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Vanadium in pig iron
I98
CURRENT TOPICS.
of manganese, up to 1.49 per cent., and of tin, up to 1.46 per cent., on the tenacity, hardness, electrical conductivity, and density of copper in various conditions, depending upon the mechanical and thermal treatments to which the alloys were subjected, the following conclusions were reached: All three elements increase the tenacity and hardness, but decrease the elongation, electrical conductivity, and specific gravity. Annealing affects all the alloys in the same way. Tenacity and hardness are diminished, the elongation is increased, while the density and conductivity are barely affected. This paper is illustrated by 16 photomicrographs, showing the effects of annealing on the structure of the alloys. Detection of Carbon Monoxide in Air. R. NOWlCKI. (Elektrochem. Zeitschr., xix, 3 5 . ) - - A pocket apparatus for detecting carbon monoxide is made by C. Glatzel, M~hrisch Ostrau, Austria. It consists of a U tube, fitted with two stop-cocks, and held in a wider glass tube. By alternately compressing and relaxing a rubber ball the glass tube is charged with the air to be examined. If the air contains carbon monoxide, a strip of paper moistened with palladious chloride turns brown; and if the content of carbon monoxide is more than o.I per cent., this occurs within one minute. V a n a d i u m in P i g Iron. P . W . SItlMER. (Trans. Amer. Inst. Miu. Eng., 1912 , 883.)--The iron ore mixtures smelted in the Lehigh Valley district contain varying amounts of New Jersey magnetite in which vanadium and titanium generally occur to the extent of 0.05 and 0.60 per cent. respectively. The pig iron produ.ced, which generally contains 0.02 to 0.o 5 per cent. of vanadium and o.Io to 0.20 of titanium, is fine grained and soft and possesses unusual strength. These qualities are ascribed to the vanadium, although probably titanium has a similar action. It was found that practically the whole of the vanadium and titanium contained in such pig iron is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, indicating that these elements are present in combined form, probably as carbides; even in a steel containing o.143 per cent. of vanadium, about one-half of it was found to be present in an unalloyed state. The beneficial effect of vanadium and titanium upon pig iron is probably due to the elimination of nitrogen and oxygen, and, furthermore, they modify the sgfucture of the metal by separating out first in finely-divided eondit{6rt (probably as carbides) during the solidification, and thus provide uniformly-distributed nuclei around which the iron rapidly crystallizes. Various iron ores from other districts were found to contain from 0.006 to 0.023 per cent. of v.anadinm, and it is stated that it sometimes occurs in limestone and i n the ash of coke. By remelting in a cupola, the vanadium content of a char,~e of cast iron was reduced from o.o313 to 0.027 per cent.
CURRENT TOPICS.
of manganese, up to 1.49 per cent., and of tin, up to 1.46 per cent., on the tenacity, hardness, electrical conductivity, and density of copper in various conditions, depending upon the mechanical and thermal treatments to which the alloys were subjected, the following conclusions were reached: All three elements increase the tenacity and hardness, but decrease the elongation, electrical conductivity, and specific gravity. Annealing affects all the alloys in the same way. Tenacity and hardness are diminished, the elongation is increased, while the density and conductivity are barely affected. This paper is illustrated by 16 photomicrographs, showing the effects of annealing on the structure of the alloys. Detection of Carbon Monoxide in Air. R. NOWlCKI. (Elektrochem. Zeitschr., xix, 3 5 . ) - - A pocket apparatus for detecting carbon monoxide is made by C. Glatzel, M~hrisch Ostrau, Austria. It consists of a U tube, fitted with two stop-cocks, and held in a wider glass tube. By alternately compressing and relaxing a rubber ball the glass tube is charged with the air to be examined. If the air contains carbon monoxide, a strip of paper moistened with palladious chloride turns brown; and if the content of carbon monoxide is more than o.I per cent., this occurs within one minute. V a n a d i u m in P i g Iron. P . W . SItlMER. (Trans. Amer. Inst. Miu. Eng., 1912 , 883.)--The iron ore mixtures smelted in the Lehigh Valley district contain varying amounts of New Jersey magnetite in which vanadium and titanium generally occur to the extent of 0.05 and 0.60 per cent. respectively. The pig iron produ.ced, which generally contains 0.02 to 0.o 5 per cent. of vanadium and o.Io to 0.20 of titanium, is fine grained and soft and possesses unusual strength. These qualities are ascribed to the vanadium, although probably titanium has a similar action. It was found that practically the whole of the vanadium and titanium contained in such pig iron is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, indicating that these elements are present in combined form, probably as carbides; even in a steel containing o.143 per cent. of vanadium, about one-half of it was found to be present in an unalloyed state. The beneficial effect of vanadium and titanium upon pig iron is probably due to the elimination of nitrogen and oxygen, and, furthermore, they modify the sgfucture of the metal by separating out first in finely-divided eondit{6rt (probably as carbides) during the solidification, and thus provide uniformly-distributed nuclei around which the iron rapidly crystallizes. Various iron ores from other districts were found to contain from 0.006 to 0.023 per cent. of v.anadinm, and it is stated that it sometimes occurs in limestone and i n the ash of coke. By remelting in a cupola, the vanadium content of a char,~e of cast iron was reduced from o.o313 to 0.027 per cent.