the velvet, the accessory cohurs must be applied with the pencil, after the velvet has received the three principal co]ours.
Method of Mwming
and Ventilating
Houses, J-c. 31 I
Before the velvet gets dry, it is extended on gum-frames+ and strongly heated from below, by a charcoal fire, and the pile is raised by [Ja;sing 9 brush over it rapidly. If it be desired to give the velvet a certain depRree of stiffness, it will be suffcicnt to rub the wrong side with a nrlxture composed of linseed, fish-glue, and brandy.
On lh
bed method of IFimninp ngrl lYrr!iltrIing IZi>ltstt and other Uuiltlings. L?J ML C!rr.tnLr:s SyLv15srut.
[From the QuPrtcrly Journnl of Scicncc,Liternturc,
md
tlic Arts.]
THE action of the SIIII’L IX-,-S on 1111:SIII~~~CC of the earth, and the consrquent accumul;tticbn rlt’ irl13ilJlc Iir;lt. is a muit instructive lesson for tlic br+t mcdc of :~p;ilyiri, fr ;lrlilici;ll hc;tt fur wnrlning builrlfrom those ings; aiitl our best idcns 01 vc*lltil:ition arc tlrrivrtl mechanical chnngcs in tllc nl~no~plicrc, ocr;15iorlrtl by 1l1e rarcfxtion of llie air, [roni the llrnt it ;iqIiircs in clnll:rc~t with tile earth’s surLice. If the cart11 were perlcctly tl~illlSp:ll’ellt,or hiid X surface cnpablc of perfect reflection, it wuultl nut be nt all hrated by the suppn,Grq it to esist under such sun’s rays; and 0111’ atmosphere, would be destitute of those chaqcs which are daily circumstances, If the substance of the evinced in nn inlinite variety of currcuts. earth were a nlucli better clliitluct~lr of lleilt, we slloultl experience The summer heat less cxtremcs 1lf hcnt and cold upim its SUl’lilCl:. would be more rapitl!y ;ibsorbed by the car& and the rigour of winter woultl be much cllminished by the Ilent dcrivetl from the earth in The nalure of soils, as rq+s their conducting the sun’s ubsence. po~ver, has, rloubtlcss, a great influence in limiting the cxtrcmcs of The heat produced on any part temperature in winter and summer. of the cdl’s surf&e, will bc the greatest where the ray; of the sun are vertical, and the surfilcc of such a nature as to receive the rays with the greatest tilcility, its substrntum bring at the same time the The uir immerliatcly in contact with this worst cooiluctor of heat. surface, becon~s heated, and spccilically lightrr than its superstmturn. ‘I’llis causes, in the first instance, two simultaneous currents; one perpendicularly i~pwds, and the oLhcr, a lateral one frrrm all the surrountlitlg p;lrtr to\vards the centre of the heated surface. After the nscenclirlg current has attained a certain altitude, it proa lateral direction, ressively assumes an oblique, and, ultimately, By this beauEut in an inverse order to that of the lower stratum. tiful provision of natural economy, the heated air of the torrid ZOlle, and the chillin.~currents from the polar regions, mutually coritribilte to the prevention of those extremes of heat nnrl cdtl, \I liicli would otherwIse he fatal to every class of animated beings. To form some idea of the eflect which would result from a vertical sun upon a good reflecting surf&e, such as a black soil, unattended by the currents of air above alluded to, we have only to
Bying
and Prinh’ng
Velvets.
309
test! but if we wish to know the measure of any particular imperfectron, we resort to a good straight-edge, the application of wvbch; to a”y part we choose to try, gives us, with the utmost precision, the mformation we are seeking. If the surface tried be perfectly true, no light will pass between it and the straight-edge; but if an hollow be present, the breadth and depth of the line of light whit i appears, betrays its extent. Let us now suppose that one surface of the block will bear examining in the dill’erent ways above-mentioned; it will then coincide with the table SO exactly, that when laid upon it, the fiuest hair could not be drawn out, or even moved, at whatever, part between the two planes a portion of it were placed. Notwithstandi this, the surface, though very smooth, has not been nicely polishe7 ; the @ishin WC leave, if not to the last, at least till the opposite side of the b7 ock is equally advanced. The four sides are, likewise, to be similarly worked, calling in the square and callipers to rectify them from time to time; but as it i8 evident that there is less trouble in cff’ecting thcsc than the broader surfaces, so we do not think it needful to dwell thereon. If them be those who are more attentive to authority than reason, and who inquire b - whom a process is used, rather than what is its merit, WCassure ti em that the method of filing flat surfaces here ointed out, is adopted in the far-famed manufactory of Boulton and Rr att, at the 80110, near Birmingham.
Procese for Ilying
and Yrinling Vclvcls. Cologne.
By MR.
SCH~E,
of
WHEN velvet is to be manufactured, with a view to its being afterwards printed, it is necessary, in the first place, to bleach the silk intended to be employed in the manufacture, by boiling it in water in which white Marseilles soap has been’dissolved. The velvet is, afterwards, made by the common methods, and is again boiled in the same manner, that no impurity may remain. When the velvet is quite dry, it IS extended on tables, and the pile is laid by a simple cylinder; and in this state it is ready to receive the impression which is made in the following manner:Whether WC wish to give the velvet a uniform colour, or whether we prefer printin, m it with any sort of pattern, we begin by ap lying to it plates or patterns filled with a mordant and lined with Pelt, In order that the colour of the mordant may penetratd This mordant is composed of a solution of 66 Ibs. avoirdupois of Roman alum, in 30 Imperial gallons, nearly, of water, and to which are added 15.44 Ibs. of acetate of lead, 4.4 Ibs. of sal ammoniac, 2.2 Ibs. of ground chalk, the same quantity of acetate of copper, 30.5 cubic Inches of aaturated solution of tin, and 1.1 lb. of arsenic detonized with salt etre. After Raving suffered this composition to rest for forty-eight hours,
310
process for Dying
and Printing
Velve:s,
starch js mixed bvjthit in the ratio of 19X):5 grains, to 61 cubic necessary for inches, for the purpose of giving the consistency priotiog. The velvet on w]lich tllis morrlant has been applied, is set to dry. It is afterwards f,,eerl from this same mordant, by being heated with wheat bran to tllc temperature of 104” Fahreohcit, and then it is washed in running water: no more is IIOW requisite but to make it take the colours intended to be given to it. if it be desired, for esaruple, to dye it red, Ma& or yellow, the parts intended to be red havin, m already taken the above mordant, we print the sma]] black pattern with another mordant, wh5ch is no_ thing but common strlntion of iron; and then the velvet is put into another liquor composed in the follonin~ mariner:‘rake 4.4 l\ls. of Zealand madder, and 6.6 ]bs. of wheat bran for every 2.9 lb. of velvet; make tllis mixture WPI~ in a cnppcr, introduce the windlass
velvet, and pass it forlvard and backlvard by means ofthe over the boiler, till the d~r becomes dark; rinse it, and
wash it in a stream of water, then ]XM it tboug!l it liquor composed .of wheat bran and soap, and linish by washing 111pure water to expel every impurity. This madder liquor serves to give the necessary lush to the red and black coluurs. It does not act on the parts intended to be yeIlow., which, tlurough the whole operation remain white, because not having taken any mordant, they could not acquire any colour. To make these parts yellow afterward, take ~360 grains of turmeric for every 2.2 Ibs. of velvet, boil it in water, and immerse the velvet in the liquor till it becomes as yellow as required. Afterwards wash it in pure water, and after having passed it through a warm liquor of oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid,) wash it once more in water. The turmeric liquor does not act on the black and red colo;rs, which are previously print4 on the velvet. To give velvet other coiours than the above, it is necessary to add some other ingredients to the mordant. To obtain a brown colour, add to the mordant one-quarter, haIF, or three-quarters of solution of iron, accordiog to the lighter or darker shade desired. For blue, to each 61 cubic inches of the mordant, add a quarter OF that quantity of water, antI 448 grains of blue vitriol (sulpbate of copper,) dissolved in vinegar: the dying is finished with Brazil wood. Crimson is obtained by addin g to every 61 cubic inches of the mordant, 465 grains of solution ‘of tin, and we finish by Ilying the velvet with Fernambuca (Brazil) wood, or with cochinesl. Whatever the colour may be, the above process must be followed, observing only that soap must not be employed when woods are used in the dying. If it be wished to have more than three colours on the velvet, the accessory cohurs must be applied with the pencil, after the velvet has received the three principal co]ours.
Method of Mwming
and Ventilating
Houses, J-c. 31 I
Before the velvet gets dry, it is extended on gum-frames+ and strongly heated from below, by a charcoal fire, and the pile is raised by [Ja;sing 9 brush over it rapidly. If it be desired to give the velvet a certain depRree of stiffness, it will be suffcicnt to rub the wrong side with a nrlxture composed of linseed, fish-glue, and brandy.
On lh
bed method of IFimninp ngrl lYrr!iltrIing IZi>ltstt and other Uuiltlings. L?J ML C!rr.tnLr:s SyLv15srut.
[From the QuPrtcrly Journnl of Scicncc,Liternturc,
md
tlic Arts.]
THE action of the SIIII’L IX-,-S on 1111:SIII~~~CC of the earth, and the consrquent accumul;tticbn rlt’ irl13ilJlc Iir;lt. is a muit instructive lesson for tlic br+t mcdc of :~p;ilyiri, fr ;lrlilici;ll hc;tt fur wnrlning builrlfrom those ings; aiitl our best idcns 01 vc*lltil:ition arc tlrrivrtl mechanical chnngcs in tllc nl~no~plicrc, ocr;15iorlrtl by 1l1e rarcfxtion of llie air, [roni the llrnt it ;iqIiircs in clnll:rc~t with tile earth’s surLice. If the cart11 were perlcctly tl~illlSp:ll’ellt,or hiid X surface cnpablc of perfect reflection, it wuultl nut be nt all hrated by the suppn,Grq it to esist under such sun’s rays; and 0111’ atmosphere, would be destitute of those chaqcs which are daily circumstances, If the substance of the evinced in nn inlinite variety of currcuts. earth were a nlucli better clliitluct~lr of lleilt, we slloultl experience The summer heat less cxtremcs 1lf hcnt and cold upim its SUl’lilCl:. would be more rapitl!y ;ibsorbed by the car& and the rigour of winter woultl be much cllminished by the Ilent dcrivetl from the earth in The nalure of soils, as rq+s their conducting the sun’s ubsence. po~ver, has, rloubtlcss, a great influence in limiting the cxtrcmcs of The heat produced on any part temperature in winter and summer. of the cdl’s surf&e, will bc the greatest where the ray; of the sun are vertical, and the surfilcc of such a nature as to receive the rays with the greatest tilcility, its substrntum bring at the same time the The uir immerliatcly in contact with this worst cooiluctor of heat. surface, becon~s heated, and spccilically lightrr than its superstmturn. ‘I’llis causes, in the first instance, two simultaneous currents; one perpendicularly i~pwds, and the oLhcr, a lateral one frrrm all the surrountlitlg p;lrtr to\vards the centre of the heated surface. After the nscenclirlg current has attained a certain altitude, it proa lateral direction, ressively assumes an oblique, and, ultimately, By this beauEut in an inverse order to that of the lower stratum. tiful provision of natural economy, the heated air of the torrid ZOlle, and the chillin.~currents from the polar regions, mutually coritribilte to the prevention of those extremes of heat nnrl cdtl, \I liicli would otherwIse he fatal to every class of animated beings. To form some idea of the eflect which would result from a vertical sun upon a good reflecting surf&e, such as a black soil, unattended by the currents of air above alluded to, we have only to