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Production of pig iron in 1905
68
£Votes a n d C o m m e n t s .
[J. F. I.,
nition is given in the same paper. It is even found that the same writer employs it differently in different publications. The p r e d o m i n a n t scientific usage of the t e r m is for all wells in which the water rises; in other words, for those exhibiting the hydrostatic or artesian principle. In popular p,ractice it is applied, in addition to the uses previously mentioned, to deep wells in general, especially t h o s e in rock, and to a certain e x t e n t to any drilled wells yielding water of g o o d sanitary quality. After discussing the a r g u m e n t s for theset various uses, Mr. Fuller gives the following definitions which were agreed on by the m e m b e r s of the Division of H y d r o l o g y of the Survey as the m o s t expedient at the present time. Artesian principle.---The artesian principle, which may be considered as identical with what is often k n o w n as the hydrostatic principle, is defined as the :principle in virtue of which water confined in the earth's crust tends to rise to the level of the water surface at the highest p o i n t . f r o m which p r e s s u r e is transmitted. Gas as an agent in causing the water to rise is exp,ressly excluded from the definition. Artesian pressure.--Artesian pressure is defined as the pressure exhibited by water confined in the earth's crust at a level lower than its static head. Artesian water.--Artesian water is defined as that p o r t i o n of the underg r o u n d water which is under artesian pressure and will rise if encountered by the well or other passage affording "an outlet. Artesmn system.--An artesian system is any c o m b i n a t i o n of geologic structures, such as basins, planes, joints, faults, etc., in which waters are confined under artesian pressure. Artesian basin.--An artesian basin is defined as a basin of porous bedded rock in which, as a result of the synclinal structure the water is confined under artesian pressure. Artesian slope. An artesian slope is defined as a monoclinal slope of b e d d e d rocks in which water is confined beneath relatively impervious covers owing to the obstruction of its downward passage by the pinching out of the porous beds, by their change from a pervious to an impervious character, by internal friction, or by dikes or o t h e r obstructions. Artesian area.--An artesian area is an area underlain by water under artesian pressure. Artesian welL--An artesian well is any well in which the water rises under artesian pressure when encountered. PRODUCTION
O F P I G I R O N I N 19o5.
T w e n t y States in, the U n i o n produced pig iron in 19o5 . The total production of pig iron in 19o5 was 22,992,38o long tons. This is an increase in quantity of 6,495,347 long tons, or over 39 per cent. over the production of 19o4. I t is an increase in value from $233,025,0o0 to $382,45o, ooo, amounting to $I49,425,ooo, or 64.12 per cent. The average price per long ton of pig iron increased from $14.13 in 19o4 to $16.63 in 19o5.
£Votes a n d C o m m e n t s .
[J. F. I.,
nition is given in the same paper. It is even found that the same writer employs it differently in different publications. The p r e d o m i n a n t scientific usage of the t e r m is for all wells in which the water rises; in other words, for those exhibiting the hydrostatic or artesian principle. In popular p,ractice it is applied, in addition to the uses previously mentioned, to deep wells in general, especially t h o s e in rock, and to a certain e x t e n t to any drilled wells yielding water of g o o d sanitary quality. After discussing the a r g u m e n t s for theset various uses, Mr. Fuller gives the following definitions which were agreed on by the m e m b e r s of the Division of H y d r o l o g y of the Survey as the m o s t expedient at the present time. Artesian principle.---The artesian principle, which may be considered as identical with what is often k n o w n as the hydrostatic principle, is defined as the :principle in virtue of which water confined in the earth's crust tends to rise to the level of the water surface at the highest p o i n t . f r o m which p r e s s u r e is transmitted. Gas as an agent in causing the water to rise is exp,ressly excluded from the definition. Artesian pressure.--Artesian pressure is defined as the pressure exhibited by water confined in the earth's crust at a level lower than its static head. Artesian water.--Artesian water is defined as that p o r t i o n of the underg r o u n d water which is under artesian pressure and will rise if encountered by the well or other passage affording "an outlet. Artesmn system.--An artesian system is any c o m b i n a t i o n of geologic structures, such as basins, planes, joints, faults, etc., in which waters are confined under artesian pressure. Artesian basin.--An artesian basin is defined as a basin of porous bedded rock in which, as a result of the synclinal structure the water is confined under artesian pressure. Artesian slope. An artesian slope is defined as a monoclinal slope of b e d d e d rocks in which water is confined beneath relatively impervious covers owing to the obstruction of its downward passage by the pinching out of the porous beds, by their change from a pervious to an impervious character, by internal friction, or by dikes or o t h e r obstructions. Artesian area.--An artesian area is an area underlain by water under artesian pressure. Artesian welL--An artesian well is any well in which the water rises under artesian pressure when encountered. PRODUCTION
O F P I G I R O N I N 19o5.
T w e n t y States in, the U n i o n produced pig iron in 19o5 . The total production of pig iron in 19o5 was 22,992,38o long tons. This is an increase in quantity of 6,495,347 long tons, or over 39 per cent. over the production of 19o4. I t is an increase in value from $233,025,0o0 to $382,45o, ooo, amounting to $I49,425,ooo, or 64.12 per cent. The average price per long ton of pig iron increased from $14.13 in 19o4 to $16.63 in 19o5.