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Reinforcement of jute, net and epoxy composite
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Reinforcement of jute, net and epoxy composite M. Karthe ⇑, R. Manivel M. Kumarasamy College of Technology, Karur, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 24 May 2019 Accepted 28 June 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Replacement of asbestos Composite for roofing Jute Polyurethane
a b s t r a c t In this research is to make the sheet made of jute reinforced polyurethane which has the properties of non toxic with high tensile strength, stiffness and bending strength Ramesh et al. and Naga Prasad Naidu et al. [1,6] it will make the good replacement over the normal concrete asbestos. In previous research the normal concrete asbestos affects the humans with the diseases of lung cancer and mesothelioma. The mesothelioma is a cancer occurs and effects on the linings of lungs and abdomen Krug et al. [3]. The worst thing is that peoples are not aware about it. And also cannot simply ignore concrete asbestos because it has the advantage of very good thermal insulation Sanjeevamurthy [5] and cheaper cost to reduce the usage of asbestos with our project of replacing by jute reinforced polyurethane roofing. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
1. Introduction The heterogeneous mixture of two or more materials to obtain the high strength, wear resistance for the structural and dynamic applications [2] is called as composites. One constituent of the composite is called as the reinforcing phase and the other one in which the reinforcements are embedded is called the matrix phase. The reinforcements can be of the forms such as fiber, particle, or flake [7]. They may be continuous in the form or discontinuous in the form. The matrix phase materials are generally continuous. Examples of composite systems include concrete reinforced with steel and epoxy reinforced with graphite fibers. Natural fibers which we are going to use become more superior alternatives of other fibers as -reinforcements for polymeric composites due to their high flexural modulus [4] and which results in impact strength. In addition to this, natural fibers are eco friendly, biodegradable, more available, renewable with low density and cheap [15]. 1.1. Polymer matrix composites (PMC) Polymers can be work as usual materials as they are processed easily, possess low weight, and also desirable mechanical properties. It also follows that high temperature resins are widely used ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M. Karthe), [email protected]. in (R. Manivel).
in aeronautical applications. Two main types of polymers are thermoset and thermoplastics. Thermoset polymers have very good qualities such as a good-bonded three-dimensional molecular structure after process [9]. They usually will decompose instead of melting on hardening. Merely changing its composition of the resin is good enough to change the conditions to make more suitably for curing and determine the other characteristics. Polymers can also be retained in a partially cured condition too over very prolonged periods of time, rendering Thermoset too very flexible. Thus, polymers are most essential materials for advanced conditions fiber reinforced composites [10]. 2. Identification of problems 2.1. General The major cons of using asbestos material is that it can cause seriously hazardous to health. Asbestos contains of invisible small particles which when released in the atmosphere can cause diseases if it is inhaled for a continuous period of time. Because of this major cons new materials are being manufactured for the replacement of the asbestos. 2.2. Health concerns The asbestos cement should not allow asbestos fibers to mix with air as it can occur several health issues with careless construction methods and without much proper maintenance. And
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.766 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
Please cite this article as: M. Karthe and R. Manivel, Reinforcement of jute, net and epoxy composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.766
2
M. Karthe, R. Manivel / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
most importantly long-term exposure to asbestos micro particles is linked to causing lung cancer and mesothelioma. Since the Asbestos fibers are microscopic, someone may not even be aware the fibers are in the air. Any asbestos cement showing signs of wear needs immediate attention. Any individual who considers or knows they were presented to asbestos eventually in time ought to promptly tell their essential think specialist about their introduction history. This will guarantee mesothelioma and different asbestos- related maladies are not precluded as the reason for the indications. Like some other items, asbestos can be unsafe without watching legitimate precautionary measures. In the event that there is indiscreet development technique concerning asbestos, the asbestos filaments can be held up into the air. In spite of the fact that it may appear that there’s nothing unique about it, asbestos strands represent an extraordinary hazard to one’s well being. The individuals who are straightforwardly presented to asbestos like development laborers and woodworkers, can be beset with lung disease and mesothelioma. Mesothelioma is characterized as an uncommon growth that influences the linings of the lungs or belly. Because of its well being dangers, certain asbestos items are prohibited in the United States [14].
Table 1 Tensile test. Load (kN)
Displacement (mm) Sample 1
Displacement (mm) Sample 2
0.100 0.900 2.200 3.800 4.800 4.900 1.400
0.70 2.10 3.50 4.90 5.60 5.80 7.00
0.71 2.09 3.52 4.90 5.56 5.77 6.98
Fig. 1. tensile strength vs jute fiber weight percentage.
2.3. High repair costs While the solidness is great, in the long run even asbestos bond must be repaired or supplanted [12]. While certainly feasible, awesome care and exceptional hardware is expected to chip away at asbestos-containing materials to keep the filaments from discharging. For instance, asbestos materials ought to stay wet or evacuated in place. Laborers should utilize veils or other breathing channels while working. Thusly, the reserve funds on asbestos concrete at development could undoubtedly progress toward becoming refuted not far off from repair and substitution costs.
3. Preparations Initially we have discussed about the materials that have been used in our day to day life and studied every material’s behavior nature. And we found that concrete asbestos produces cancer and mesothelioma. So we decided to produce an alternative to the normal concrete asbestos. And we have listed all the demerits of concrete asbestos like heavy weight, low stiffness properties. And we have a idea about using natural fibers. In natural fibers jute is the most affordable one and very cheaper one because of that we decided to use that. And in the selection process of polymer we studied lot of materials such as polypropylene, polyurethane and polyester etc. and finally we chose polyurethane. And for the bonding purpose general polymer resin was a very good option so we used it. And in order to speed up the reactions cobalt and catalyst are used. For avoiding sticky with die wax is used. Initially, polyurethane sheets of size 300 mm 200 mm 1 mm were prepared by dumping on hot water for 30 min and it is placed in a compression molding set up, which consists of a mould set. The woven Jute fabric and the polymer sheets were arranged one over the other in the mould. And the polymer sheets was kept between the woven Jute fabric. To prevent sticking of polymer sheets to the mould plates, 2 mm thickness Teflon sheets were used on the top and bottom. The melting temperature of Teflon sheet is too high as compared to the Polymer sheets. The entire assembly was pressed for 120 min. Finally removal of composite laminates takes places. The experimental composites were prepared by varying the weight percentage of the fiber reinforcement to 30, 40, and 50 percent. In order to prevent from sticking of jute in the die, wax is applied in
the Teflon sheets and in the die. If the wax is in the solid form the wax is preheated to cream and it is applied (Table 1). 4. Results and analysis 4.1. Tensile test The results states that when we add the jute above 35% of total weight the tensile strength of the composite material decreases. Thus we concluding that jute should not be added more than 35% of total weight (Fig. 1). 5. Conclusion Asbestos has got a property of high thermal insulation capacity which is greater than the thermal insulation capacity of composite materials. Asbestos roofing sheets can withstand up to high temperature of 400–500 °C approximately, which cause in reducing the strength of the sheet with respect to increase in temperature. But in composite material the thermal insulation capacity is lower but sufficient to withstand the atmospheric temperature. Since change is inevitable should also try to adapt to the changes. And main objective of our project is to stop the people affecting by the concrete asbestos and to make the revolution in this field making this essential replacement whenever required. It reduces the greatest disadvantages of concrete asbestos (being nontoxic). It has great scope in the field of roofing. And in future in thought of reducing the only drawback of our project is less thermal insulation. This is going to be achieved by using less thermal insulation resins (Epoxy, General polymer). It doesn’t have conditions such as should be used in wet conditions and hope this can make a revolution in this field. References [1] M. Ramesh et al., Mechanical property evaluation of sisal–jute–glass fiber reinforced Polyester composites, Composites B 48 (2013) 1–9. [2] Mohammad A. Torabizadeh, Tensile, compressive and shear properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites subjected to mechanical loading and low temperature services, Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci. 20 (2013). [3] D.J. Krug III et al., Transparent fiber glass reinforced composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 77 (2012) 95–100.
Please cite this article as: M. Karthe and R. Manivel, Reinforcement of jute, net and epoxy composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.766
M. Karthe, R. Manivel / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [4] Emanuel M. Fernandes, Vitor M. Correlo, Novel cork–polymer composites reinforced with short natural coconut fibres: effect of fibre loading and coupling agent addition, Compos. Sci. Technol. 78 (2012) 56–62. [5] C. Sanjeevamurthy, Sisal/coconut coir natural fibers – epoxy composites: water absorption and mechanical properties, Int. J. Eng. Innov. Technol. 2 (3) (2012). [6] V. Naga Prasad Naidu et al., Compressive & impact properties of sisal/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites, Composite (2011). [7] Silva Flavio de Andrade, Filho Romildo Dias Toledo, Filho Joao de Almeida Melo, Fairbairn Eduardo de Moraesrego, Physical and mechanical properties of durable sisal fiber–cement composites, Construct. Build. Mater. 24 (2010) 777–785. [9] U.S. Tewari, A.P. Harsha, A.M. Häger, Solid particle erosion of unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone composites, Wear 252 (2002) 992–1000. [10] K.V. Pool, C.K.H. Dharan, I. Finnie, Erosive wear of composite materials, Wear 107 (1986) 1–12. [12] H.A. Aglan, Chenock Jr., Erosion damage features of polyimide thermoset composites, SAMPEQ 24 (1993) 41–47.
3
[14] G. Hattotuwa, B. Premalal, H. Ismail, Comparison of the mechanical properties of rice huskpowder filled polypropylene composites with talc filled polypropylene composites, Polym. Test. 21 (2002) 833–839. [15] H. Ismail, J.M. Nizam, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, The effect of a compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and mass swell of white rice husk ash filled natural rubber/linear low density polyethylene blends, Polym. Test. 20 (2001) 125– 133.
Further reading [8] Jarukumjorn Kasama, Suppakarn Nitinat, Effect of glass fiber hybridization on properties of sisal fiber polypropylene composites, Composites Part B 40 (2009) 623–627. [11] S.M. Kulkarni, Kishore. Influence of matrix modification on the solid particle erosion of glass/epoxy composites, Polym. Polym. Compos. 9 (2001) 25–30. [13] W. Liu, Q. Qiu, J. Wang, Preparation and properties of one epoxy system bearing fluorene moieties, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 113 (2009) 1289–1297.
Please cite this article as: M. Karthe and R. Manivel, Reinforcement of jute, net and epoxy composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.766
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Reinforcement of jute, net and epoxy composite M. Karthe ⇑, R. Manivel M. Kumarasamy College of Technology, Karur, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 24 May 2019 Accepted 28 June 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Replacement of asbestos Composite for roofing Jute Polyurethane
a b s t r a c t In this research is to make the sheet made of jute reinforced polyurethane which has the properties of non toxic with high tensile strength, stiffness and bending strength Ramesh et al. and Naga Prasad Naidu et al. [1,6] it will make the good replacement over the normal concrete asbestos. In previous research the normal concrete asbestos affects the humans with the diseases of lung cancer and mesothelioma. The mesothelioma is a cancer occurs and effects on the linings of lungs and abdomen Krug et al. [3]. The worst thing is that peoples are not aware about it. And also cannot simply ignore concrete asbestos because it has the advantage of very good thermal insulation Sanjeevamurthy [5] and cheaper cost to reduce the usage of asbestos with our project of replacing by jute reinforced polyurethane roofing. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
1. Introduction The heterogeneous mixture of two or more materials to obtain the high strength, wear resistance for the structural and dynamic applications [2] is called as composites. One constituent of the composite is called as the reinforcing phase and the other one in which the reinforcements are embedded is called the matrix phase. The reinforcements can be of the forms such as fiber, particle, or flake [7]. They may be continuous in the form or discontinuous in the form. The matrix phase materials are generally continuous. Examples of composite systems include concrete reinforced with steel and epoxy reinforced with graphite fibers. Natural fibers which we are going to use become more superior alternatives of other fibers as -reinforcements for polymeric composites due to their high flexural modulus [4] and which results in impact strength. In addition to this, natural fibers are eco friendly, biodegradable, more available, renewable with low density and cheap [15]. 1.1. Polymer matrix composites (PMC) Polymers can be work as usual materials as they are processed easily, possess low weight, and also desirable mechanical properties. It also follows that high temperature resins are widely used ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M. Karthe), [email protected]. in (R. Manivel).
in aeronautical applications. Two main types of polymers are thermoset and thermoplastics. Thermoset polymers have very good qualities such as a good-bonded three-dimensional molecular structure after process [9]. They usually will decompose instead of melting on hardening. Merely changing its composition of the resin is good enough to change the conditions to make more suitably for curing and determine the other characteristics. Polymers can also be retained in a partially cured condition too over very prolonged periods of time, rendering Thermoset too very flexible. Thus, polymers are most essential materials for advanced conditions fiber reinforced composites [10]. 2. Identification of problems 2.1. General The major cons of using asbestos material is that it can cause seriously hazardous to health. Asbestos contains of invisible small particles which when released in the atmosphere can cause diseases if it is inhaled for a continuous period of time. Because of this major cons new materials are being manufactured for the replacement of the asbestos. 2.2. Health concerns The asbestos cement should not allow asbestos fibers to mix with air as it can occur several health issues with careless construction methods and without much proper maintenance. And
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.766 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
Please cite this article as: M. Karthe and R. Manivel, Reinforcement of jute, net and epoxy composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.766
2
M. Karthe, R. Manivel / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
most importantly long-term exposure to asbestos micro particles is linked to causing lung cancer and mesothelioma. Since the Asbestos fibers are microscopic, someone may not even be aware the fibers are in the air. Any asbestos cement showing signs of wear needs immediate attention. Any individual who considers or knows they were presented to asbestos eventually in time ought to promptly tell their essential think specialist about their introduction history. This will guarantee mesothelioma and different asbestos- related maladies are not precluded as the reason for the indications. Like some other items, asbestos can be unsafe without watching legitimate precautionary measures. In the event that there is indiscreet development technique concerning asbestos, the asbestos filaments can be held up into the air. In spite of the fact that it may appear that there’s nothing unique about it, asbestos strands represent an extraordinary hazard to one’s well being. The individuals who are straightforwardly presented to asbestos like development laborers and woodworkers, can be beset with lung disease and mesothelioma. Mesothelioma is characterized as an uncommon growth that influences the linings of the lungs or belly. Because of its well being dangers, certain asbestos items are prohibited in the United States [14].
Table 1 Tensile test. Load (kN)
Displacement (mm) Sample 1
Displacement (mm) Sample 2
0.100 0.900 2.200 3.800 4.800 4.900 1.400
0.70 2.10 3.50 4.90 5.60 5.80 7.00
0.71 2.09 3.52 4.90 5.56 5.77 6.98
Fig. 1. tensile strength vs jute fiber weight percentage.
2.3. High repair costs While the solidness is great, in the long run even asbestos bond must be repaired or supplanted [12]. While certainly feasible, awesome care and exceptional hardware is expected to chip away at asbestos-containing materials to keep the filaments from discharging. For instance, asbestos materials ought to stay wet or evacuated in place. Laborers should utilize veils or other breathing channels while working. Thusly, the reserve funds on asbestos concrete at development could undoubtedly progress toward becoming refuted not far off from repair and substitution costs.
3. Preparations Initially we have discussed about the materials that have been used in our day to day life and studied every material’s behavior nature. And we found that concrete asbestos produces cancer and mesothelioma. So we decided to produce an alternative to the normal concrete asbestos. And we have listed all the demerits of concrete asbestos like heavy weight, low stiffness properties. And we have a idea about using natural fibers. In natural fibers jute is the most affordable one and very cheaper one because of that we decided to use that. And in the selection process of polymer we studied lot of materials such as polypropylene, polyurethane and polyester etc. and finally we chose polyurethane. And for the bonding purpose general polymer resin was a very good option so we used it. And in order to speed up the reactions cobalt and catalyst are used. For avoiding sticky with die wax is used. Initially, polyurethane sheets of size 300 mm 200 mm 1 mm were prepared by dumping on hot water for 30 min and it is placed in a compression molding set up, which consists of a mould set. The woven Jute fabric and the polymer sheets were arranged one over the other in the mould. And the polymer sheets was kept between the woven Jute fabric. To prevent sticking of polymer sheets to the mould plates, 2 mm thickness Teflon sheets were used on the top and bottom. The melting temperature of Teflon sheet is too high as compared to the Polymer sheets. The entire assembly was pressed for 120 min. Finally removal of composite laminates takes places. The experimental composites were prepared by varying the weight percentage of the fiber reinforcement to 30, 40, and 50 percent. In order to prevent from sticking of jute in the die, wax is applied in
the Teflon sheets and in the die. If the wax is in the solid form the wax is preheated to cream and it is applied (Table 1). 4. Results and analysis 4.1. Tensile test The results states that when we add the jute above 35% of total weight the tensile strength of the composite material decreases. Thus we concluding that jute should not be added more than 35% of total weight (Fig. 1). 5. Conclusion Asbestos has got a property of high thermal insulation capacity which is greater than the thermal insulation capacity of composite materials. Asbestos roofing sheets can withstand up to high temperature of 400–500 °C approximately, which cause in reducing the strength of the sheet with respect to increase in temperature. But in composite material the thermal insulation capacity is lower but sufficient to withstand the atmospheric temperature. Since change is inevitable should also try to adapt to the changes. And main objective of our project is to stop the people affecting by the concrete asbestos and to make the revolution in this field making this essential replacement whenever required. It reduces the greatest disadvantages of concrete asbestos (being nontoxic). It has great scope in the field of roofing. And in future in thought of reducing the only drawback of our project is less thermal insulation. This is going to be achieved by using less thermal insulation resins (Epoxy, General polymer). It doesn’t have conditions such as should be used in wet conditions and hope this can make a revolution in this field. References [1] M. Ramesh et al., Mechanical property evaluation of sisal–jute–glass fiber reinforced Polyester composites, Composites B 48 (2013) 1–9. [2] Mohammad A. Torabizadeh, Tensile, compressive and shear properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites subjected to mechanical loading and low temperature services, Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci. 20 (2013). [3] D.J. Krug III et al., Transparent fiber glass reinforced composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 77 (2012) 95–100.
Please cite this article as: M. Karthe and R. Manivel, Reinforcement of jute, net and epoxy composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.766
M. Karthe, R. Manivel / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [4] Emanuel M. Fernandes, Vitor M. Correlo, Novel cork–polymer composites reinforced with short natural coconut fibres: effect of fibre loading and coupling agent addition, Compos. Sci. Technol. 78 (2012) 56–62. [5] C. Sanjeevamurthy, Sisal/coconut coir natural fibers – epoxy composites: water absorption and mechanical properties, Int. J. Eng. Innov. Technol. 2 (3) (2012). [6] V. Naga Prasad Naidu et al., Compressive & impact properties of sisal/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites, Composite (2011). [7] Silva Flavio de Andrade, Filho Romildo Dias Toledo, Filho Joao de Almeida Melo, Fairbairn Eduardo de Moraesrego, Physical and mechanical properties of durable sisal fiber–cement composites, Construct. Build. Mater. 24 (2010) 777–785. [9] U.S. Tewari, A.P. Harsha, A.M. Häger, Solid particle erosion of unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone composites, Wear 252 (2002) 992–1000. [10] K.V. Pool, C.K.H. Dharan, I. Finnie, Erosive wear of composite materials, Wear 107 (1986) 1–12. [12] H.A. Aglan, Chenock Jr., Erosion damage features of polyimide thermoset composites, SAMPEQ 24 (1993) 41–47.
3
[14] G. Hattotuwa, B. Premalal, H. Ismail, Comparison of the mechanical properties of rice huskpowder filled polypropylene composites with talc filled polypropylene composites, Polym. Test. 21 (2002) 833–839. [15] H. Ismail, J.M. Nizam, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, The effect of a compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and mass swell of white rice husk ash filled natural rubber/linear low density polyethylene blends, Polym. Test. 20 (2001) 125– 133.
Further reading [8] Jarukumjorn Kasama, Suppakarn Nitinat, Effect of glass fiber hybridization on properties of sisal fiber polypropylene composites, Composites Part B 40 (2009) 623–627. [11] S.M. Kulkarni, Kishore. Influence of matrix modification on the solid particle erosion of glass/epoxy composites, Polym. Polym. Compos. 9 (2001) 25–30. [13] W. Liu, Q. Qiu, J. Wang, Preparation and properties of one epoxy system bearing fluorene moieties, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 113 (2009) 1289–1297.
Please cite this article as: M. Karthe and R. Manivel, Reinforcement of jute, net and epoxy composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.766